Support Action Research Articles

Does Ovariectomy Affect the Mechanics of the Mandibular Alveolar Bone Structure of Wistar Rats Subjected to Tooth Loss and Modified Diet?—A FEA Study

The aim of this study was to evaluate the mechanical effect of ovariectomy, diet, and tooth extraction on the bone structure of the mandible of Wistar rats. Mandibles from 40 female Wistar rats were used, divided into rats with ovariectomy surgery or surgical simulation. Half of the rats had the right upper incisor extracted and a soft diet was introduced for half of the animals for 30 days. After euthanasia, microtomography of the mandibles was performed for bone segmentation to construct three-dimensional models. Each mandible was subjected to a three-point bending test. The simulation by finite element method was configured according to the protocol for positioning the part on the support and force action by the load cell defined in the mechanical tests. Stress dissipation was described qualitatively on a color scale distributed in ranges of stress values. All models showed a higher concentration of stresses in the regions of force action and in the support regions, with differences in stress values and locations. Diet and dental condition interfered in the distribution of stresses, with the lateral surface of the mandible being more influenced by diet and the medial surface of the mandible by diet and dental condition.

Pedagogical principles for encouraging (socially just) youth climate action: A schema for citizenship education curriculum analysis

This article synthesizes pedagogical principles for supporting youth climate action from across local (Ontario) and global literature. It also seeks out stories of Indigenous youth engaging in climate action in distinct ways—highlighting examples from Sioux (of Standing Rock) and Inuit youth. The authors propose the Pedagogical Principles for Supporting Climate Action curriculum analysis schema before using it to examine the Ontario citizenship framework. The findings reveal how the curriculum segment in its current form is incongruent with the pedagogical principles of supporting youth climate action. The authors articulate both immediate and urgent curriculum revisions that are necessary for supporting youth in socially just climate action—with a call for immediate revisions that include a shift toward centering Indigenous knowledges, integrating climate justice and upholding relationality to the land and all that it sustains.

Numerical Investigation with Failure Characteristic Analysis and Support Effect Evaluation of Deep-Turning Roadways

In recent years, tunnel-boring machines (TBMs) have been widely applied in deep coal mining. Turning is an inevitable challenge in TBM tunneling, and a TBM turning roadway exhibits greater instability than a straight roadway, as engineering experience has indicated. This study aimed to explore the failure mechanism and evaluate the support performance of a deep-turning roadway. Several numerical models were established to investigate the deformation of the roadway, the stress distribution, and the failure zone of the surrounding rocks under different tunneling conditions. The results show that the tunneling depth influences the failure pattern of the turning roadway: deep tunneling with high in situ stress can cause asymmetric failure of the turning roadway, while shallow tunneling with low in situ stress does not. Moreover, the change in turning radius, namely the change in roadway geometry, does not influence the stability of the turning roadway. In addition, the support actions for both the straight and turning roadways do not differ significantly, and the amount of controlled deformation of the surrounding rocks is proportional to their natural deformation.

Determinant of Rural and Urban Student Performance in Ghana

Despite the large number of remedial students entering tertiary institutions in Ghana, very little empirical research has examined the impact of geographical and socio-economic variables on student performance. This study uses microdata on 360 urban and rural remedial students to examine the differences in educational outcomes between those attending remedial schools in rural areas and those enrolled in urban remedial schools. The study further analyzes the determinants of educational outcomes, with a focus on the relevance of geographical location. The descriptive analysis shows that the academic outcomes of urban remedial students are generally better than those of rural students. In contrast, the results from the student’s t-test indicate a statistically significant difference in the performance of urban and rural remedial students. The determinants of these performances include age, gender, number of papers written, parental education, and, most importantly, the location of the remedial student. From a policy perspective, the findings of this paper support actions aimed at improving educational conditions in rural areas.

