Supporting Electrolyte Concentration Research Articles

Intensified treatment of kitchen wastewater in a filter- press type electrochemical reactor

Commercial kitchen wastewater (KW), characterized by a high load of bio-refractory organics, can be effectively treated by electrochemical methods for non-potable applications. This work explores the electrochemical degradation of KW in a batch recirculation type flow reactor consisting of mixed metal oxides coated titanium mesh anode and stainless steel cathode. The effect of operating factors such as current density, supporting electrolyte concentration, initial pH, and recirculation flow rate on chemical oxygen demand (COD) reduction was examined by following one-factor-at-a-time method. The %COD reduction increased with an increase in electrolyte concentration and current density. The optimum current density and electrolyte concentration were found to be 2 A/dm2 and 2 g/L, respectively. The treatment was intensified by incorporating mechanical stirring and ultrasound irradiation in the reservoir. The results showed about 99 % COD reduction, and the kinetic model proposed predicted the experimental data satisfactorily.

A comparison of FEM results from the use of different governing equations in a galvanic cell part II: Impact of low supporting electrolyte concentration

Finite Element Method modeling has been widely used to simulate the distributions of potential, current density, and dissolved species for a wide range of electrochemical systems. The use of the Nernst–Planck–Poisson equations as governing equations is the most rigorous approach, but it brings with it a substantial computational time cost. Reduced-order models offer options in which different assumptions allow more rapid computational solutions. In Part I of this work, it was shown that the loss in accuracy of the reduced-order models is small in high supporting electrolyte concentrations, and there were substantial savings in computational time. The analysis is extended to lower supporting electrolyte concentrations. The most reduced-order modeling approach performs poorly in low supporting electrolyte to electrochemically reactive species (SER) ratios. A modified Laplace approach, in which the conductivity is recalculated at each position at each time step, improves the solution by updating the electrolyte conductivity at each time step, but the errors can still be significant in low SER ratios due to the absence of the diffusion potential term in the calculations.

Electrodialysis as a potential technology for 4-nitrophenol abatement from wastewater.

4-Nitrophenol is a widely used emerging pollutant in various industries, including the production of agrochemicals, drugs, and synthetic dyes. Due to its potential environmental harmful effects, there is a need to study its reuse and removal from wastewater. This study used electrodialysis technology to separate 4-nitrophenol ions using a four-compartment stack. The effects of supporting electrolyte concentration, pH, voltages, and current density on the performance of electrodialysis for separating 4-nitrophenol were investigated. A high extraction percentage of 77% was achieved with low energy consumption (107 kWh kg-1) when high 4-nitrophenol flows and transport numbers were reached.

Removal of triazole fungicides of 1H-1,2,4-triazole from pesticide tailwater by electrochemical oxidation using meso-flower PbO2 layer electrode

In this work, a novel Ti/TiO2-NTA/meso-flower PbO2 electrode (TMF-PbO2) was developed by anodic oxidation and modified oxygen bubble-template electrodeposition. Characterization of the electrode confirmed that the meso-flower layer exhibited a unique 3D and hierarchical structure with a rough morphology. N2 adsorption-desorption isotherms and cyclic voltammetry suggested that TMF-PbO2 possessed a 2.18 times larger specific surface area and at least a 1.46 times larger electroactive area than the electrode with a porous PbO2 layer. The investigation of the effect of the operation parameters indicated that the optimal conditions were a pH value of 3, supporting electrolyte concentration of 10.0 g L−1 and current density of 25 mA cm−2. The electrochemical degradation of 1H-1,2,4-triazole (Tz) by TMF-PbO2 was studied by HPLC and LC‒MS with the assistance of quantum chemical calculations. The TMF-PbO2 achieved 100% removal of Tz and 70.4% removal of COD on the advanced treatment of actual pesticide tailwater with an energy consumption of 29.40 kWh kg−1 COD. The EC50,48 h value and BOD5/COD ratio of the treated wastewater were 70.6±5.9% and 0.64, respectively, indicating significantly low toxicity and high biodegradability. Cyclic testing also suggested that TMF-PbO2 was stable during application. The excellent performance of TMF-PbO2 in this study indicated that this kind of electrode is highly applicable for the treatment of pesticide tailwater.

Tunability of zinc electrochemistry in potassium acetate: effects of supporting electrolyte concentration

Tunability of zinc electrochemistry in potassium acetate: effects of supporting electrolyte concentration

Sulfonate-Based Triazine Multiple-Electron Anolyte for Aqueous Organic Flow Batteries.

