Supported Transition Metal Research Articles

Supported Transition Metal Phosphides: Activity Survey for HER, ORR, OER, and Corrosion Resistance in Acid and Alkaline Electrolytes

One of the main bottle necks for the introduction of fuel cell technology in the market, is their dependency on precious metals as catalyst. Focusing on the electrochemical reactions involved, the most sluggish is the Oxygen Reduction Reaction (ORR). Significant research has been performed to optimize for the amount of the precious metal used, whilst keeping the same activity. On the other hand, many investigations have been carried out to find non-precious metal catalysts with the same performance for ORR, Oxygen Evolution Reaction (OER), Hydrogen Evolution Reaction (HER) and Hydrogen Oxidation Reaction (HOR) [1]. One of those candidates are the metal phosphides [2], however, these catalysts nowadays only are active for ORR, HER, OER and they have very poor activity towards the HOR [3]. Here we present the work done related to the simple synthesis of different MP catalysts (M = Ni, Co, W, Cr and Mo) [4]; their catalytic activity towards H2 and O2 reactions; and their corrosion resistance in acidic and alkaline electrolytes. Co2P was found to have a very interesting ORR catalytic behaviour and peroxide generation under alkaline and acidic conditions respectively. To understand the activity of Co2P, an HRTEM analysis was done to understand the changes in the morphology before and after the ORR reaction.

Platinum nanocrystals enclosed high-index facet as a carrier to support transition metal particles for methanol electrooxidation

Platinum nanocrystals enclosed high-index facet as a carrier to support transition metal particles for methanol electrooxidation

Tuning the product distribution during the catalytic pyrolysis of waste tires: The effect of the nature of metals and the reaction temperature

Metal catalysts based on Ni, Co, and Pd supported on SiO2 were evaluated in the catalytic pyrolysis of waste tires using pyrolysis experiments coupled to gas chromatography/mass spectrometry (Py–GC/MS) and thermogravimetric analysis coupled with Fourier Transform Infrared spectrometer (TGA–FTIR) techniques. The effect of temperature and the nature of metals on the product distribution and reaction pathways was determined. Catalytic pyrolysis promoted aromatization and cracking reactions at particularly low temperatures ca. 350 °C, leading mainly to the formation of alkenes (isoprene), aromatic terpenes (p-cymene), aliphatic terpenes (d,l-limonene), and other aromatic compounds such as benzene, toluene, and xylenes (BTX). The Pd/SiO2 catalyst was the most selective toward aromatic compounds (around 40 %), owing to its well-known hydrogenation/dehydrogenation capacity, while CC bond cleavage reactions, leading to alkenes, were more favored on the Ni/SiO2 and Co/SiO2 catalysts. In all cases, high selectivity to limonene and isoprene was observed at low temperature. Above 400 °C, no significant differences in product distribution were observed between catalyzed and uncatalyzed pyrolysis. Herein, selectivity toward high-value hydrocarbons (i.e., d,l-limonene, isoprene, BTX, and p-cymene) during the catalytic pyrolysis of waste tires was tuned by the nature of the supported transition metals (i.e., Ni, Co, Pd) and the reaction temperature (e.g., <400 °C). The results demonstrate that the use of these catalysts is a promising strategy to valorize waste tires into high added-value products.

Cost-effective mechanochemical synthesis of highly dispersed supported transition metal catalysts for hydrogen storage

Here, we demonstrate a quasi-solid-state template strategy to synthesis highly dispersed supported metal catalysts on nitrogen-doped carbon (M-N-C) with a large fraction of single atom Ni species, in which dispersion of metal precursor, evaporation of solvent and downsizing of templates can be simultaneously achieved during the one-step ball-milling process. The incorporation of such nickel-based catalysts into MgH 2 greatly improved the kinetics with the reduced activation energy of 87.2 ± 5.4 kJ mol −1 (156.5 ± 3.2 kJ mol −1 for blank). The versatility of this method is confirmed by the successful synthesis of the whole series of 3d transition elements (Sc, Ti, V, Cr, Mn, Fe, Co, Ni, Cu and Zn) and La, Ce. The kinetic enhancement of their MgH 2 integrated composites lies on these elements’ electronegativity which determines the dispersity of metal atoms and the strength of metal-hydrogen interaction. A quasi-solid-state template method is developed to synthesize highly dispersed transition metal catalysts for solid-state de/rehydrogenation reactions. • Highly dispersed catalysts are synthesized via ball-milling process. • Recyclable and easily removable KCl templates are used in the process. • This method is versatile, applicable to the whole period of 3d transition metals. • Incorporating catalyst into MgH 2 greatly accelerate its hydrogen storage kinetics. • Catalytic activities depend on the electronegativity of center elements.

