Surface Absorption Research Articles

Energy-efficient microwelding of copper by continuous-wave green laser: Insights into nanoparticle-assisted absorptivity enhancement

As a highly reflective material, copper has been difficult to weld with IR lasers. Short-wavelength (400–600 nm) lasers offer promising solutions to copper welding due to significant increases in absorptivity (to > 50 %). In this work, we present an experimental study on copper welding by CW green laser. We unveil that nanoparticles redeposited on the copper surface from the vaporized plume can strongly modify the surface condition and result in significant enhancement of the surface absorptivity. The absorptivity can be theoretically enhanced by nanoparticles up to 82 % compared to the polished copper surface. Assisted by this absorptivity enhancement, the threshold power density (critical laser intensity) for copper melting is reduced by more than 50 %, so that continuous and smooth conductive welding tracks can be generated in energy-efficient manner. In situ deposition of nanoparticles generated upon cooling and oxidation of the vapor plume in the vicinity of the melt zone has been identified as the key mechanism of absorptivity enhancement. XPS measurements of the nanoparticles indicated that Cu2O is the dominant species in the redeposited nanoparticles. This study provides novel insights into the fundamental mechanisms in highly-reflective material welding by short-wavelength lasers and offers an opportunity for energy-efficient high-quality welding of highly-reflective material thin films, which can find numerous applications in consumer electronics and electric vehicles, as well as battery industries. Moreover, it enables a new process-material-environment design route for laser additive manufacturing of nanoparticle-reinforced metal matrix composites.

Enhanced electromagnetic interference shielding via surface-bound molecules and synergistically amplified polarization and triboelectrification

Achieving high-performance electromagnetic interference (EMI) shielding materials with ultra-low reflectivity, minimal volume, and light weight is challenging. This study addresses this by introducing a nanofiber (NF)-based structure composed of MXene nanoflakes and ferroelectric barium titanate oxide (BTO) nanoparticles embedded within polyurethane (PU) fibers, and surface-bound branched polyethyleneimine (PEI(b)) on the NFs. This design enhances the flexibility and lightness of the EMI shielding materials while effectively minimizing reflectivity. A key approach in this study is the functionalization of the NFs with branched polyethyleneimine (PEI(b)), which reduces reflectivity and enhances EMI shielding effectiveness (SE). The surface-bound molecules increase the effective surface area, improving the absorption efficiency of incident electromagnetic waves without adding weight or volume. Additionally, the surface-bound PEI(b) molecules synergistically enhance the polarization of the embedded BTO nanoparticles and amplify the triboelectric charging effect, crucial for achieving ultra-low reflectivity and high EMI SE. Combining the optimized composite NF design with these enhancement methods, this study achieves significant advancements in EMI SE, reaching an EMI SE of 72 dB, an absolute EMI SE (SSEt) of 28,460 dB·cm²g−1, and a reflectivity of 0.09, all without increasing weight or volume. This approach exemplifies how the strategic application of surface-bound molecules can enhance EMI shielding effectiveness and achieve ultra-low reflectivity through the effective expansion of the absorption surface and synergistic enhancement of piezoelectric and triboelectric effects.

Highly efficient and reusable polyacrylonitrile-based nanocomposite sorbents for oil spill removal

Nanostructured porous materials are desirable sorbents for separating and removing oil spills from water. This work examines the performance of the prepared efficient sorbents in the oil sorption process. Polyacrylonitrile (PAN) fibers served as the skeleton matrix, while glutaraldehyde and poly(vinyl alcohol) (PVA) served as cross-linking agents. The prepared polymer sorbents showed high adsorption capacity (12.47 g/g), porosity (95.41%) and low density (0.069 g/cm3). The incorporation of carbon nanostructures (nanotubes or graphene oxide) in the sorbent increased the adsorption capacity to 14.85 g/g. The hydrophobic nature of carbon nanotubes significantly increases the contact angle of water with the surface of the nanocomposite absorber and reaches 137.5 degrees. The obtained sorbents showed good reusability in the adsorption process and maintained an adsorption capacity of about 10 g/g after 5 cycles. The optimal temperature range for using nanocomposite sorbents was 25°C to 35°C. The combination of high sorption capacity, low porosity and density in modified polyacrylonitrile, along with its reusability, makes this designed sorbent highly suitable for efficient removal of oil spills.