A new highly soluble triazine derivative (SPr)34TpyTz showing three reversible redox processes with fast kinetics and high diffusion coefficients has been synthesized using an efficient, low-cost, and straightforward synthetic route. Concentrated single cell tests and DFT studies reveal a tendency of the reduced triazine species to form aggregates which could be avoided by tuning the supporting electrolyte concentration. Under the right conditions, (SPr)34TpyTz shows no capacity decay and good Coulombic, voltage, and energy efficiencies for the storage of two electrons. The storage of further electrons leads to a higher capacity decay and an increase of the electrolyte pH, suggesting the irreversible protonation of the generated species. So, a plausible mechanism has been proposed. A higher concentration of (SPr)34TpyTz shows slightly higher capacity decay and lower efficiencies due to the aggregate formation.

Aqueous Polyelectrolyte Electrodeposition: The Effects of Alkyl Substitution and Varying Supporting Electrolyte Concentrations on the Deposition Efficiency

AbstractThe controlled growth of surface‐modifying polymer films by electrodeposition often fails because of the lack of redox activity of these compounds. Here, electroactive complexants help to electrodeposit non‐electroactive polymers. Hence, we investigate the counterion‐induced electrodeposition of polyelectrolytes: three quaternized poly(N,N‐dialkylaminoethyl methacrylate)s (qPDAAEMA), in particular their methyl, ethyl, and isopropyl derivatives (i. e. qPDMAEMA, qPDEAEMA, and qPDPAEMA), provide transparent solutions in the presence of hexacyanoferrate(II) (ferrocyanide) at specific concentration windows of the KCl supporting electrolyte. Below a certain KCl concentration, insolubility dominates irrespective of the hexacyanoferrate valency, whilst above an upper threshold, full solubility is observed. Between these limits, oxidation reversibly electrodeposits polymer/hexacyanoferrate(III) (ferricyanide) complexes. Hydrodynamic voltammetry (and data analysis using in‐house software) provides access to the deposition efficiency (DE). qPDEAEMA with ethyl substituents shows highest DEs; larger or smaller substituents fall short because of a balance between “hydrophobicity” and charge separation, shifting the window toward smaller salt concentrations with increasing alkyl size. We always observe a DE maximum close to the minimum salt concentration, whilst electrochemical quartz crystal microbalance (EQCM) measurements indicate a change in film water content close to the maximum. These effects, being also discussed in terms of polymer conformation, can direct the future engineering of electroassisted coatings.

Apparent and true mineralization during combined electro‐oxidation and electro‐coagulation on stainless steel anode

AbstractPresent study is a novel attempt to experimentally verify that electrochemical treatment of organic pollutants on stainless steel (SS) anode is a combination of electro‐oxidation (EO) and electro‐coagulation (EC) with quantitative estimation of individual contributions of the two mechanisms. Target organic pollutants, metformin HCl (MET‐HCl) and lamotrigine (LAM), were electrochemically treated with SS anode for this purpose. Experiments were designed using central composite rotatable design (CCRD) to assess the effect of current density (CD) and supporting electrolyte concentration (SEC) as independent process parameters. Under all conditions, the process was experimentally verified to be a combination of EO and EC. For MET‐HCl, true mineralization (TM) as a result of EO contribution varied between 50.13% and 66.64%. EO contribution and resulting TM for LAM ranged from 37.5% to 61.83%. EC contributed 30.6%–31.84% towards MET‐HCl remediation causing the TOC to be transferred from the liquid to the sludge produced (SP). EC contribution was 23.68%–35.89% for LAM remediation. Thus, apparent mineralization (AM), the sum of EO and EC contributions, ranged from 80.63% to 97.79% for MET‐HCl and 61.18% to 96.82% for LAM.Process parameters were statistically optimized using response surface methodology (RSM) to simultaneously maximize TM and AM with minimal energy consumption and maximal current efficiency. The optimized conditions were 0.83 mA/cm2 CD and 86.66 ppm SEC for MET‐HCl. The corresponding values were 1.31 mA/cm2 CD and 79.51 ppm SEC for LAM.

