Supreme Authority Research Articles

КОСМИЧЕСКИЙ СУПЕРГЕРОЙ: ВОЗНИКНОВЕНИЕ КУЛЬТАЮРИЯ ГАГАРИНА В КОНТЕКСТЕ ВЗАИМООТНОШЕНИЙ ВЛАСТИ И ОБЩЕСТВА В СССР

Based on the archival and published documents, materials of periodicals and other sources, the article characterizes the formation of a cult of the first Soviet astronaut Yuri Alekseyevich Gagarin during the period from April 12 to May 1, 1961. According to the author, the basis of this cult was put by the decisions of the supreme authorities of the USSR on a personal initiative of Nikita Khrushchev and included the following elements: 1) astronaut's rewarding with the state awards and distinctions; 2) inclusion of the first space flight date in the memorial calendar; 3) making decision on the creation of the memorial constructions connected with Gagarin’s name. On this basis, various practices, rituals, and discourses connected with Gagarin’s cult that in general corresponded to the mechanisms of personal glorification during the Stalin’s period in the 1930s and during the Great Patriotic War were built on. The local authorities, separate labor collectives and individual actors seeking to make the contribution to Gagarin's celebration actively participated in the process within the limits of their powers and opportunities. It was expressed in such forms as assignment of Gagarin’s name to various objects, generation of prizes and production initiatives, writing amateurs’ poems on the space theme for the Soviet press, etc. The USSR authorities encouraged the maximum distribution of the Gagarin’s cult throughout the country; however, various initiatives "from below" became noticed and were supported only when they promoted implementation of the consolidating, mobilizational and educational scenarios of the power.

Uloga Državne revizorske institucije u Srbiji

The topic of this paper is introduction to the importance of the State Audit Institution, its role and competencies, organization, Code of Ethics and international cooperation. The State Audit Institution (SAI) is the supreme authority for auditing of public funds in the Republic of Serbia. It was founded in 2005pursuant to the Law on State Audit Institution. The State Audit Institution is an independent and autonomous state authority. For performance of activities within its competence, the State Audit Institution is accountable to the National Assembly of the Republic of Serbia. SAI performs the activities within its competence pursuant to the Constitution of the Republic of Serbia, Law on State Audit Institution and Rules of Procedure of the State Audit Institution which, in compliance with the Law, regulate more closely the audit procedure conducted by SAI, the manner of ensuring transparency in work, decision-making process and other issues established by the Law that are relevant for operations of SAI.

Liability for environmental crimes in the non bis in idem principle context

In light of the social need for the humanization of criminal policy, annually confirmed by the supreme authorities of the state, the specialized literature has updated the topic related to the prohibition of double jeopardy (it protects against a second prosecution for the same offense after acquittal, against a second prosecution for the same offense after conviction and against multiple punishments for the same offense). This issue is analyzed by researchers in the context of the «non bis in idem» principle, which has received regulation both in the norms of national and international law. An analysis of the law enforcement practice of the judiciary in considering criminal cases on the fact of violation of public relations in the field of environmental protection (Chapter 26 of the Criminal Code of the Russian Federation) indicates the permissibility of double, and in some cases triple, intersectoral liability of the perpetrator of crimes. It seems that the legitimacy and the possibility of deprivation and legal restrictions in relation to citizens have been found guilty of committing a crime and who have served the sentence imposed by the court in full does not correspond to the principle of “non bis in idem”, which actualizes the chosen research topic.

