Supramolecular Network Research Articles

Synthesis, crystal structure and properties of poly[di-μ3-chlorido-di-μ2-chlorido-bis[4-methyl-N-(pyridin-2-ylmethylidene)aniline]dicadmium(II)

The title coordination polymer with the 4-methyl-N-(pyridin-2-ylmethylidene)aniline Schiff base ligand (L, C13H12N2), [Cd2Cl4(C13H12N2)] n (1), exhibits a columnar structure extending parallel to [100]. The columns are aligned in parallel and are decorated with chelating L ligands on both sides. They are elongated into a supramolecular sheet extending parallel to (01\overline{1}) through π–π stacking interactions involving L ligands of neighbouring columns. Adjacent sheets are packed into the tri-periodic supramolecular network through weak C—H...Cl hydrogen-bonding interactions that involve the phenyl CH groups and chlorido ligands. The thermal stability and photoluminescent properties of (1) have also been examined.

Two Zn(II) complexes based on bis(benzimidazole) and different dicarboxylate anions: synthesis, structures, and fluorescent properties

Two new zinc(II) complexes, [Zn2(PBM)2(terephthalate)(formate)2] (1) and {[Zn(PBM)(fumarate)]∙H2O}n (2), were synthesized using 1,3-bis(1H-benzo[d]imidazol-2-yl)propane (PBM) and two different dicarboxylic acids under solvothermal conditions. Complexes 1 and 2 have been characterized by infrared spectroscopy, elemental analysis, and single-crystal X-ray diffraction analysis. The structural analysis showed that 1 was a binuclear structure and then formed a 3D supramolecular network structure through hydrogen bond and π-π conjugation, while 2 was a one-dimensional coordination polymer. In 1 and 2, the zinc ions were four-coordinate with an N2O2 donor set and a slightly distorted tetrahedral geometry. The solid-state fluorescence properties indicate that the fluorescence peaks belong to the π*-π transition of the ligand PBM, which has a significant red shift and enhancement with the order being 1 > 2 > PBM. The stronger fluorescence of the complexes than the ligand is due to the immobilization of the ligand through coordination, which reduces the energy loss of thermal vibration. The π∙∙∙π conjugation in 1 results in a stronger fluorescence of 1 than 2. Therefore, coordination and π∙∙∙π conjugation will affect the fluorescence of complexes.

Spider silk-inspired supramolecular polydimethylsiloxane network with prominent mechanical robustness for bifunctional flexible electronics

Self-healing and recyclable polymer elastomers are being developed to provide new prospects in building sustainable societies. Nevertheless, the synthesis of such materials still poses a significant difficulty because of the conflicting requirements between the self-healing ability and mechanical robustness for the dynamicity of crosslinks. Herein, a self-healing and recyclable supramolecular polydimethylsiloxane with outstanding tensile stress and ultrahigh mechanical toughness is constructed by synergistically incorporating dynamic disulfide bonds and multiple hydrogen bonds into a siloxane chain. The adipic dihydrazide (AD) bearing two hydrazide groups is appropriate introduced to provide multiple hydrogen bonding sites between polymer chains and improve the mechanical robustness of the crosslinked structure. The aromatic disulfide bonds contribute to shorter healing time due to the elevated dynamicity of the crosslinked network. The resulting elastomers exhibit high tensile strength (6.44 ± 0.24 MPa), distinguished toughness (37.00 ± 0.85 MJ m−3), superior elastic restorability, outstanding self-healing capability (∼86 %) and multiple recyclability. Furthermore, a bifunctional sensor based on this elastomer is constructed to monitor human motions and pressure changes, demonstrating the potential application in flexible stretchable electronics.

Influence of Chemical Modifications of the Crystallophore on Protein Nucleating Properties and Supramolecular Interactions Network.

Crystallophores are lanthanide complexes that have demonstrated outstanding induction of crystallization for various proteins. This article explores the effect of tailored modifications of the crystallophore first generation and their impact on the nucleating properties and protein crystal structures. Through high-throughput crystallization experiments and dataset analysis, we evaluated the effectiveness of these variants, in comparison to the first crystallophore generation G1. In particular, the V1 variant, featuring a propanol pendant arm, demonstrated the ability to produce new crystallization conditions for the proteins tested (hen-egg white lysozyme, proteinase K and thaumatin). Structural analysis performed in the case of hen egg-white lysozyme along with Molecular Dynamics simulations, highlights V1's unique behavior, taking advantage of the flexibility of its propanol arm to explore different protein surfaces and form versatile supramolecular interactions.