Removal of fluoride and pathogens from water using the combined electrocoagulation-inline-electrolytic disinfection process

Abstract The consecutive removal of fluoride (defluoridation) and pathogens (disinfection) in drinking water through combined electrocoagulation-inline-electrolytic disinfection (EC–ECl2) process with aluminum and dimension-stable mixed oxide electrodes was reported in this study. Laboratory trials were conducted on the effects of flow rate, initial pH, current density, and supporting electrolytes for defluoridation and disinfection processes. The results have shown that with a flow rate of 10 L/h, initial pH of 6, the current density of 9.4 mA/cm2 (EC cell) and 3.1 mA/cm2 (ECl2 cell), supporting electrolyte concentration of 165 mg/L, and electrolysis time of 50 min, a defluoridation rate of 88% (initial concentration of 12.3 mg/L) and complete disinfection (initial fecal coliforms of 19,700 colony-forming units per 100 mL (CFU/100 mL)) can be reached. The final concentration of fluoride and pathogens in treated water was 1.44 mg/L and 0 CFU/100 mL, which are within the acceptable limit of the World Health Organization and the Tanzania Bureau of Standards of 1.5 mg/L and 0 CFU/100 mL, respectively. The EC–ECl2 system is a promising approach for consecutive defluoridation and disinfection of water to save millions from fluorosis and waterborne diseases. However, optimization potential with regard to energetic efficiency and system complexity was identified.

Preparation and characterization of PMT-TiO2-NTs@NiO–C/Sn–Sb composite electrodes by a two-step pulsed electrodeposition method for the degradation of crystalline violet

To overcome the limitations imposed by Sn–Sb electrodes, the titanium foam (PMT)-TiO2-NTs@NiO–C/Sn–Sb composite electrodes with cubic crystal structure are synthesized by introducing NiO@C nanosheet arrays interlayer on the TiO2-NTs/PMT matrix through hydrothermal and carbonization process. Then a two-step pulsed electrodeposition method is used to prepare the Sn–Sb coating. Benefiting from the advantages of stacked 2D layer-sheet structure, the obtained electrodes exhibit enhanced stability and conductivity. Synergy of inner and outer layers fabricated by different pulse times strongly influence the electrochemical catalytic properties of the PMT-TiO2-NTs@NiO–C/Sn–Sb (Sn–Sb) electrode. Hence, the Sn–Sb (b0.5 h + w1 h) electrode is the optimal electrode to degrade the Crystalline Violet (CV). Next, the effect of the four experimental parameters (initial CV concentration, current density, pH value and supporting electrolyte concentration) on the degradation of CV by the electrode are investigated. The degradation of the CV is more sensitive to alkaline pH, and the rapid decolorization of CV when the pH is 10. Moreover, the possible electrocatalytic degradation pathway of CV is performed using HPLC-MS. Results from the tests show that the PMT-TiO2-NTs/NiO@C/Sn–Sb (b0.5 h + w1 h) electrode is an interesting alternative material in industrial wastewater applications.

On Practical Aspects of Single-Entity Electrochemical Measurements with Hot Microelectrodes.

When a 10s-100s MHz frequency alternating current (ac) waveform is applied to a disk ultramicroelectrode (UME) in an electrochemical cell, one achieves what is known as a hot microelectrode, or a hot UME. The electrical energy generates heat in an electrolyte solution surrounding the electrode, and the heat transfer leads to formation of a hot zone with the size comparable to the electrode diameter. In addition to heating, ac electrokinetic phenomena generated by the waveform include dielectrophoresis (DEP) and electrothermal fluid flow (ETF). These phenomena can be harvested to manipulate the motion of analyte species and achieve significant improvements in their single-entity electrochemical (SEE) detection. This work evaluates various microscale forces observable with hot UMEs in relation to their utility to improve the sensitivity and specificity of the SEE analysis. Considering only mild heating (with a UME temperature increase not exceeding 10 K), the sensitivity of the SEE detection of metal nanoparticles and bacterial (Staph. aureus) species is shown to be strongly affected by the DEP and ETF phenomena. The conditions have been identified, such as the ac frequency and supporting electrolyte concentration, that can lead to orders-of-magnitude enhancement of the frequency of analyte collisions with a hot UME. In addition, even mild heating is expected to result in up to four times increase in the magnitude of blocking collisions' current steps, with similar outcomes expected for electrocatalytic collisional systems. The findings presented here are thought to provide guidance to researchers wishing to adopt hot UME technology for SEE analysis. With many possibilities still open, the future of such a combined approach is expected to be bright.