The Impact of Exclusion Reasons and Trait Empathy on Third-Party Compensatory Behavior in Vicarious Exclusion

Social exclusion is a widespread phenomenon that not only negatively impacts the individuals directly excluded but also deeply affects bystanders who witness such exclusion. This study aims to investigate how bystanders' levels of trait empathy and their perception of the reasons for exclusion shape their third-party compensatory behaviors. Specifically, we examined whether bystanders with higher empathy levels are more likely to engage in compensatory actions when they perceive the exclusion as unjust. Using a 2x2 between-subjects experimental design, participants were divided into groups based on trait empathy (high vs. low) and the perceived appropriateness of the exclusion (appropriate vs. inappropriate). An online experiment was conducted to simulate social exclusion scenarios, and participants' responses were analyzed to understand how these factors influenced their behavior. The results demonstrated that bystanders with higher trait empathy were significantly more likely to offer compensation when the exclusion was perceived as inappropriate, highlighting the role of empathy in driving supportive actions. Conversely, bystanders with lower empathy showed less variation in their responses, regardless of the exclusion reason. These findings provide new insights into the interaction between personal traits and contextual factors in shaping bystander behavior during social exclusion. This study also offers practical implications for designing interventions aimed at reducing the negative effects of exclusion, promoting empathy, and creating a more inclusive and supportive social environment.

Inclusive Life Projects for people with Serious Mental Disorder and/or addictions

Abstract Project “Inclusive Life Projects” offers comprehensive and community care to people with SMD/A within projects of autonomous living, which provide a concrete and real response to their needs, with the ultimate objective of avoiding the risk of institutionalization. Currently, 26 actions have been designed and are being implemented within JA ImpleMENTAL pilot in five municipalities in the Region of Murcia: Caravaca, Cartagena, Lorca. Molina de Segura and Yecla with a participation of 50 people with SMD/A. The following elements are selected from the Belgian good practice: • Creation of local intersectoral networks promoting person-centered care process; • Personalization of care through the Individualized Care Plan, responding to the needs, and desires of people with SMI/A, activating the appropriate support; • Professional case manager. It generates the well-being of people on an empathy and trust basis and articulates coordination so that the agreed Plan can be developed as planned. A strategic and support coordination tool for action and facilitation of institutional support, the Social and Health Coordination Protocol for people with SMI/A, has been developed. The protocol facilitates the creation of coordination structures, among them the Socio-Health Coordination Base Teams stand out, teams made up of professionals from the different agents involved, multi-professional and intersectoral, (Mental Health, Primary Health Care, Social Services, Social Initiative) taking into account the needs of the person. It also serves to share information, detect training needs, influence resources, etc. PETRA, a computer platform, has been developed for sharing information between the systems involved, especially the health system and the social services system, both primary care, hospital care and specialized care. It allows the exchange of information, in real time, between professionals, the planning of actions, and the design of indicators and control and evaluation processes.

The KMT versus the CCP: Dueling Chinese Nationalisms and the Politics of Colonial Rule During Hong Kong’s 1956 Riots

During October 10–12, 1956, British Hong Kong was engulfed in a downward spiral of violence that pitted Kuomintang (KMT) supporters against men and women affiliated with the Chinese Communist Party (CCP), forcing the People’s Republic of China (PRC), the Republic of China (ROC), and Great Britain to engage in a series of tense diplomatic exchanges that could have escalated into a wider geopolitical conflict. The actions of KMT supporters precipitated the 1956 riots, thereby granting opportunities to the PRC to repeatedly and strongly criticize the colonial government for allegedly failing to protect Chinese who were loyal to Beijing. While the PRC did not intervene militarily to protect its supporters, the 1956 riots revealed to London the precarious nature of colonial rule and underscored the fact that the colony’s very existence was dependent upon the acquiescence of Beijing.

The state-of-the-art and barriers for the adoption of personalised prevention in Europe and beyond

Abstract Personalized prevention is a priority of the European Commission’s research agenda, exemplified by the EU-funded project ‘a PeRsonalised Prevention roadmap for the future HEalThcare’ (PROPHET), a coordination and support action of the International Consortium for Personalized Medicine. It aims to bolster health systems in implementing innovative, sustainable, and high-quality personalized strategies to prevent chronic diseases. In this context, a scoping review was conducted to map personalized preventive approaches (PPA) for chronic diseases and obstacles to their adoption worldwide. The review followed the Arksey-O’Malley guidelines and was conducted from January 2017 to December 2023, on PubMed, Web of Science, Scopus, and grey literature. Eligible studies were primary reports and guidelines, while for the barriers to their adoption we included literature reviews. We included 120 documents on approaches and 34 reviews on barriers. Among the former, 251 PPA were identified: 69% on cancer, 21% on cardiovascular diseases, and 10% on neurological, psychiatric, and metabolic diseases. Furthermore, 27% were on primary prevention, using omic biomarkers to predict disease risk and guide preventive strategies; 27% on secondary prevention, using genomics to guide screening programs; 46% on tertiary prevention, using pharmacogenomics or targeted therapies to prevent disease complications. Among the 34 reviews on barriers, the majority were about the lack of clinical utility evidence and research needs, ethical and legal issues, and limited knowledge among health professionals, citizens, and patients. The majority of the barriers (76%) were referred to primary and secondary prevention, consistent with the low rates of existing approaches in these areas. Ongoing efforts show promise for tailoring prevention strategies, but further research and integration are needed to maximize their potential in improving population health and reducing chronic disease burdens on health systems.