Nested non-covalent interactions expand the functions of supramolecular polymer networks

Supramolecular polymer networks contain non-covalent cross-links that enable access to broadly tunable mechanical properties and stimuli-responsive behaviors; the incorporation of multiple unique non-covalent cross-links within such materials further expands their mechanical responses and functionality. To date, however, the design of such materials has been accomplished through discrete combinations of distinct interaction types in series, limiting materials design logic. Here we introduce the concept of leveraging “nested” supramolecular crosslinks, wherein two distinct types of non-covalent interactions exist in parallel, to control bulk material functions. To demonstrate this concept, we use polymer-linked Pd2L4 metal–organic cage (polyMOC) gels that form hollow metal–organic cage junctions through metal–ligand coordination and can exhibit well-defined host-guest binding within their cavity. In these “nested” supramolecular network junctions, the thermodynamics of host-guest interactions within the junctions affect the metal–ligand interactions that form those junctions, ultimately translating to substantial guest-dependent changes in bulk material properties that could not be achieved in traditional supramolecular networks with multiple interactions in series.

Highly flexible and transparent self-healing elastomer based on localized supramolecular interactions with enhanced mechanical properties and long-term storage stability

This study prepared a highly flexible and transparent self-healing elastomer with enhanced mechanical properties and long-term storage stability, facilitated by localized supramolecular interactions. By incorporating a functional oligomer containing localized urea groups into a conventional elastomeric matrix, increased supramolecular interactions were promoted through multiple hydrogen bonds among clustered functional groups. The resulting supramolecular elastomers exhibited excellent optical properties, including total transmittance exceeding 90 %, yellow index less than 2, and haze under 1 %, along with elastic recovery of 40 %. Notably, the self-healing elastomer developed in this study effectively overcame the typical trade-off between mechanical and self-healing properties in conventional self-healing materials, achieving superior mechanical strengths compared to conventional elastomers and an outstanding self-healing efficiency of 94.0 % within a few minutes. Moreover, by tailoring the chemical structure of the oligomer, significant improvements in the long-term solution storage stability of the solution for urea systems were achieved. These results are attributed to the unique supramolecular network derived from multiple hydrogen bonding interactions among the localized functional groups in a confined zone. A mechanism for improved mechanical properties and outstanding self-healing performance is also proposed using a model system.

Cellulose nanofiber-mediated manifold dynamic synergy enabling adhesive and photo-detachable hydrogel for self-powered E-skin

Self-powered skin attachable and detachable electronics are under intense development to enable the internet of everything and everyone in new and useful ways. Existing on-demand separation strategies rely on complicated pretreatments and physical properties of the adherends, achieving detachable-on-demand in a facile, rapid, and universal way remains challenging. To overcome this challenge, an ingenious cellulose nanofiber-mediated manifold dynamic synergy strategy is developed to construct a supramolecular hydrogel with both reversible tough adhesion and easy photodetachment. The cellulose nanofiber-reinforced network and the coordination between Fe ions and polymer chains endow the dynamic reconfiguration of supramolecular networks and the adhesion behavior of the hydrogel. This strategy enables the simple and rapid fabrication of strong yet reversible hydrogels with tunable toughness ((Valuemax-Valuemin)/Valuemax of up to 86%), on-demand adhesion energy ((Valuemax-Valuemin)/Valuemax of up to 93%), and stable conductivity up to 12 mS cm−1. We further extend this strategy to fabricate different cellulose nanofiber/Fe3+-based hydrogels from various biomacromolecules and petroleum polymers, and shed light on exploration of fundamental dynamic supramolecular network reconfiguration. Simultaneously, we prepare an adhesive-detachable triboelectric nanogenerator as a human-machine interface for a self-powered wireless monitoring system based on this strategy, which can acquire the real-time, self-powered monitoring, and wireless whole-body movement signal, opening up possibilities for diversifying potential applications in electronic skins and intelligent devices.