The Seal of Novgorod Veche in Publications and Researches

The article is devoted to so-called “seal of the Novgorod veche” or “the seal from the collection of Count M. V. Tolstoy”, which not only has been periodically published since the second half of the 19th century, but also has been undergoing transformations from publication to publication. It is often interpreted in the scholarchip as the 15th-century monument of sphragistics. It supposedly sealed decisions of the Novgorod veche — the supreme authority of the Novgorod Republic, i. e. having been in use until 1478. The iconography of the seal enables some authors to suggest the emergence of the attributes of Novgorod independence — the “veche stepen”, which is understood as a platform for orators to speak, and the rod of the Novgorod archbishop. This article attempts to trace the history of the development of this approach to the monument of sphragistics and to understand whether this source meets the requirements applied by researchers. The author demonstrates that all known images of the seal are rooted in the only source — the illustration in the 1855 corpus by of A. B. Lakier of 1855 reproducing the seal of Novgorod voevodas of the late 16th — early 18th centuries. The version that this seal belonged to the Novgorod veche was formed in the second half of the 19th — early 20th centuries, but took its final shape in the presentation by A. V. Artsikhovsky. Unfortunately, the ingenious and outwardly convinving idea of Artsikhovsky is refuted by the whole complex of monuments of Novgorod sphragistics.

Chrystologiczny paradygmat funkcji św. Piotra i jego następców

Wielość posług i urzędów w Kościele wynika z historycznego i pastoralnego rozwoju. Pragmatyzm misji ewangelizacyjnej zakłada porządek organizacyjny i jasno określone reguły działania. Odnowa eklezjalna ukierunkowana jest na uwypuklaniu teologicznych aspektów wspólnoty wiary. W niniejszym artykule przedstawiono najwyższy urząd w Kościele – określony dogmatycznie na Soborze Watykańskim I – w funkcji prymacjalnej. Współczesna eklezjologia podkreśla organiczną jedność funkcji Biskupa Rzymu z całym Kościołem. W szczególności najwyższa władza wpisana w tę posługę poddawana jest dziś głębokiej reinterpretacji, uwzględniającej chrystologiczny jej aspekt, czyli rezygnację z czysto jurydycznego jej rozumienia na rzecz religijnego. W praktycznym aspekcie widoczne jest to w oficjalnych tytułach określających funkcję prymacjalną. Podkreślony jest też martyrologiczny aspekt prymatu, ukazujący ten urząd jako służbę na rzecz jedności i trwałości wspólnoty.

PRIMACY OF THE APOSTLE PETER IN THE GOSPEL OF MATTHEW 16,18-19

The paper discusses the problem of the proper interpretation of the Petrine text from the Gospel of Matthew 16,18-19. It is based on the mainly protestant but also orthodox and catholic commentaries to these verses. Jesus Christ bestowed on the apostle Peter the unique and supreme authority in the Kingdom of God. He changed his name from Simon to Peter to show him and others that this apostle received new dignity and mission, which is to be the rock for the future community of believers. What is more, Jesus also entrusted to Peter the “Keys of the Kingdom” in the same way like in the Old Testament king of the house of David appointed his own prime mister, royal steward by giving to him the “Key of the House of David”. Therefore Peter occupies the same office with the same supreme authority under the new jewish king, Jesus Christ. Due to this fact it also means that this office is transferred from one prime minister to another. Furthermore, to Peter was given the power of “binding and loosing” with the special protection of God called infallibility. For these reasons, the Catholic interpretation which does not ignore the jewish context and the Old Testament allusions to this passage is truly shedding the new light on the proper interpretation of this Matthew’s fragment and the role of the Apostle Peter.

Przepisy kancelaryjne Ministerstwa Rolnictwa i Reform Rolnych w Warszawie z grudnia 1945 roku. Próba wdrożenia bezdziennikowego systemu pracy kancelaryjnej

The Ministry of Agriculture and Agricultural Reforms was established by the Act of the State National Council of December 31, 1944 on the establishment of the Provisional Government of the Republic of Poland. The scope of its competences dates back to the interwar period – so it was the entirety of issues related to agriculture in Poland, breeding, agricultural education at the lower and middle level, agricultural experimentation, veterinary, melioration, regulation and maintenance of rivers and canals, agricultural industry and real estate management. The Ministry of Agriculture and Agricultural Reforms was abolished under the provisions of the Act of May 26, 1951 on the organization of supreme authorities in the field of agriculture.In the initial period, the Ministry's office, of course, also operated on the basis of general regulations applicable to the office work of the Polish Committee of National Liberation, but already on December 1, 1945 separate office regulations entered into force in the Ministry. The general office of the Ministry did not provide any record aids, it only distributed the correspondence received by the office to individual departments and independent offices, according to their competences. In the departments and other independent units, registration was carried out in a record-keeping aid, called the register (which served as a traditional correspondence journal), kept jointly for all departments of a given department. It was only in these departments that the proper registration in the list of the department's affairs took place and the designation was given with a symbol resulting from the substantive structural records scheme of a given unit. As a result, since 1945 the Ministry's office based its operation on a modern system of registration of cases not in the correspondence journal (this was indeed used, but only for initial recording of correspondence), but on the basis of a substantive records scheme.