Cybernic robot hand-arm that realizes cooperative work as a new hand-arm for people with a single upper-limb dysfunction.

A robot hand-arm that can perform various tasks with the unaffected arm could ease the daily lives of patients with a single upper-limb dysfunction. A smooth interaction between robot and patient is desirable since their other arm functions normally. If the robot can move in response to the user's intentions and cooperate with the unaffected arm, even without detailed operation, it can effectively assist with daily tasks. This study aims to propose and develop a cybernic robot hand-arm with the following features: 1) input of user intention via bioelectrical signals from the paralyzed arm, the unaffected arm's motion, and voice; 2) autonomous control of support movements; 3) a control system that integrates voluntary and autonomous control by combining 1) and 2) to thus allow smooth work support in cooperation with the unaffected arm, reflecting intention as a part of the body; and 4) a learning function to provide work support across various tasks in daily use. We confirmed the feasibility and usefulness of the proposed system through a pilot study involving three patients. The system learned to support new tasks by working with the user through an operating function that does not require the involvement of the unaffected arm. The system divides the support actions into movement phases and learns the phase-shift conditions from the sensor information about the user's intention. After learning, the system autonomously performs learned support actions through voluntary phase shifts based on input about the user's intention via bioelectrical signals, the unaffected arm's motion, and by voice, enabling smooth collaborative movement with the unaffected arm. Experiments with patients demonstrated that the system could learn and provide smooth work support in cooperation with the unaffected arm to successfully complete tasks they find difficult. Additionally, the questionnaire subjectively confirmed that cooperative work according to the user's intention was achieved and that work time was within a feasible range for daily life. Furthermore, it was observed that participants who used bioelectrical signals from their paralyzed arm perceived the system as part of their body. We thus confirmed the feasibility and usefulness of various cooperative task supports using the proposed method.

From passenger to driver: an interview study on person-centeredness in clinical reasoning during stroke rehabilitation

Purpose To explore how stroke survivors experience and prefer to participate in clinical reasoning processes in the subacute phase of stroke rehabilitation. Methods An explorative qualitative design was used. Individual interviews were conducted with 10 stroke survivors (4 women and 6 men, mean age 68 years) 4 weeks after their stroke, and follow-up interviews were conducted with 6 of them after 10 weeks. The interview settings were the patient’s home during their home rehabilitation, an inpatient and an outpatient rehabilitation unit. A reflexive thematic analysis was performed. Results Four themes were identified: discharge as a critical point for participation, describing a stressful time with varying involvement; supportive actions and context as crucial for participation, describing collaboration with the stroke team, the team’s consideration of the stroke survivor’s resources and needs, and a supportive home environment; the importance of goals and follow-up, describing goals as motivational and an unstructured use of goals; and difficulties in participation, describing a lack of dialogue with the stroke team and undetected resources and needs. Conclusions The stroke survivors experienced changes in their participation in the clinical reasoning process as their rehabilitation progressed. They moved from perceiving themselves as passengers at the time of their hospital discharge to gradually seeing themselves as the driver of their rehabilitation process. Some person-centered attributes, such as respectful relationships and a health focus, were incorporated into the clinical reasoning, while others, such as a holistic view and shared goal-setting, required further emphasis for improved person-centeredness in stroke rehabilitation.