Trans-Dichloridobis(secnidazole-κN 3)copper(II)

The use of acetic acid (HOAc) in a reaction between CuCl2·2H2O and secnidazole, an active pharmaceutical ingredient useful in the treatment against a variety of anaerobic Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria, affords the title complex, [CuCl2(C7H11N3O3)2]. This compound was previously synthesized using ethanol as solvent, although its crystal structure was not reported [Betanzos-Lara et al. (2013). Inorg. Chim. Acta, 397, 94–100]. In the molecular complex, the Cu2+ cation is situated at an inversion centre and displays a square-planar coordination environment. There is a hydrogen-bonded framework based on intermolecular O—H...Cl interactions, characterized by H...Cl separations of 2.28 (4) Å and O—H...Cl angles of 175 (3)°. The resulting supramolecular network is based on R2 2 (18) ring motifs, forming chains in the [010] direction.

Ultra-Highly Stiff and Tough Shape Memory Polyurea with Unprecedented Energy Density by Precise Slight Cross-Linking.

Shape memory polymers (SMPs) have attracted significant attention and hold vast potential for diverse applications. Nevertheless, conventional SMPs suffer from notable shortcomings in terms of mechanical properties, environmental stability, and energy density, significantly constraining their practical utility. Here, inspired by the structure of muscle fibers, an innovative approach that involves the precise incorporation of subtle, permanent cross-linking within a hierarchical hydrogen bonding supramolecular network is reported. This novel strategy has culminated in the development of covalent and supramolecular shape memory polyurea, which exhibits exceptional mechanical properties, including high stiffness (1347MPa), strength (82.4MPa), and toughness (312.7MJm-3), ensuring its suitability for a wide range of applications. Furthermore, it boasts remarkable recyclability and repairability, along with excellent resistance to moisture, heat, and solvents. Moreover, the polymer demonstrates outstanding shape memory effects characterized by a high energy density (24.5MJm-3), facilitated by the formation of strain-induced oriented nanostructures that can store substantial amounts of entropic energy. Simultaneously, it maintains a remarkable 96% shape fixity and 99% shape recovery. This delicate interplay of covalent and supramolecular bonds opens up a promising pathway to the creation of high-performance SMPs, expanding their applicability across various domains.

Structural elucidation and various computational studies for quantitative investigation of intermolecular interactions in pyridine-2,6-dicarboxylic acid and its di-hydrate

Crystals of pyridine-2,6-dicarboxylic acid (1) have been structurally characterized through single-crystal X-ray diffraction analysis and compared with pyridine-2,6-dicarboxylic acid dihydrate ((2) retrieved from CSD), and explore the solid-state networks. In the solid state, compound (1) exhibits both hydrogen bonding and π···π interactions, while the supramolecular network of compound (2) is stabilized only by hydrogen bonding interactions. The non-covalent interactions are characterized by various computational studies such as Hirshfeld surface analysis, Bader's ‘Atoms in Molecules’ (AIM) theory, and ‘Non-covalent interaction’ (NCI) plot analysis. Hirshfeld surfaces and corresponding 2D fingerprint plots reveal the contribution of non-covalent interactions involved in the structure. Lattice energy framework calculations also are carried out for both compounds. The topological parameters of the AIM analysis suggest the ‘closed-shell’ nature of the non-covalent interactions. Further, NCI plots and scatter graphs (RDG vs sign (λ2)ρ) characterize non-covalent interactions with a color scheme.

Biomimetic versatile wood hybrids with gradient structure towards lightweight, high strength, fire-retardant, and deterioration-resistant materials

The development of versatile wood-based biomaterials with integrated low density, high surface hardness, high strength, fire-resistance, anti-decay, and termite-resistance is highly desirable, yet challenging to skillfully fabricate. Inspired by the ubiquity of gradient biostructures in nature, we achieve biomimetic gradient densification structures by controlling the distribution of thermal-moisture fields within the wood, and combine this with in-situ curing of polyacrylic acid/borate supramolecular resins within the wood cells to transform bulk natural wood into lightweight, high strength, and multifunctional materials. The optimally gradient-densified hybrid wood, with a slight increase in density, demonstrates markedly improved mechanical properties (≈2.4 × increase in surface hardness, ≈52 % increase in flexural strength), excellent dimensional stability, and leaching resistance. In addition, the collaboration of the gradient-densified structure and the in-situ cured acrylic resin/borate supramolecular network provides the biomimetic wood hybrids with excellent fire resistance (V-0 rating in fire retardant grade, 74 % reduction in total smoke release, ≈2.5 × increase in fire performance index), decay and mildew resistance (mass loss of less than 10 %), as well as termite resistance (100 % protection efficiency and termite kill rate) properties. It is the first report to combine gradient densification with in-situ curing of supramolecular resins in the structural design and functionalization of wood-based composites. This new design principle provides guidance for fabricating advanced all-in-one wood materials with applications in lightweight, strong, fire-resistant, deterioration-resistant, and scalable building and furniture materials.