Tetracycline removal from aqueous solution by electrooxidation using ruthenium-coated graphite anode

This paper reports the electrochemical oxidation treatment of 80 mL of acidic aqueous solutions with 0.2 mM of the drug tetracycline in 25 mM Na2SO4 using a lab-scale electrochemical cell. The performance of tetracycline removal with Ru-coated graphite by the chemical bath deposition (CBD) and raw graphite anode has been demonstrated. The effects of operating parameters were tested such as pH, applied current, supporting electrolyte concentration, and initial tetracycline concentration. The best tetracycline degradation was obtained with Ru-coated graphite anode due to its higher oxidation power, which allowed the complete degradation of refractory compounds. The modified surface structure of the Ru-coated graphite anode was characterized by scanning electron microscopy (SEM), atomic force microscopy (AFM), and energy-dispersive X-ray (EDX). The EO process with Ru-coated graphite anode allowed 93.8% tetracycline abatement after 100 min of electrolysis at an applied current of 100 mA. In all cases, tetracycline decay obeyed pseudo-first-order kinetics. The tetracycline removal performance of graphite electrodes with nano coating on graphite has offered a performing alternative. A Comparative study revealed that electrolysis with Ru-coated graphite acted as a better electrode material than raw graphite for the catalytic reaction.

(Invited) Fluorination and No-Carrier-Added Radio-Fluorination of Organic Molecules Using Cation Pool Technique

Positron emission tomography (PET) is a molecular imaging method is being employed in preclinical and clinical studies such as oncology or diagnosis of certain diffuse brain diseases. The growth of PET as a powerful method in biomedical research, needs development of more efficient methods for developing the positron-emitting radiotracers. The fluorine radioactive isotope (18F) has a short half-life of 110 min, making it as an ideal PET radiotracer. 18F labeling of electron rich moieties such as aromatic molecules is highly desirable due to their high biostability.In 1990 Yoshida and co-workers developed the cation pool method which stabilized carbamate cationic intermediates generated during a two electron oxidation followed by deprotonation that takes place in the anodic compartment of a two compartment cell under low temperatures.1 The method allows for rapid reactions with nucleophiles that may be unstable during electrolysis and can be added to the reaction mixture at the end of electrolysis to form the final product.Here, we report on the extension of the cation pool method for the application of electrochemical fluorination and radio-fluorination of methyl (phenylthio)acetate. Electrochemical fluorination and no-carrier-added radio-fluorination were successfully achieved using the cation pool method. The cation pool method has tremendous potential for radiofluorination experiments. The excess concentration of cations may provide an efficient reaction mechanism for late-stage fluorination under low fluoride concentrations encountered in radiochemistry. Furthermore, radiochemical yield, which is reduced by decay of the radioisotope, can benefit from a rapid late-stage fluorination reaction. The cation pool can be prepared prior to cyclotron production of 18F isotope, thereby, providing a rapid late-stage fluorination reaction, maximizing radiochemical yield by minimizing decay through a rapid reaction of the previously prepared cations with 18F-fluoride.Synthesis parameters such as temperature, supporting electrolyte concentration and type, and precursor concentration were studied and optimized. Optimum reaction yield was obtained at -20 °C. The products were characterized using gas chromatography–mass spectrometry (GC-MS), nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR), radio-thin-layer chromatography (radio-TLC) and high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC). References Yoshida, J. et al. Direct Oxidative Carbon−Carbon Bond Formation Using the “Cation Pool” Method. 1. Generation of Iminium Cation Pools and Their Reaction with Carbon Nucleophiles. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 121, 9546–9549 (1999).

Electrooxidation treatment of slaughterhouse wastewater: investigation of efficiency of Ti/Pt anode

In the present study, investigation of the applicability and efficiency of electrochemical oxidation (EO) processes for slaughterhouse wastewater (SWW) was targeted by evaluating the treatment efficiency and energy consumption values. The effects of operating parameters, such as the type of supporting electrolyte (SE) (Na2SO4, NaNO3, NaCl, and KCI), supporting electrolyte concentration (SE concentration) (0.1–0.4 M), initial wastewater pH (3–11), and current density (CD) (4.06–12.18 mA/cm2) on the removal of chemical oxygen demand (COD), suspended solids (SS), turbidity, and color were investigated. The most effective electrolyte type was observed to be NaCl. The experiment with 0.2 M SE type and 4.06 mA/cm2 current density, at a stirring speed of 400 rpm was accepted as optimum. For these conditions, it was observed that the COD, color, turbidity, and suspended solids (SS) removals were 80.05, 98.64, 99.18, and 98.47%, and energy consumption of 210.7 kWh/m3, respectively. It has been observed that the electro-oxidation process provides substantial efficiency in undesirable parameters in wastewater after 3 h of operation. Additional processes can be added to this process so that the SWW can be reused after treatment, and the recovery and further treatment of the wastewater can be achieved.