White NIMBYism and diversity close to home

AbstractObjectiveWe use a survey experiment to study what explains white “not in my backyard” opposition (NIMBYism) to dense and affordable housing—racial threat, material self‐interest, or both.MethodsIn a survey experiment on white U.S. respondents, we vary the presence of a racial prime about black and Latinx community organizations and the proximity of the housing development to the subject's home. We then measure levels of support for a proposed hypothetical housing development, willingness to take political action in support of or opposition to the development, and support for a number of housing‐related and redistributive policies.ResultsWe find that a racial threat, a material self‐interest threat, and a combined racial and material self‐interest threat decrease support for a proposed housing development. These effects are moderated by racial resentment, ideology, and partisanship such that the effects of the treatments are primarily driven by Republicans, conservatives, and the highly racially resentful. These groups are more threatened than others by either Latinx and black people moving in, the development being in their own neighborhood, or both.ConclusionThese findings indicate that racial and material perceived threats play important and interlocking roles in white Americans’ resistance to multifamily housing being built. In a context where local political institutions empower an unrepresentative group of disproportionately white, economically privileged neighbors to mount opposition to dense housing, it is important to understand how white opposition to new dense housing is shaped by racial and financial concerns.

Reporting to audiences in crisis: Disruption, criticism and absent hope in TV journalisms’ rendering of the impactful UK energy price rises

How does journalism communicate to audiences who are experiencing crisis? Existing literature suggests that journalists use reporting templates and related practices to report crises with elite narratives and myths (and some ‘disruptive factors’, on occasion). Their news audiences, it follows, are understood as observers of abstracted crisis rather than as those who are experiencing crisis impacts as immediate and affecting. Such thinking becomes challenged by the emerging UK energy crisis. Analysing the corresponding TV journalism shows its reporting responds to several unique disruptive aspects of the crisis (i.e. its ‘seriality’, ‘unpredictability’ and ‘impacts’) rather than reproduce expected myths and authority skew. Additionally, it forms potentially transformative coverage with an included critical commentary on elite inaction and profiteering. Still, omitted at the same time is any relevant explanation and assistance for those audiences affected by the soaring energy costs. The paper argues, subsequently, that this journalism is producing a crisis subjectivity that serves only to reflect back accounts of ‘close suffering’ and uncertainty to audiences, without any sense of hope, support or meaningful action.

Participants in a peer-based nutrition and health program in Zimbabwe value dialogue, peer support, and tangible action: A qualitative exploration of peer group experiences.

Peer support groups are implemented globally, and viewed as cost-effective, scalable platforms for delivering health and nutrition programming. Quality is important for participation and achieving social and behavior change goals. Little research has explored the perspectives of peer group participants on quality. This manuscript describes community-based implementation research, and associated findings, which was conducted to learn how participants of a nutrition and health program define quality peer groups and how they suggest improving peer groups. In-depth interviews on experiences, benefits, and challenges were conducted with participants of health and nutrition peer groups, including group members (n = 64) and facilitators (n = 30), in three districts in Zimbabwe. Qualitative data were analyzed thematically and preliminary results were presented in six follow-up focus group discussions with interviewees to provide input on results and interpretation. Peer groups met some of participants' needs for knowledge, social support, and visible improvements in their lives and homes. Participants described generally positive experiences that sustained participation and motivated behavior change. They highlighted group dynamics, interactive facilitation, and community recognition which support the credibility and motivation of group facilitators. Implementation could be improved by strengthening family engagement and more hands-on learning for encouraging participation. Local adaptation of group activities can address influences on behavior change and increase relevance to participants' needs. The perspectives of core stakeholders are essential to understand what aspects of peer groups are most important to implement the approach with quality across contexts. Implementation research and continued monitoring to understand participant perspectives should be an integral part of all programs to ensure the application of adult learning principles and an appropriate balance between fidelity and adaptation for local relevance and engagement.

The “right‐to‐farm” in Lac Saint‐Pierre (Québec, Canada) floodplains: Are problem‐framing processes able to foster conservation conflict resolution?