A multistimuli-responsive fluorescent polymer gel based on thioctic acid and hyperbranched polymer

Fluorescent gels with fast and reversible responses have attracted extensive attention, but it remains a huge challenge to synthesize high performance multistimuli-responsive fluorescent gel through a facile and versatile approach. In this work, a multistimuli-responsive fluorescent thioctic acid-crosslinked hyperbranched polymer gel (TLHP) was designed and fabricated by copolymerization of acrylic acid, amino-ended hyperbranched polymers (AHP), tetrakis(4-aminophenyl)ethene (TPE-4NH2) and thioctic acid (TA). The structures of the TLHP gel were characterized by Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FT-IR), X-ray diffraction (XRD), and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS). AHP played an important role in the TLHP gel. The terminal amino groups of AHP and TPE-4NH2 in the network served as strong complexing centers with carboxylic groups of TA and acrylic acid by hydrogen bonding interactions, thus a unique toughening and self-healing strategy for the supramolecular network was established. Compared with poly(TA and acrylic acid) (TPAA), TLHP-0.4 % which incorporated 0.4 % TPE-4NH2 exhibited excellent mechanical properties, with tensile strength up to 438 kPa and stretchability up to 741 %, increased by 193.3 % and 45.3 %, respectively. In addition, TLHP-0.4 % was crosslinked through the dynamic covalent disulfide bonds and the noncovalent H-bonds between amino or carboxy groups, and exhibited fluorescence responsiveness to temperature, pH, and metal ions, greatly expanding the application of TLHP as rewritable printing ink and temperature-based erasing. The fluorescence of TLHP was also sensitive to Cu2+, and the intensity can be restored by EDTA solution to realize fluorescence “switching”. The multistimuli-responsive fluorescence of TLHP may have broad prospects in reversible patterning displays, multi-level anti-counterfeiting applications for information security, and various potential applications.

Supramolecular architecture of Mn(II) complex with 5,5´-dimethyl-2,2´-bipyridine and 4-hydroxybenzoic acid: Synthesis, crystal structure, Hirshfeld surface analyses, catalytic and antimicrobial activities

A novel complex [Mn(5,5´-dmbipy)2Cl2](4-hba)2 (1) (5,5´-dmbipy=5,5´-dimethyl-2,2´-bipyridine and 4-hba=4-hydroxybenzoic acid) was successfully synthesized using methanol by steam reflux. The complex is characterized using SC-XRD, IR, UV and thermogravimetric analysis. Single crystal X-ray analysis of 1 indicates a distorted octahedral coordinated Mn2+ centre with two molecules of 5,5´-dmbipy and two chlorine ions and the presence of two uncoordinated 4-hba in the complex. The two chlorine atoms (Cl1 and Cl2) form intermolecular H-bonding with 4-hba. The complex crystallizes in monoclinic space group P21/c forming a helical like 1D polymeric supramolecular architech through H- bonding. Presence of halogen-hydrogen bond C(sp2)-OH—Cl-M between uncoordinated -OH and Cl ion in 1 significantly provides a path of extending supramolecular network forming a unique architect of the complex. Interestingly, presence of pyridine-benzene system forming π-π stacking is confirmed from SC-XRD. Hirshfeld surface analysis is carried out to explore the noncovalent interactions in the crystal. Mn3O4 nanoparticles synthesized from complex 1 are characterized using PXRD and HRTEM, and successfully employed as catalyst for the degradation of dyes. Both complex 1 and Mn3O4 nanoparticles show appreciable biological activities.