Heterogeneous catalysis under flow for the 21st century fine chemical industry

Due to metal leaching and poor catalyst stability, the chemical industry's fine chemical and pharmaceutical sectors have been historically reluctant to use supported transition metal catalysts to manufacture fine chemicals and active pharmaceutical ingredients. With the advent of new generation supported metal catalysts and flow chemistry, we argue in this study, this situation is poised to quickly change. Alongside heterogenized metal nanoparticles, both single-site molecular and single-atom catalyst will become ubiquitous. This study offers a critical outlook taking into account both technical and economic aspects.

Plasma-assisted catalytic reduction of SO2 to elemental sulfur: Influence of nonthermal plasma and temperature on iron sulfide catalyst

Herein, we report on low-temperature sulfur dioxide (SO2) reduction to elemental sulfur via the coupling of nonthermal plasma (NTP) with supported transition metal sulfide catalysts in a dielectric barrier discharge (DBD) reactor. The transition metals include Mo, Fe, Co, Ni, Cu, and Zn. Combining NTP with supported metal sulfide catalysts significantly promotes low-temperature reduction of SO2 by 148–200%, with over 98% selectivity to elemental sulfur. Over FeS2/Al2O3 catalyst at low temperatures (<250 °C), temperature does not influence SO2 conversion in the plasma catalytic process, whereas at higher temperatures, the reaction follows a similar trend as thermal catalysis. Strong synergistic effects are attained, as the sulfur yield is about 47–82% higher than the sum of the yield when using DBD-plasma and thermal catalysis separately. The physico−chemical properties of fresh and spent FeS2/Al2O3 catalysts after thermal and plasma reactions are evaluated by N2 physisorption, FESEM, XPS, XRD, HRTEM, STEM/EDS, and EELS to understand plasma and thermal effects on the catalyst. Our investigations reveal that running the reaction under plasma preserves the surface FeS2 active phase, preventing its oxidation that otherwise occurs in the thermal catalysis process. Furthermore, plasma inhibits the thermal agglomeration of iron sulfide nanoparticles under reaction conditions.

Engineering Nanoscale Interfaces of Metal/Oxide Nanowires to Control Catalytic Activity.

The interfacial effect between a metal catalyst and its various supporting transition metal oxides on the catalytic activity of heterogeneous catalysis has been extensively explored; engineering interfacial sites of metal supported on metal oxide has been found to influence catalytic performance. Here, we investigate the interfacial effect of Pt nanowires (NWs) vertically and alternatingly stacked with titanium dioxide (TiO2) or cobalt monoxide (CoO) NWs, which exhibit a strong metal-support interaction under carbon monoxide (CO) oxidation. High-resolution nanotransfer printing based on nanoscale pattern replication and e-beam evaporation were utilized to obtain the Pt NWs cross-stacked on the CoO or TiO2 NW on the silicon dioxide (SiO2) substrate with varying numbers of nanowires. The morphology and interfacial area were precisely determined by means of atomic force microscopy and scanning electron microscopy. The cross-stacked Pt/TiO2 NW and Pt/CoO NW catalysts were estimated with CO oxidation under 40 Torr CO and 100 Torr O2 from 200 to 240 °C. Higher catalytic activity was found on the Pt/CoO NW catalyst than on Pt/TiO2 NWs and Pt NWs, which indicates the significance of nanoscale metal-oxide interfaces. As the number of nanowire layers increased, the catalytic activity became saturated. Our study demonstrates the interfacial role of nanoscale metal-oxide interfaces under CO oxidation, which has intriguing applications in the smart design of catalytic materials.