„Król się ślini na myśl o Gdańsku…” – cztery odsłony walki o symbole między miastem a władzą zwierzchnią z zamkiem krzyżackim w tle

„Król się ślini na myśl o Gdańsku…” – cztery odsłony walki o symbole między miastem a władzą zwierzchnią z zamkiem krzyżackim w tle

معرفی یک ابزار کارآمد برای شاخص های سلامت در سطح جهانی

Reliable and up-to-date data are essential for proper and timely decisions. However, most accessible data are limited to specific locations and subjects, which do not present the big picture. Besides, data might be manipulated to serve a group of people's political and economic interests. Although the World Health Organization has been developed to act impartially as an international organization, they fail to ignore the supreme authorities' impact. Therefore, they confine to republishing the official reports of the member governments. However, policy-makers in healthcare not only depend on comprehensive and reliable data but also need to figure out the relations between the indicators of health and their determinants. Accordingly, Hans Rosling, a Swedish physician, developed a comprehensive and practical tool named the Gapminder. Rosling, who was previously a member of the Doctors without Borders, provided healthcare services in Ghana when he realized this gap in the health data accessibility. Hence, he developed the Gapminder in cooperation with his son and daughter-in-law. This software has provided awareness about health indicators and the relations with their determinants in a global perspective. Thus, Gapminder creates an updated and fact-based perception of global health for users. This editorial is written to gain readers' attention to the article entitled Global Indicators of Health: Changes and New Facts, published in this issue. We are looking forward to publishing more articles in this subject area in future issues.

St. Robert Bellarmine, Conciliarism, and the Limits of Papal Power

Abstract This article will examine Bellarmine’s first anti–conciliarist work, found in the Disputationes de controversiis Christianae fidei adversus huius temporis haereticos, emphasizing his theological treatment of the pope’s authority relative to the authority of a council and his repudiation of conciliarism. Bellarmine sees the conciliarists as attacking the divinely instituted Petrine structure of the Church. He does not advocate for an absolute papal monarchy in which there are no ‘constitutional’ limitations on the papacy. For Bellarmine, Christ and his Word, as found in Sacred Scripture and Apostolic Tradition, have supreme authority in the Church: one which the magisterium, whether papal or conciliar, must accept in humility and pass on unsullied. Only Christ has a true fullness of power; the pope has a fullness only relative to that of the bishops. Nevertheless, Christ immediately instituted the pope as the supreme head of the Church on earth, and as such, the pope has supreme ecclesiastical power over the whole Church on earth. Lastly, the article examines Bellarmine’s position on papal heresy.

ضبط مالیة المرفق العام بین الواقع والطموح «دراسة مقارنة مع التطبیق على دیوان المحاسبة الکویتی» Readjustment the public service finances between reality and Aspiring «A comparative study with the application on the KAB»