New in situ generated acylhydrazidate-coordinated complexes: Syntheses, structural characterizations and magnetic properties

The present study reports the successful synthesis of three new magnetic coordination polymers, namely [Mn(BPTH)(H2O)]n (1), [Co(BPTH)(phen)]n (2), and [Co(BPTA)(phen)(H2O)2]n (3), through a solvothermal method (H2BPTH = biphenyl-3,3′,4,4′-tetracarboxyhydrazide, H2BPTA = biphenyl-3,3′,4,4′-tetracarboxylic acid, phen = 1,10-phenanthroline). In compounds 1 and 2, the bishydrazide ligand H2BPTH is formed by in situ acylation of H2BPTA with hydrazine hydrate. All the three title compounds contain M2O2 clusters (M=Mn(1), Co(2) and Co(3)). In compound 1, the amido-oxygen atoms O1 coordinate with Mn2+ to form a Mn2O2 cluster, while the adjacent Mn2O2 cluster is interconnected by the ligand's oxygen atoms O3 and O4, resulting in an infinite expansion into a 3D network structure. Compound 2 exhibits a 1D chain structure containing Co2O2 clusters, which further extends into a 2D supramolecular layer through π···π stacking interactions. Compound 3 comprises adjacent Co2O2 clusters interconnected by oxygen atoms O1, O2, and O5 on the ligand to form a 2D layered architecture. The 2D layers are linked through intermolecular O–H···O hydrogen bonds of H2BPTA ligands to form a 3D supramolecular network. Magnetic measurements reveal weak ferromagnetic behavior for compound 1 while compounds 2 and 3 exhibit weak antiferromagnetic interactions at different temperatures. Overall, this research presents new insights into the design and synthesis of coordination polymers with diverse structures and magnetic properties.

Self-Healing Transparent Poly(dimethyl)siloxane with Tunable Mechanical Properties: Toward Enhanced Aging Materials for Space Applications.

When exposed to the geostationary orbit, polymeric materials tend to degrade on their surface due to the appearance of cracks. Implementing the self-healing concept in polymers going to space is a new approach to enhancing the lifespan of materials that cannot be replaced once launched. In this study, the elaboration of autonomous self-healing transparent poly(dimethylsiloxane) (PDMS) materials resistant to proton particles is presented. The PDMS materials are functionalized with various compositions of urea and imine moieties, forming dynamic covalent and/or supramolecular networks. The hydrogen bonds induced by the urea ensure the formation of a supramolecular network, while the dynamic covalent imine bonds are capable of undergoing exchange reactions. Materials with a broad range of mechanical properties were obtained depending on the composition and structure of the PDMS networks. As coating applications in a spatial environment were mainly targeted, the surface properties of the polymer are essential. Thus, percentages of scratch recovery were determined by AFM. From these data, self-healing kinetics were extracted and rationalized based on the polymer structures. The obtained data were in good agreement with the relaxation times determined by rheology in stress relaxation experiments. Moreover, the accelerated aging of materials under proton irradiation, simulating a major part of the geostationary environment, revealed a strong limitation or disappearance of cracks while keeping the transparency of the PDMS. These promising results open routes to prepare new flexible autonomous polymeric materials for space applications.

Synthesis of 3-D co(II)-oxonate colorimetric probe for selective detection of isopropanol, Co2+, and MnO4 –

A coordination polymer (CP) based on Co(II), {[Co(Ox)(H2O)3] · 2H2O} n (KA@CP2_ARS), has been synthesized using 1,3,5-tris[(1H-imidazol-1-yl)methyl]benzene (Timb) and potassium oxonate (OxK) at room temperature which was examined by single-crystal X-ray diffraction. KA@CP2_ARS contains a one-dimensional (1-D) helical chain that is extended through hydrogen-bonding interactions to form two-dimensional (2-D) and three-dimensional (3-D) supramolecular networks. KA@CP2_ARS demonstrates highly selective luminescent performance for IPA, Co2+, MnO4 –, and uric acid with detection limits of 0.214, 0.16, 0.076, and 0.65 ppm, respectively, among the screened analytes. KA@CP2_ARS displays strong photocatalytic activities for degrading 88.6% of methyl violet dye under ultraviolet irradiation.

Highly robust supramolecular polymer networks crosslinked by a tiny amount of metallacycles