Analytical Method Development and Validation for Butylated Hydroxy Toluene by using UV- Visible Spectrophotometric Method

Upon utilizing the Prediction Activity Spectra of Substances (PASS) program, computer-aided predictions were conducted to assess the antioxidant activities. Compounds 1, 3, 4, and 5 underwent evaluation using 1,1-diphenyl-2- picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) and lipid peroxidation assays to confirm the predictions obtained from the PASS program. Notably, compounds 3 and 5 exhibited higher inhibition of the DPPH stable free radical at 10 M compared to the widely recognized standard antioxidant, butylated hydroxytoluene (BHT). Of particular interest, compound 5 demonstrated significant in vitro inhibition of Fe-induced lipid peroxidation in the lipid-rich medium of essential egg yolk (83.99%, IC50 16.07 ± 3.51 μM/mL) in contrast to α-tocopherol (α-ΤΟΗ, 84.6%, IC50 5.6 ± 1.09 μM/mL). Furthermore, the drug-likeness of these BHT analogues was assessed based on Lipinski's "rule-of-five" (RO5), revealing a violation of one parameter (Log P > 5) despite their solubility in protic solvents. The predictive polar surface area (PSA) and absorption percentage (% ABS) data imply a potential capacity for cell membrane penetration. Consequently, these new multipotent antioxidants (MPAOs) hold promise as effective agents for addressing oxidative stress and lipid peroxidation processes.

The impact of heat and humidity changes on laboratory acoustic measurements through perturbation method

The paper relates to the determination of the influence of changes in temperature and relative humidity on the laboratory acoustic measurements results. A series of direct reverberation time measurements was carried out, applying different thermal and humidity conditions in the empty reverberation chamber and reverberation chamber with a sound absorber. The reverberation chamber is mainly used to tests aimed at assessment construction materials and products. The results of acoustic measurements and the related classification of construction materials and products ultimately translate into the comfort and acoustic quality of rooms with special requirements as well as living rooms. Based on the analysis of the results, the significance of the problem related to the influence of air parameters on the results of measurements was demonstrated. The effect of changes in temperature and humidity on the results of calculating the equivalent sound absorbing surface was estimated using the n-perturbation method.

Preparation and Properties of GMS/HTSF-Modified Waterborne Polyurethane Fluorine-Free Waterproof and Breathable Film.

Developing a fluorine-free, durable, high-performance waterproof breathable film for fabrics remains a formidable challenge. In this paper, a strategy for the preparation of fluorine-free, durable, and high-efficiency fabric waterproof and breathable membranes using glyceryl monostearate (GMS)/double-ended hydroxy silicone oil (HTSF)-modified waterborne polyurethane was proposed. The orderly orientation of GMS and HTSF gives the fabric excellent water-repellent properties, and the polyurethane macromolecular chain ensures strong adhesion of long-chain alkanes and silicones to the fabric surface. In this paper, the effects of different GMS contents on the stability, chemical structure, particle size, viscosity, water absorption performance, surface morphology, and XPS of a waterborne polyurethane fluorine-free waterproof and breathable membrane (GHWPU) were studied. At the same time, the application properties of GHWPU-treated fabrics, such as waterproof performance, antifouling performance, surface energy, morphology, and air permeability, were discussed. Through the analysis of SEM and XPS, it was found that the folds on the surface of the film were more and more orderly with the increasing content of GMS, and this orderly distribution of water-repellent groups endowed the film with excellent water-repellent ability. When the GMS content was 28 wt %, the finished fabrics had excellent comprehensive properties such as static contact angle of 141.6°, hydrostatic pressure of 96.7 KPa, resistance to more than 30 washes, and air permeability of 119.3 mm/s.

Growth performance, mucosal immunity and disease resistance in goldfish (Carassius auratus) orally administered with Escherichia coli Strain Nissle 1917.

The current research aimed to shed light on the efficacy of Escherichia coli strain Nissle 1917 (EcN) on goldfish (……) growth, gut immunity, morphology, bacterial nutritional enzyme activity and resistance to Aeromonas hydrophila infection. Fish fed with EcN at 106, 107 and 108CFU/g feed for 80days showed an enhancement in growth better than control fish. The gut innate immunity in terms of lysozyme activity, immunoglobulin and total protein levels was increased in the treatment fish with the best result being observed in fish fed EcN at 108CFU/ g. In addition, an increase was noted in the upregulation of immune-relevant genes, namely lysozyme, interleukin-1β, inducible nitric oxide synthase and tumor necrosis factor α of fish intestine. A marked surge in the number of proteolytic and heterotrophic bacteria was noted in the gut of fish nourished with the probiotic. Histological studies exhibited an improvement in the intestinal absorption surface area, intraepithelial lymphocyte count and goblet cell density. Significantly higher survival rate was obtained in fish fed EcN at 108CFU/g compared with the fish fed with the basal diet. These data exhibited the beneficial effect of EcN on goldfish growth, digestive enzymes, intestine heterotrophic bacteria and resistance against Aeromonas hydrophila challenge. This study confirmed the favorable outcomes resulting from the administration of EcN at108 CFU/g.