يتضح من قراءة النص الوارد بالمادة 151 من دستور دولة الکويت 1962 المتعلقة بإنشاء جهاز للرقابة المالية، ومن خلال استقراء نصوص القانون رقم 30 لسنة 1964م الخاص بإنشاء ديوان المحاسبة الکويت استناد الرقابة العليا في الدولة على تقارير وملاحظات رقابة ديوان المحاسبة کهيئة عليا مستقلة للرقابة على مالية المرفق العامعلى الرغم من تبعية الديوان للبرلمان الکويتي (مجلس الأمة) ونشأته کهيئة إدارية استشارية تختلف عن الوحدات الإدارية الأخرى بالدولة، ورقابته على الجهات الحکومية بنصوص صريحة قررها قانون إنشائه. وقد أحدثت تقارير وملاحظات ديوان المحاسبة الکويتية نقلة نوعية في سبيل ضبط مالية المرفق العام وإمداد السلطتين التشريعية والتنفيذية بمعلومات مالية دقيقة فضلا عن معاونة سلطات التحقيق الجنائي في الکشف عن الجرائم المالية وعمليات غسيل الأموال وضبط مرتکبيها ومحاکمتهم أمام القضاء الکويتي. لقد لفت حکم محکمة الجنايات الصادر في قضية ضيافة وزارة الداخلية لفت انتباه المشرع الکويتي إلى أهمية دور ديوان المحاسبة في فحص وتفتيش ومراجعة سجلات المرفق العام من أجل ضبط المالية العامة، ليلقي على عاتق المشرع مهمة منح الديوان سلطات قضائية تسمح له ليس فقط تبصير السلطتين التشريعية والتنفيذية بوجود جرائم الإضرار بمالية المرفق العام أو الاستيلاء عليها، وإنما عدم غل يد ديوان المحاسبة في التصرف حيال الجرائم المالية کما هو الحال بالنسبة لدور محکمة الحسابات الفرنسية في هذا الخصوص. Abstract: It is cleared from the constitutional text in article no. 151 regarding to the bureau establishment, through reading, and reviewing law texts no. 30/1964 for the Kuwaiti Audit Bureau (KAB) establishment, there are many figures which the supreme supervision in the state considered, determinate the audit bureau supervision by (KAB) Reports and notes as a supreme authority to control the finances of public service, In spite of Subordination of (KAB) to the Kuwaiti Parliament. And its establishment as an administrative consultant authority that is different from the other administrative units in the stated by its establishment law. The reports and observations of (KAB) have made a quantum leap in the public service finances controlling, Supplying the legislative and executive authorities with accurate financial information, and assisting the criminal investigation authorities in uncovering financial crimes , money laundering operations, to apprehend The perpetrators and tried in the Kuwaiti courts. The Kuwaiti Criminal Court’s in hospitality of the Ministry of Interior drew attention to the Kuwaiti legislator's for importance of the (KAB Reports in examining, inspecting and reviewing public finance. The Kuwaiti legislator must grant the (KAB) judicial powers that allow it not only to inform the legislative and executive authorities of the financial crimes existence, but also to enable to act on financial crimes such as the role of the French (La cour Des Comptes -CDC).

„Rozeznawanie duchów” (διάκρισις) według św. Doroteusza z Gazy (505–560/580)

Opis ojcostwa duchowego z jego naczelną władzą „rozeznawania duchów”, jaki znajdujemy w tekstach św. Doroteusza z monasteru Thawatha pod Gazą, nie prowadził do absolutyzowania tej ascetycznej władzy. Przewodnictwo duchowe ojca nie znosiło odpowiedzialności indywidualnego ucznia. Duchowa władza rozeznawania reprezentowana przez ojca duchowego winna dopomóc uczniowi we właściwym kształtowaniu sumienia i wspomagać go w samym procesie rozpoznawania tego, co się Bogu podoba. Rady ojca duchowego, jakie następowały po „ujawnianiu myśli” przez ucznia, miały pomóc temu uczniowi w stanowczym odrzuceniu złych myśli. Poprzez stopniowe wyrzekanie się własnej woli, oparte na duchowym posłuszeństwie ojcu duchowemu jako przewodnikowi w wierze, mnisi z Thawatha stopniowo wyrywali się spod władzy namiętności. Znamienne są również warunki postulowane przez Doroteusza jako konieczne dla samego rozeznawania: łagodność i pokora, odrzucenie postawy samousprawiedliwienia się i przyjęcie skruchy oraz ustawiczna walka z namiętnościami. Postawy te winny się kształtować nie tylko u mnichów, ale i u każdego, kto „przez najpokorniejsze życie stara się jednoczyć z Bogiem”.