AbstractUsing qualitative data, we investigate the impact of the problem‐framing process on stakeholder mobilization for fish habitat restoration and its influence on transforming agricultural practices in floodplains. Problem‐framing involves defining and delineating a problem to suggest practical and measurable solutions for addressing it. We are examining how the conservation conflict changes over time in Lac Saint‐Pierre (LSP), part of the St. Lawrence River Basin in Québec, Canada. Such conflicts arise when there are differing perspectives, interests, or actions regarding conservation goals and objectives. In recent decades, the LSP floodplain has undergone significant changes, particularly the conversion of perennial crops to intensive annual crops, which are deemed incompatible with the ecological needs of yellow perch. This species has experienced a notable decline in LSP since the 1990s, prompting Québec authorities to impose a moratorium on yellow perch fishing in 2012 to safeguard stocks. This moratorium has catalyzed efforts at the policy level to restore its habitat. However, it has also engendered tensions between agricultural activities and conservation endeavors aimed at restoring yellow perch habitat, constituting the conservation conflict under investigation. To investigate this issue, we adopt a post‐normal science approach characterized by reflexivity, inclusivity, and transparency in addressing epistemological and ontological uncertainties among LSP stakeholders. Our findings offer insights into stakeholders' perspectives on the problem‐framing process and its outcomes, highlighting both supportive actions enhancing the effectiveness of certain strategies among LSP stakeholders and barriers hindering their mobilization. These results underscore the importance of incorporating diverse stakeholder perspectives during the problem‐framing process to enhance the robustness of the science–policy interface.

Improving antibiotic prescribing – Recommendations for funding and pricing policies to enhance use of point-of-care tests

IntroductionDiagnostics can contribute to the improved quality of antibiotic prescribing. However, there is potential to enhance the use of point-of-care tests (POCTs) in general practice. This paper presents fit-for-purpose policy recommendations related to funding and pricing for POCTs applied for community-acquired acute respiratory tract infections (CA-ARTIs). MethodsThe development of the recommendations was informed by an analysis of the current status of funding and pricing policy frameworks for CA-ARTI POCTs in European countries, and an identification of barriers and facilitators for their uptake. Draft recommendations were developed and subsequently revised based on written and verbal feedback from meetings with experts. ResultsThe proposal includes four recommendations for policy interventions related to funding and three recommendations regarding pricing policies. Two of the funding policy-related recommendations concern physicians’ remuneration, and two relate to product-specific reimbursement (public coverage) of the CA-ARTI POCTs. The pricing-related recommendations include a proposal to explore the introduction of price regulation, to pilot subscription-fee procurement models and to enhance more strategic approaches in public procurement of CA-ARTI POCTs. ConclusionsOptimised pricing and funding policies could make a difference in enhancing uptake of CA-ARTI POCTs. It is crucial for the successful implementation of policies to consider country settings. Additionally, supportive policy action is recommended, including the systematic use of health technology assessment, stakeholder communication, and monitoring and evaluation.

Evolution of Institutional Support for Agricultural Entrepreneurship in Benin

Agricultural entrepreneurship (AE) has been a viable development option promoted by Benin government. This study aims to analyze the institutional environment supporting AE with a focus on innovation within enterprises through laws, and implementation of programs and projects. The data was collected and analyzed using content analysis of documents such as program/project reports, narratives, decrees, orders, and policy documents from various ministries. The results indicate that the institutional framework of Benin did not place particular emphasis on supporting agricultural enterprises. Reforms were initiated lately in 2006 to provide specific support and ensure the emergence of small and medium-sized agricultural enterprises. Laws were enacted, and programs and projects were conducted during the implementation of the reforms. A thorough analysis of the actions regarding AE reveals that the government interventions primarily addressed components including the propensity to innovate and the practice of innovation of the agricultural enterprises. The propensity to innovate did not particularly interest the agricultural enterprises. Reflections led to the integration of the propensity to innovate into support actions because of the increasing failure rates of young agricultural enterprises. Support for innovation was not completed on one type of intervention. Building on the importance of the propensity to innovate, the capacity to innovate, and the practice of innovation, in entrepreneurial success, efforts should continue to be made to create a more favorable institutional environment. Policies will also aim to simultaneously target the three components of innovativeness to provide a better chance of survival for young AE. Case studies will help achieve this goal.

Counseling on Prevention of Sexual Violence and Bullying at State Elementary School 100 Barru

Sexual violence is an act involving sexual coercion or harassment against someone without their consent. Bullying is aggressive behavior that is carried out repeatedly by one individual or a group of individuals with the aim of hurting, degrading, or intimidating the victim. Sexual violence and bullying often occur in school environments. Children and adolescents are vulnerable to being victims or perpetrators of these acts. However, due to the taboo nature of this issue, many cases go unreported so existing statistics may not reflect the true numbers. Sexual violence and bullying in schools have serious impacts on victims, including psychological trauma, anxiety disorders, depression, decreased academic performance, and even a high risk of suicide. An unsafe school environment can also affect the entire student population, hindering their learning and social development. Some factors that contribute to sexual violence and bullying in schools include institutional indifference to reporting and action, lack of awareness and adequate education, power imbalances, detrimental social norms, and negative media influences. Preventing sexual violence and bullying in schools requires collaboration between students, teachers, parents, school staff, and the community. This shared responsibility is essential to protecting children and adolescents from physical and psychological harm. With proper education, social support, and proactive action, we can create safe, inclusive, and supportive school environments for all individuals.