Electrocoagulation and electrooxidation technologies for pesticide removal from water or wastewater: A review.

Pesticides are known to be threats to the environment and human health. Excessive use of pesticides in agricultural practice can contaminate water bodies, leading to cancer, asthma, neurological disorders, reproductive defects, and hormonal disruption. Electrochemical methods such as electrocoagulation and electrooxidation can be used for pesticide removal due to their numerous advantages such as high efficiency, less sludge production, and low operational cost. During electrocoagulation, dissolution of anode metals results in metal hydroxide complexes, which precipitate with the contaminant present in the reactor. Simultaneously, electro-flotation occurs at the cathode and results in the evolution of hydrogen gas bubbles, leading to flotation of floc to the top surface of the reactor. This review focuses on the removal mechanisms, kinetics, modeling, effects of influencing factors, and sludge characterization of pesticide removal using electrocoagulation and electrooxidation. Major influencing factors include cell configuration, electrode material, current density, pH, supporting electrolyte concentration. In general, aluminum and iron are the most common electrodes used for pesticide removal using electrocoagulation, while boron-doped diamond was used to a far greater extent as the electrode in electrooxidation studies. Greater than 99% removal efficiency was observed in both processes. Overall, this review summarizes the use of electrochemical methods for pesticide removal and offers valuable information to researchers in this area of study.

Aprotic Solvent Accumulation Amplifies Ion Current Rectification in Conical Nanopores.

Ion current rectification is highly reported in aqueous electrochemical systems and sensors but lacks exploration in organic systems due to the additional complexity introduced by non-aqueous solvents. Herein, a detailed study on ion current rectification with highly polar and mildly polar aprotic organic solvents as a function of tetraethylammonium tetrafluoroborate supporting electrolyte concentration is presented. To explain our experimental results, we introduce a previously unreported phenomenon: the formation of a double-junction diode within the nanopore that arises due to a complex interplay between ion and solvent enrichment effects. Finite element simulations are used to explore this phenomenon and the subsequent effect on the rectifying behavior of conical quartz nanopores.

Investigation of Nickel Removal from Heavy Metal Containing Industrial Wastewater by Electrocoagulation Method

In the study, Ni2+ (nickel) removal from synthetically prepared wastewater by electrocoagulation method, which is one of the electrochemical treatment processes, was investigated and parameters such as current density, pH, mixing speed, initial Ni2+ concentration, supporting electrolyte type and concentration were determined to determine Ni2+ removal efficiencies effects were studied. Experiment conditions during 30 minutes of electrolysis; the current density was determined as 0.95 mA/cm2, the initial pH of the wastewater was 6, the mixing speed was 150 rpm, and the initial nickel concentration was 250 mg/L. The Ni2+ removal efficiency was obtained as 75.99% under the determined experimental conditions, while the energy consumption was calculated as 3.15 kW-h/m3. In the experiments, it was observed that the type and concentration of the supporting electrolyte did not have a significant effect on the Ni2+ removal efficiency. In the trials where the effect of the support electrolyte concentration was examined, the Ni2+ removal efficiency was 75.99% in the wastewater environment without the supporting electrolyte, while the Ni2+ removal efficiency was 81.55% when 7.5 mmol/L NaCl was used after the 30-minute reaction, and the energy consumption was 2.15 kW-h/m3 obtained as. As a result of the studies, it was concluded that the electrocoagulation process can be applied in the treatment of wastewater containing Ni2+.

Ammonia Recovery from Wastewater as a Fuel: Effects of Supporting Electrolyte on Ammonium Permeation through a Cation-Exchange Membrane.