«Окраинная» политика Российской империи в XIX в.: сущность, тенденции, результаты

The present study analyzes the essence and main trends in the development of the policy of the Russian autocracy in the national question in the 19th century. The factors that influenced the complication of interethnic relations in the period under consideration are identified. The study considers active foreign policy of the Russian Empire that resulted in the annexation of new territories which population was the traditional antagonist of Russians, the nation that made the core of the empire’s population. The contradictory nature of the borderland policy of the autocratic government in the 19th century is emphasized. In this connection, the present study provides analysis of the content of two radically opposite models of the policy implementation. In conclusion it is substantiated that lack of foresight and wrong policy decisions of the supreme authority of the Russian Empire with regard to the acquired territories and their peoples, became one of the key determinants of the rapid development of the revolutionary crisis and the collapse of the imperial state at the beginning of the 20th century.

Wollt ihr den totalen Krieg? Legal, Political, and Moral Aspects of the Resettlement of German Population

Germany had started the Second World War in an intentional and conscious manner, obviously being aware that every action can have unpredictable and unwanted consequences. The Potsdam decisions were taken by the Great Powers after assuming supreme authority in Germany. They constituted a manifestation of the Allies’ rights and responsibilities. The territorial changes of Germany and the transfer of population were part of the general regulation of the effects of the Second World War. These decisions were not a simple matter of revenge. They must be perceived in a wider political perspective of European policy. The resettlement by Germany of ethnic Germans to the Reich or to the territories it occupied constituted an instrument of National Socialist policy. This German policy turned out in 1945 to be a tragic irony of fate. The resettlement decided in Potsdam must be perceived in the context of German legal responsibility for the war’s outbreak. The individual perception of the resettlement and individual guilt are different from the international responsibility of the state and from the political-historical responsibility of the nation. In our discussion we made the distinction between the individual and the collective aspect as well as between the legal and historical/political aspect. We deal with the guilt of individuals (criminal, political, moral), the international legal responsibility of states, and the political and historical responsibility of nations (societies). For the difficult process of understanding and reconciliation between Poles and Germans, the initiatives undertaken by some social circles, and especially the church, were of vital importance. The question of the resettlement became a theme of numerous publications in Poland after 1989. In the mid 1990s there was a vast debate in the media with the main question of: should we apologize for the resettlement? Tracing a line from wrongdoing/harm to unlawfulness is not easy. In 1945 the forcible transfer of the German population was an act that was not prohibited by international law. What is significant is that this transfer was not a means of war conduct. It did not apply to the time of a belligerent occupation, in terms of humanitarian law, but to a temporary, specific, international post-conflict administration. Maybe for some people Potsdam decisions will always be seen as an illegal action, for others as an expression of strict international legal responsibility, for some as a kind of imperfect justice, and still for others as an opening of a new opportunity for Europe.

The Missing Women of Sande: A Necessary Exercise in Museum Decolonization

The Missing Women of Sande: A Necessary Exercise in Museum Decolonization

Hamza Baba Türbesi Etrafında Uygulanan Ritüeller ve Bektaşilik Geleneği

Respecting adults has always had an important place in Islam, and Turkish customs and traditions. Especially the belief and love for the people who are believed to be capable of showing extraordinary miracles have preceded others. When they passed away, their tombs have become one of the placesfrequented by people. Anatolian people have shown love and respect to such great people for years, and accepted their graves as a supreme authority. In this context, visiting tombs where people pray and offer sacrifices to God, has gained a great importance. When their prayers are accepted, they would pay another visit to the tombs to sacrifice their offerings. Besides, they perform their prayers through different practices in order to be accepted. Such practices and rituals revolving around the tombs have continued for years and survived to the present day.The Hamza Baba Mausoleum, located in Kemalpaşa District of Izmir, continues to exist as a mausoleum that has been visited by Anatolian people for years, where they offered sacrifices, and performed various practices and rituals. This study focuses on Hamza Baba Tomb, as it contains both traces of Turkish culture and Alawi-Bektashi traditions. The study consist of three essential parts, namely the Hamza Baba Mausoleum, the Bektashi tradition that is followed by Hamza Baba, the practices and rituals performed around the mausoleum. To this end, interviews were conducted with the villagers who live in where the tomb is located, and written sources were consulted to discuss thedata gained during fieldwork and enrich the study.