Unraveling the Active Sites on Mesoporous CuFe2O4@N-Carbon Catalysts with Abundant Oxygen Vacancies and M-N-C Content for Boosted Nitrogen Reduction Toward Electrosynthesis of Ammonia.

Transition metal centers dispersed over nitrogen-doped carbon (M-NC) supports have been widely explored for electrocatalytic reactions; however, sparsely reported for electrochemical nitrogen reduction reaction (ENRR). Particularly, the single-atom catalysts (SACs) have shown reasonable ammonia yield rate and faradaic efficiency (FE), but their complex synthesis and low durability for long-term electrocatalysis runs restrict their use on a larger scale. Importantly, the catalytic active sites in metal nanostructured-based M-NC catalysts toward enhanced N2 adsorption and activation are still not clear as they are highly challenging to reveal. A few studies have predicted that the surface oxygen vacancies (Ovac) favor an enhanced ENRR performance. Herein, a strategy using tailored M-NC content and Ovac in a single catalyst for enhanced ammonia electrosynthesis is devised. A mesoporous bimetallic spinel oxide (CuFe2O4) supported over N-doped carbon (CuFe2O4@NC) derived from Prussian blue analog (PBA) via controlled pyrolysis possess is found to show boosted ENRR activity. Moreover, operando NH3 formation over the catalyst is observed using four electrode set up. This approach enables rapid evaluation ofelectrocatalytic efficacy and avoids false positive results. The rotating disc electrode results reveal that mass transport in acidic media and surface absorption in alkline media primarily regulate ENRR over CuFe2O4@NC electrocatalyst.

Enhanced catalytic performance and antichlorine poisoning over Cu-doped cobalt oxide nanosheets for chlorobenzene oxidation

The degradation of Chlorinated volatile organic compounds (CVOCs) by catalytic oxidation forms toxic products, and catalysts may be poisoned by chlorine at low temperatures. To address this, a Cu-assisted strategy is proposed for enhancing the catalytic degradation of chlorobenzene (CB) over cobalt oxide nanosheets. The Cu-doped Co3O4 catalysts exhibited lower T90 values (temperatures with 90 % conversion) and improved stability compared to the unmodified catalyst. These results were attributed to strong metal-metal interactions between Cu species and cobalt oxide nanosheets, which showed a high specific surface area, reduced binding energy of lattice oxygen, higher surface oxygen concentration, and more surface Co3+ species. These properties promoted low-temperature catalytic activity. In addition, the disappearance of Cu2+ satellite peak after the catalyst is used, indicating that the Cu2+ also contributes to the catalytic activity. Furthermore, the in situ FTIR spectra provided details about the reaction mechanism of CB degradation over Cu-doped cobalt oxide nanosheets. The oxygen vacancy generation and the surface absorption of chlorine-containing intermediates were calculated using density functional theory calculations. This study provides new insight into novel pathways for catalyst design aimed at CB degradation.

Enhanced effects of slowly co-released TGF-β3 and BMP-2 from biomimetic calcium phosphate-coated silk fibroin scaffolds in the repair of osteochondral defects

Bioactive agents have demonstrated regenerative potential for cell-free bone tissue engineering. Nevertheless, certain challenges persist, including ineffective delivery methods and confined therapeutic potency. Here, we demonstrated that the biomimetic calcium phosphate coating system (BioCaP) could effectively uptake and slowly release the incorporated bioactive agents compared to the surface absorption system via osteoclast-mediated degradation of BioCaP coatings. The release kinetics were determined as a function of time. The release rate was stable without remarkable burst release during the first 1 day, followed by a sustained release from day 7 to day 19. Then, we developed the bi-functional BioCaP-coated silk fibroin scaffolds enabling the effective co-delivery of TGF-β3 and BMP-2 (SFI-T/SFI-B) and the corresponding slow release of TGF-β3 and BMP-2 exhibited superior potential in promoting chondrogenesis and osteogenesis without impairing cell vitality in vitro. The SFI-T/SFI-B scaffolds could improve cartilage and bone regeneration in 5 × 4 mm rabbit osteochondral (OC) defect. These findings indicate that the biomimetic calcium-phosphate coated silk fibroin scaffolds with slowly co-released TGF-β3 and BMP-2 effectively promote the repair of OC defects, hence facilitating the future clinical translation of controlled drug delivery in tissue engineering.Graphic