Electrodeionization (EDI) is used to recover ammonia from wastewater as a fuel, but how its performance for ammonia recovery is affected by the supporting electrolyte is not very clear. This study involved experimental tests and theoretical calculations on NH3 recovery, NH4+ permeation, and NH4+ and Na+ interacting with the functional groups in a cation exchange membrane (CEM) using Na2SO4 as the supporting electrolyte. The results demonstrated that a low concentration (≤0.250 mol L–1 of Na2SO4) was conducive to NH4+ permeation, while the a concentration (0.750 mol L–1 of Na2SO4) hindered NH4+ permeation. A maximum recovery efficiency of ammonia of 80.00%, a current efficiency of 70.10%, and an energy balance ratio of 0.66 were obtained at 0.250 mol L–1 of Na2SO4. Numerical results indicated that an increase in Na2SO4 concentration caused severe concentration polarization that resisted NH4+ migration in the CEM. The DFT results demonstrated that competitive adsorption of Na+ to the CEM hindered NH4+ migration. The weaker interacting force between NH4+ and the sulfonate functional group (−SOH3) in comparison to that between Na+ and −SOH3 might be related to the geometric and orientation effects, which generated an additional energy barrier for NH4+ transport. Therefore, this study suggests that the supporting electrolyte concentration should be matched with that of the desalted ions.

Investigation of turbidity removal and energy consumption from pistachio processing industry wastewater by electro-oxidation process

ABSTRACT. In this study, it was aimed to remove turbidity, which is an important parameter of water quality, and to examine energy consumption from pistachio processing industry wastewater (PPIW). As working parameters, mixing speed, supporting electrolyte (SE) type and concentration, initial pH value of wastewater, and current density were examined. Graphite was used as the anode material, and stainless steel was used as the cathode material. The highest removal for the mixing speed parameter was achieved at 400 rpm, the maximum efficiency for the SE type was achieved at NaCl, a concentration of 2 M for the SE concentration, a pH of 3.0 for the wastewater initial pH value, and a current density of 30 mA/cm2. However, considering the energy consumption cost in these parameters, the optimal conditions were determined as 1.25 M of SE, pH 3.0, mixing speed of 400 rpm, and current density of 6 mA/cm2. In these conditions, the turbidity removal efficiency was found to be 90.61%. Energy consumption for the same conditions is calculated at 180 kWh/m3. In the results obtained, it is observed that energy consumption decreases as the concentration of SE increases. NaCl, which is the electrolyte that provides maximum efficiency in removing turbidity, is also the electrolyte that provides minimum energy consumption. In electrochemical systems, the cost is as important as lifting efficiency. Therefore, the choice should be made, considering which of these two parameters will be the priority.
 
 KEY WORDS: Electro-oxidation, Turbidity removal, Graphite anode, Wastewater treatment
 
 Bull. Chem. Soc. Ethiop. 2022, 36(1), 223-234. 
 DOI: https://dx.doi.org/10.4314/bcse.v36i1.18

Degradation of carbendazim in aqueous solution by different settings of photochemical and electrochemical oxidation processes

The present study analyzed the performance of photochemical and electrochemical techniques in the degradation and mineralization of the pesticide carbendazim (CBZ). Direct photolysis (DP), heterogeneous photocatalysis (HP), photoelectrocatalysis (PEC), and electrochemical oxidation (EO) were tested, and the influence of UV radiation, current density (j), and supporting electrolyte concentration were evaluated. The results suggest that CBZ is only degraded by DP when UV-C254nm is used. For HP, the CBZ degradation was observed both when UV-A365nm or UV-C254nm were used, which is related to the reactive oxygen species (ROS) formed by the photocatalytic activity (photon-ROS). Neither DP nor HP were able to mineralize CBZ, demonstrating its resistance to photomediated processes. For EO, regardless of the j, there were higher CBZ degradation and mineralization than those observed when using DP and HP. The increase in the supporting electrolyte concentration (Na2SO4) did not affect the levels of degradation and mineralization of CBZ. Concerning the PEC, a CBZ mineralization of 52.2% was accomplished. These findings demonstrate that the EO is the main pathway for CBZ mineralization, suggesting an additional effect of the electro-ROS on the photon-ROS and UV-C254nm. The values of mineralization, kinetics, and half-life show that PEC UV-C254nm with a j of 15 mA cm−2 was the best setting for the degradation and mineralization of CBZ. However, when the values of specific energy consumption were considered for industrial applications, the use of EO with a j of 3 mA cm−2 and 4 g L−1 of Na2SO2 becomes more attractive. The assessment of by-products formed after this best cost-efficient treatment setting revealed the presence of aromatic and aliphatic compounds from CBZ degradation. Acute phytotoxicity results showed that the presence of sodium sulfate can be a representative factor regarding the toxicity of samples treated in electrochemical systems.