Dual career policy at federal universities in Brazil: analysis of academic and sporting support.

Internationally, the implementation of holistic programs aimed at academic, financial and retirement preparation support for student-athletes who find themselves in dual careers, such as university students, has been widespread and intensified. However, little is known about the subject in the Brazilian national context, because although there are related studies, they are punctual and related to specific universities. In view of the above, this study aimed to investigate public policy aimed at student-athletes at Brazilian federal universities. This is an exploratory, qualitative, cross-sectional and documentary study, using the websites, internal regulations and public notices of 69 Brazilian federal universities for the year 2023, using the content analysis technique. The results indicate that 72.05% offer some kind of support to DC based on the holistic model, 66.17% of which is academic and 60.29% sports. Among the academic support, the flexibility of assessments (57.35%) and the differentiated treatment of absences (51.47%) were close. The sporting support is centered on partial payment of competition costs (60.29%) and athlete grants are restricted to 20.58% of universities. It can be concluded that Brazil's federal universities have policies that include support actions that integrate the holistic model (academic), with incipient coverage of scholarships (sports), but do not effectively follow the holistic model.

Navigating Higher Education Challenges: A Review of Strategies among Students with Disabilities in Indonesia

Access to higher education has been widely open for students with disabilities (SwD) as also enforced by the Government of Indonesia (GoI). However, challenges evidently face SwD in their survival of university life including limited accessible services and facilities, as well as negative stereotypes surrounding SwD. This study aimed to explore the diverse strategies adopted by SwD in navigating these challenges, examining the nuances and implications of the deployed strategies. This review explored the experiences of SwD in higher education institutions in Indonesia and adhered to the PRISMA-ScR (Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analysis Extension for Scoping Review) guidelines. Data were gathered from seven databases, including Scopus, Web of Science, ERIC, ProQuest, Google Scholar, and Portal Garuda. In total, 17 of 1777 articles were selected based on two inclusion criteria viz. peer-reviewed articles derived from empirical studies and utilizing life experiences of SwD in Indonesian HE as the primary data source. The study identified the five key strategies employed by SwD: Adaptation, Technology Assistive Optimization, Requesting Support, Building Relationships, and Passive Action. Detailed elaboration of the findings is presented to shed light on the prominent insight to improve the quality of education services for SwD in Indonesia.

Multi-objective Harris Hawks optimization algorithm for selecting best location and size of distributed generation in radial distribution system

Distributed Generating Units (DGUs) are widely used in backup power, renewable energy integration, voltage regulation, and energy storage applications. The DGUs are small-scale power-generating units located near the load centers of a power system, as opposed to large, centralized power plants located far away. However, the DGUs must reduce power losses and environmental impacts and improve the voltage profile. This was achieved by effective optimization of the position and rating of DGU. However, the conventional optimization methods failed to optimize the power losses, voltage-current balancing issues, and harmonic distortions. So, this article presents the selection of the best location and size of DGU in radial distribution systems using a nature-inspired multi-objective Harris Hawks optimization (HHO) algorithm while considering improvements in the voltage profile and reductions in active power losses. The HHO algorithm is inspired by the supportive actions of intelligent birds, such as Harris Hawks, while searching for prey. The distinguished hunting process of Harris Hawks using other family members makes it unique, which is useful for searching for better quality solutions while optimizing multi-objective fitness functions. Fitness function is determined by considering each bus's voltage profile and branches' active power losses. The proposed method is tested on two circle distribution systems (69 bus and 118 bus). The results are compared to those obtained using some of the more well-known optimization techniques given by scholars in recent years. The optimization of seven DGU in 118 bus radial distribution systems resulted in 405.32 kW of active power losses, a 68.78% decrease in losses, and 0.9723 Vs of minimum voltage.