Effects of Utilizing Black Glass Balls, Phase Change Material, and Fins on the Performance of the Single-Slope and Single-Basin Solar Water Distiller under Climate Conditions of Mosul City: An Experimental Study

The present investigation involves an experimental examination of incorporating rectangular fins, black glass balls as porous media, and phase change material (PCM) above the absorber surface to improve the effectiveness of the single-slope and single-basin solar water distiller system, known as MSS-FPPCM. Data was gathered in November and December 2023 in Mosul City, Iraq. The performance was evaluated with and without the addition of porous media at varying water depths. The results indicated that the highest basin water temperature, PCM temperature, productivity, and efficiency were achieved when utilizing fins, black glass balls, and PCM. The maximum temperatures recorded for water basin and PCM, productivity, and efficiency were 55°C, 55.4°C, 1.01 kg/m2, and 30.83%, respectively, at a water depth of 3cm. The results highlight the significant impact of porous media, phase change material, fins, and water depth on heat exchange, evaporation, and heat transfer rates.

Pulsing Addition to Modulated Electro-Hyperthermia.

Numerous preclinical results have been verified, and clinical results have validated the advantages of modulated electro-hyperthermia (mEHT). This method uses the nonthermal effects of the electric field in addition to thermal energy absorption. Modulation helps with precisely targeting and immunogenically destroying malignant cells, which could have a vaccination-like abscopal effect. A new additional modulation (high-power pulsing) further develops the abilities of the mEHT. My objective is to present the advantages of pulsed treatment and how it fits into the mEHT therapy. Pulsed treatment increases the efficacy of destroying the selected tumor cells; it is active deeper in the body, at least tripling the penetration of the energy delivery. Due to the constant pulse amplitude, the dosing of the absorbed energy is more controllable. The induced blood flow for reoxygenation and drug delivery is high enough but not as high as increasing the risk of the dissemination of malignant cells. The short pulses have reduced surface absorption, making the treatment safer, and the increased power in the pulses allows the reduction of the treatment time needed to provide the necessary dose.

Investigating Enhanced Microwave Absorption of CNTs@Nd0.15-BaM/PE Plate via Low-Temperature Sintering and High-Energy Ball Milling.

Composite plates comprising a blend of rare earth neodymium-(Nd) doped M-type barium ferrite (BaM) with CNTs (carbon nanotubes) and polyethylene WERE synthesized through a self-propagating reaction and hot-pressing treatment. The plates' microscopic characteristics were analyzed utilizing X-ray diffraction (XRD), Fourier transform infrared spectrophotometry (FTIR), thermo-gravimetric analysis (TGA), Raman, and scanning electron microscopy (SEM) analytical techniques. Their microwave absorption performance within the frequency range of 8.2 to 18 GHz was assessed using a vector network analyzer. It showed that CNTs formed a conductive network on the surface of the Nd-BaM absorber, significantly enhancing absorption performance and widening the absorption bandwidth. Furthermore, dielectric polarization relaxation was investigated using the Debye theory, analyzing the Cole-Cole semicircle. It was observed that the sample exhibiting the best absorbing performance displayed the most semicircles, indicating that the dielectric polarization relaxation phenomenon can increase the dielectric relaxation loss of the sample. These findings provide valuable data support for the lightweight preparation of BaM-based absorbing materials.

The Optical Model Absorption Term in the Frame of Fractional Derivatives

The complex optical model has been widely used to describe the elastic scattering of the nucleon–nucleus. The imaginary term of the optical potential takes into account the non-elastic scattering processes. This term was taken to be a Woods–Saxon form factor or its derivative to simulate the volume absorption or the absorption localized at the surface of the target, respectively. In this study, a fractional derivative of the Woods–Saxon potential with 0<α<1 was used, where α=0 and α=1 give the volume and the surface absorption form factor, respectively.