Supramolecular polymeric materials have exhibited attractive features such as self-healing, reversibility, and stimuli-responsiveness. However, on account of the weak bonding nature of most noncovalent interactions, it remains a great challenge to construct supramolecular polymeric materials with high robustness. Moreover, high usage of supramolecular units is usually necessary to promote the formation of robust supramolecular polymeric materials, which restrains their applications. Herein, we describe the construction of highly robust supramolecular polymer networks by using only a tiny amount of metallacycles as the supramolecular crosslinkers. A norbornene ring-opening metathesis copolymer with a 120° dipyridine ligand is prepared and self-assembled with a 60° or 120° Pt(II) acceptor to fabricate the metallacycle-crosslinked polymer networks. With only 0.28 mol% or less pendant dipyridine units to form the metallacycle crosslinkers, the mechanical properties of the polymers are significantly enhanced. The tensile strengths, Young’s moduli, and toughness of the reinforced polymers reach up to more than 20 MPa, 600 MPa, and 150 MJ/m3, respectively. Controllable destruction and reconstruction of the metallacycle-crosslinked polymer networks are further demonstrated by the sequential addition of tetrabutylammonium bromide and silver triflate, indicative of good stimuli-responsiveness of the networks. These remarkable performances are attributed to the thermodynamically stable, but dynamic metallacycle-based supramolecular coordination complexes that offer strong linkages with good adaptive characteristics.

Synthesis, crystal and structural studies of 5-alkynyl-1,2,3-triazoles

The structures of diverse 5-alkynyl-1,2,3-triazoles were analyzed by the conventional spectroscopic techniques and corroborated by X-ray diffraction analyses. In addition, Hirshfeld surface analysis was carried out on these compounds, highlighting the presence of π−π stacking interactions together with a C–H–N triazole-methylene interaction observed in compound 3 as the main intermolecular interactions which define the crystal packing and supramolecular network in these compounds. Further theoretical calculations of global descriptors and molecular electrostatic maps demonstrate a charge distribution connecting phenyl substituents, triazole ring and the triple bond which is related to π−π stacking interactions supporting experimental observations.

Synthesis, crystal structure and characterization of two new cobalt(II) metal–organic frameworks with 1,4-bis((1h-imidazol-1-yl)methyl) benzene and 1,3,5-tris[(1h-imidazol-1-yl)methyl]benzene ligands

Two novel CoII metal–organic frameworks {[Co(BIMB)2(H2O)2](SO4)·EG·3 H2O}n (I) and {[Co(TIMB)2](SiF6)}n (II) were hydrothermally synthesized by corresponding metal salt with organic ligands 1,3,5-tris[(1H-imidazol-1-yl)methyl]benzene (TIMB) or 1,4-bis((1H-imidazol-1-yl)methyl)benzene (BIMB). Crystal structural analysis reveals that they exhibit varied structures. Compound I contains two crystallographically unique CoII centers, each lying on an inversion center and having a slightly distorted octahedral environment. The BIMB ligands link the CoII cations to generate a three-dimensional porous framework with a 4-connected uninodal (65.8) topology. Compound II exhibits a two-dimensional sheeted metal-organic structure running parallel to the (0 0 1) plane, in which TIMB ligands join Co2+ centers having a six-coordinated octahedral structure. In the solid state, adjacent sheets are further bridged by guest SiF6 - anions via C–H…F hydrogen-bonding interactions, giving rise to a three-dimensional supramolecular network structure with a 2-nodal (3-c)2(6-c) net. The topological analysis suggests that the point Schläfli symbol of compound II is (43)2(46.66.83). In addition, their thermal stabilities have also been investigated.

Syntheses and photochemically antibiotic degradation of two Co(II)-based coordination polymers

Two new Co(II)-based coordination polymers (CPs), designated as [Co2(bbp)4(1,3-bdc)4]n(1) and [Co(bbp)3(NO3)2(H2O)]n(2) (bbp = 3,5-bis(benzoimidazo-1-ly) pyridine; 1,3-H2bdc = 1,3-benzenedicarboxy acid), were synthesized using a dual ligand approach. The characterization of these CPs involved single- crystal -XRD, UV–visible, FT-IR, and TGA analysis. Both CPs 1 and 2 exhibit a distorted octahedral geometry. Both 1 and 2 show a 1D ladder chain, and this chain-like structure undergoes further development into a more intricate two-dimensional (2D) supramolecular network. The thermal stability analysis revealed that 1 and 2 are stable at temperatures of 119 °C and 286 °C, respectively, with no significant mass loss. Notably, both CPs displayed semiconducting properties. The photocatalytic degradation capabilities of CPs 1 and 2 were investigated against antibiotics such as metronidazole (MDZ), Tinidazole (TDZ), ornidazole (ODZ), and furazolidone (FZD). CP 1 exhibits exceptional photocatalytic activity against FZD. A dosage of 5 mg/L of CP 1 resulted in a remarkable degradation efficiency of 92.2 % for 40 ppm FZD. Additionally, a proposed photodegradation mechanism was investigated through radical trapping experiments.