The Quaker Renaissance and Liberal Quakerism in Britain, 1895–1930

Abstract Many Quakers who reached maturity towards the end of the nineteenth century found that their parents’ religion had lost its connection with reality. New discoveries in science and biblical research called for new approaches to Christian faith. Evangelical beliefs dominant among nineteenth-century Quakers were now found wanting, especially those emphasising the supreme authority of the Bible and doctrines of atonement whereby the wrath of God is appeased through the blood of Christ. Liberal Quakers sought a renewed sense of reality in their faith through recovering the vision of the first Quakers with their sense of the Light of God within each person. They also borrowed from mainstream liberal theology new attitudes to God, nature and service to society. The ensuing Quaker Renaissance found its voice at the Manchester Conference of 1895, and the educational initiatives which followed gave to British Quakerism an active faith fit for the testing reality of the twentieth century.

Donald J. Trump and the Politics of Democratic Dysfunction

The United States has entered a profound crisis of governance and governability following the impeachment of Donald Trump by the House of Representatives and, after a parody of a Senate trial, was acquitted - to remain in office by the Senate controlled by a Republican majority. This essay seeks to analyze both the origins and context of the contemporary conundrum where one of the world’s oldest representative systems of government has entered a phase of democratic dysfunction. Donald Trump is an elected President – on the basis of a minority of the popular vote cast in 2016 – who has sought to redefine both the power of the Presidency as the supreme authority in a system originally designed to create checks and balances among the three branches of government – the Presidency, the House and the Senate as the legislative branch, and, the Judiciary with powers of adjudication and resolution of disputes. The Trump administration and the Republican party are seeking to redesign the structures and principles of governance – at considerable variance with the design of the Founders who sought to prevent the emergence of authoritarian/monarchical rule in the American Republic.

Poland’s Legislative Parliament (Seym Ustawodawczy) and the small constitution (Mala Konstytucja) of 1919

ABSTRACT As the First World War headed towards the disintegration of the three European empires that dismembered the Polish territory at the end of the eighteenth century, Poles across partitioned lands and those living in exile were actively forming political groupings planning the rebirth of their country. At the same time as the main political groups emerged, preparations were launched by various political groupings to organize a new parliamentary regime. It would require a new constitution and an elected parliament. Top legal experts from across the entire Polish lands were invited for this task. An electoral ordinance was drafted and elections to a legislative parliament were promptly held as the initial steps for setting up the representative regime and the government based on the constitution. Mainstream political parties played a major role in shaping the new Polish state in the Legislative Parliament (Seym Ustawodawczy) following the elections in January 1919. The temporary constitution, known as the Small Constitution (Mala Konstytucja), enacted on 20 February 1919, established the Legislative Parliament as the supreme authority of the land whose decrees would be implemented by the head of state until such time as the permanent constitution would be adopted.

SUFISM AS A GLOBAL HIGHWAY TO PEACE

Since the beginning of awareness, humans have looked for ways to search for their existence as an individual. Sufism is considered as the most accepted religious pathway to seek the realization of Allah in order to maintain the love, harmony and peace at all levels in the existing society. This research specifically aims to investigate the role of Muslim Sufis (Male and Female Sufis) regarding their role in maintaining world peace. Sufism has attempted to bring various groups of the world together so as to detail a practical expressway to peace is a significant target in these people to establish a sustainable highway for maintaining peace in existing society, which is going through an increasingly distraught times in order to maintain durable type of tranquil cooperation, humanity. It is an accepted fact that Sufism can nurture global peace, because it is an unbiased way to create a peaceful atmosphere based on tolerance, empathy and tranquility. Despite the western misconceptions Sufism is open for everyone irrespective of class, race, ethnicity, caste and creed. The essence of mysticism and the Sufi way of living is found in the love of Allah by believing in the oneness of Allah as the only supreme authority.