Effects of specular reflectance in laser-induced breakdown of metals

We investigate the effects of specular reflection on the laser-induced breakdown (LIB) of copper, iron, and tungsten using fast photography and optical emission spectroscopy. The laser parameters include spot diameter ranging from 30.89 to 1589.33 μm, irradiance from 467.10 to 0.17 GW/cm2, with a single pulse of 6 ns duration and 21 mJ energy. As the laser spot defocuses, the plasma morphology changes from a single plasma near the target surface to a separated, independently evolving two-component plasma, and then to a single plasma suspended above. The defocusing distance for this transition is significantly influenced by specular reflectance. The separate plasma, comprising of a metallic component and an air component, occurs only under high specular reflectance conditions: ≥66.7% for copper, ≥51.4% for iron, and ≥44.9% for tungsten. The spectral emission of the metallic component initially increases and then decreases with reducing specular reflectance, due to a trade-off between enhanced surface absorption and reduced irradiance caused by surface roughening. LIB threshold irradiance increases with specular reflectance, rising from 0.31 to 1.22 GW/cm2 for copper, 0.24 to 0.70 GW/cm2 for iron, and 0.38 to 0.87 GW/cm2 for tungsten. These findings show the impact of sample pretreatment on LIB ignition and subsequent plasma evolution, offering insights into potential sources of inaccuracy in LIB applications.

Modulating dielectric properties of polyimide composite membranes with hydrophobic mesoporous silica via ball milling processing

This research work investigated the impact of the ball-milling (BM) process on the dielectric properties of polyimide (PI) composite membranes incorporating hydrophobic mesoporous silica (HMS) particles. Initially, HMS particles were synthesized through base-catalyzed sol-gel reactions among APTES, MTMS, and TEOS, utilizing D-(−)-Fructose as a template. Following synthesis, the HMS particles underwent ball-milling to fine-tune corresponding specific surface area and average particle size. Three distinctive ball-milled HMS variants (referred to as BMS) were thoroughly characterized using FTIR, 13C NMR, 29Si-NMR spectra, DLS, BET, CA, TGA, SEM, and TEM techniques. Subsequently, a series of PI composite membranes were fabricated and subjected to characterization via FTIR, EDS, CA, and TGA analyses. It should be noted that the three distinctive BM treated HMS was found to exhibit higher specific surface area and hydrophobicity as compared to non-BM treated HMS based on the data of BET and CA, respectively. Moreover, the surface area and hydrophobicity of ball-milled HMS exhibited the upward trend of BMS1 < BMS2 < BMS3. Subsequently, the dielectric constant (Dk) and dielectric loss (Df) of PI and its composite membranes containing HMS particles measured at frequency of 10 GHz was found to show the downward trend. For example, the Dk of PI composite membranes: PI/BMS3 (3.34) < PI/BMS2 (3.41) < PI/BMS1 (3.55) < PI/HMS (3.58) < PI (3.66). On the other hand, the Df of PI composite membranes: PI-BMS3 (0.0113) < PI/BMS2 (0.0114) < PI/BMS1(0.0115) < PI/HMS (0.0121) < PI (0.0123). This resulting decreasing trend of dielectric constant of as-prepared composite membranes may be attributed to the incorporated of HMS particles in PI membrane exhibiting lower moisture absorption (Dk of water = 80) and higher surface area (Dk of air = 1) based on the TGA and CA, respectively.

Template‐Made Ultrahigh, Broadband, and Omnidirectional Light Absorption Surface for Enhanced Solar Energy Harvesting and Utilization

AbstractThe practical application of solar energy harvesting urgently calls for the facile preparation of high‐performance ultrablack surfaces with broadband and omnidirectional light absorption performance; however, some roadblocks still need to meet these requirements simultaneously. Herein, cone‐array ultrablack (CAUB) surfaces are prepared by combining feasible template replication and blade coating techniques. The elaborate micro‐sized cone structure and high absorptive materials (polydimethylsiloxane@carbon black, PDMS@CB) offer the CAUB extremely high, broadband, and omnidirectional light absorption over the solar spectrum with an average absorbance of 99.35%. Under one sun irradiation, the CAUB can efficiently absorb solar energy, reaching a surface temperature as high as 75 °C. A solar‐thermal‐electric generator (STEG) made from the CAUB film demonstrates real‐time solar‐heat‐electric conversion, achieving a high output power density of 330 µW cm−2. The CAUB film possesses excellent water repellency, flexibility, chemical solvent resistance, and potential for large‐scale production, satisfying the application requirements of solar energy harvesting and utilization.

Morphometric features of the duodenal wall in piglets during different periods of postnatal and neonatal ontogenesis under the influence of the ‘Globigen Jump Start’ feed additive

The morphological parameters of the small intestinal mucosa, such as villi size and crypts, play a key role in the formation of the intestinal tube’s absorption surface. The number of goblet and enterochromaffin cells indicates the epithelium’s functional condition in terms of mucus secretion and production of catecholamines and hormones (serotonin, dopamine). That is why it is important to study and determine certain morphometric parameters of the duodenal wall in piglets during different periods of neonatal and postnatal development, especially during stress situations, namely weaning and transition to protein feeding. The article presents the resulting effect studies of ‘Globigen Jump Start’ feed additive on the histo-morphological parameters of the piglets’ duodenal mucosa on day 7, 14 and 28 of life. A positive effect on mitigating weaning stress was manifested by a decrease in the quantitative and linear indicators of histoarchitectonics of intestinal wall’s individual morphological components. A significant increase in goblet cells, especially in the experimental group, had a positive impact on the mucopolysaccharide synthesis. The piglets’ gastrointestinal tract physiology involves a complex interaction between the central nervous system, metasympathetic nervous system, APUD system, and endocrine system. Due to these systems, the information is transmitted according to the direct and reverse communication mechanisms in the regulation of the gastrointestinal tract function. An increase in the number of enterochromaffin cells and their nuclei diameter in the experimental group of piglets indicated an increased synthesis of catecholamines and hormones. It has an extremely positive effect on the immune and physiological status of piglets, thus emphasizing the crucial role of serotonin in neuronal metabolism and the formation of stress resistance. The increase in the thickness of the duodenal wall muscle layer, in our opinion, occured due to the active peristalsis, which was enhanced by the action of some catecholamines, which were synthesized in a slightly larger amount under the influence of nutrients making up the ‘Globigen Jump Start’ feed additive.

Study on the influence of side-blown airflow velocities on plasma and combustion wave generated from fused silica induced by combined pulse laser

This study examines the impact of variations in side-blowing airflow velocity on plasma generation, combustion wave propagation mechanisms, and surface damage in fused silica induced by a combined millisecond-nanosecond pulsed laser. The airflow rate and pulse delay are the main experimental variables. The evolution of plasma motion was recorded using ultrafast time-resolved optical shadowing. The experimental results demonstrate that the expansion velocities of the plasma and combustion wave are influenced differently by the side-blowing airflow at different airflow rates (0.2 Ma, 0.4 Ma, and 0.6 Ma). As the flow rate of the side-blow air stream increases, the initial expansion velocities of the plasma and combustion wave gradually decrease, and the side-blow air stream increasingly suppresses the plasma. It is important to note that the target vapor is always formed and ionized into plasma during the combined pulse laser action. Therefore, the side-blown airflow alone cannot completely clear the plasma. Depending on the delay conditions, the pressure of the side-blowing airflow, the influence of inverse Bremsstrahlung radiation absorption and target surface absorption mechanisms can lead to a phenomenon known as the double combustion waves when using a nanosecond pulse laser. Both simulation and experimental results are consistent, indicating the potential for further exploration of fused silica targets in the laser field.

Impact of Partial Substitution of Soybean Meal by Cottonseed Meal with Iron Sulfate Supplementation in Nile Tilapia Diet

Aquatic meals participate in food security and nutrition. The economic dimension greatly influences the sustainability of the aquaculture industry. This study aimed to assess the effects of partial substitution of soybean meal (SBM) with cottonseed meal (CSM) supplemented with ferrous sulfate (FS) on the growth performance and health status of Nile tilapia. One hundred and fifty Nile tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus) were split equally into five group (triplicated). Each group was fed one of the following isonitrogenous isolipid diet; diet1 (0% CSM), diet2 (20% CSM), Diets3 (20% CSM with 580 mg/kg (FS), diet4 (50% CSM), and diet5 (50% CSM with 580 mg/kg FS) of total protein for two months. In comparison to the control group, Statistically significant (p&lt;0.05) improvements in growth performance, hemogram, and leukogram, as well as, the levels of ALT, AST, urea, creatinine, total protein, MDA, and GSH-px were observed in the third treatment . Histopathologically, it showed the highest values of villus height, width, and surface absorption area with normal architecture and cellular details. On the other hand, fish fed diet4 had the lowest growth rat with microcytic normochromic anemia and decreased villus height and width. The groups that fed CSM showed lower cholesterol levels. In conclusion, CSM inclusion with FS supplementation enhanced growth and health parameters.