Sodium-treated sepiolite-supported transition metal (Cu, Fe, Ni, Mn, or Co) catalysts for HCHO oxidation

Sodium-treated sepiolite (NaSep)-supported transition metal catalysts (TM/NaSep; TM = Cu, Fe, Ni, Mn, and Co) were synthesized via a rotary evaporation method. Physicochemical properties of the as-synthesized samples were characterized by means of various techniques, and their catalytic activities for HCHO (0.2%) oxidation were evaluated. Among the samples, Cu/NaSep exhibited superior performance, and complete HCHO conversion was achieved at 100 °C (GHSV = 240000 mL/(g·h)). Additionally, the sample retained good catalytic activity during a 42 h stability test. A number of factors, including elevated acidity, the abundance of oxygen species, and favorable low-temperature reducibility, were responsible for the excellent catalytic activity of Cu/NaSep. According to the results of the in-situ DRIFTS characterization, the HCHO oxidation mechanism was as follows: (i) HCHO was rapidly decomposed into dioxymethylene (DOM) species on the Cu/NaSep surface; (ii) DOM was then immediately converted to formate species; (iii) the resultant formate species were further oxidized to carbonates; (iv) the carbonate species were eventually converted to CO2 and H2O.

A polyoxometalate supported copper dimeric complex: Synthesis, structure and electrocatalysis

A polyoxometalate (POM) supported copper dimeric complex, [Mo8O26{Cu2(2,2′-bpy)2 (CH3COO)2H2O}2]٠H4Mo8O26·16H2O (1) has been synthesized using conventional wet synthesis. The compound has been characterized using routine spectral techniques and its molecular structure has been elucidated using single crystal X-ray crystallography. The two copper(II) ions are bridged by acetate ions and each copper ion is also coordinated to 2,2′-bipyridine molecule. In each dimer, one of the copper ions is bonded to the POM anion from one side, whereas the other copper ion is bonded to a water molecule, hence acquiring a penta-coordinated square pyramidal structure around each copper center. The lattice water molecules play an important role to stabilize the system, by forming a water pentamer, which binds both the polyoxometalate supported transition metal complex and the other POM anion [Mo8O26]4–. Interestingly, compound 1 is found to function as a versatile heterogeneous electro-catalyst for water oxidation, proton reduction and hydrogen peroxide reduction.

Comment on “Direct Decomposition of NOx over TiO2 Supported Transition Metal Oxides at Low Temperatures”

ADVERTISEMENT RETURN TO ISSUEPREVCorrespondenceNEXTORIGINAL ARTICLEThis notice is a correctionComment on “Direct Decomposition of NOx over TiO2 Supported Transition Metal Oxides at Low Temperatures”Josefine Schnee*Josefine SchneeSorbonne Université, CNRS, Laboratoire de Réactivité de Surface (LRS), Tour 43, Case 178, 4, Place Jussieu, F-75252 Paris Cedex 05, France*E-mail: [email protected] (J. Schnee).More by Josefine Schneehttp://orcid.org/0000-0001-8521-9922, Laurent DelannoyLaurent DelannoySorbonne Université, CNRS, Laboratoire de Réactivité de Surface (LRS), Tour 43, Case 178, 4, Place Jussieu, F-75252 Paris Cedex 05, FranceMore by Laurent Delannoy, Guylène CostentinGuylène CostentinSorbonne Université, CNRS, Laboratoire de Réactivité de Surface (LRS), Tour 43, Case 178, 4, Place Jussieu, F-75252 Paris Cedex 05, FranceMore by Guylène Costentinhttp://orcid.org/0000-0003-1559-6890, Frédéric MeunierFrédéric MeunierUniv Lyon, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, CNRS, Institut de Recherches sur la Catalyse et l’Environnement de Lyon, IRCELYON, 2, Av. Albert Einstein, F-69626 Villeurbanne, FranceMore by Frédéric Meunierhttp://orcid.org/0000-0001-7953-2883, and Cyril Thomas*Cyril ThomasSorbonne Université, CNRS, Laboratoire de Réactivité de Surface (LRS), Tour 43, Case 178, 4, Place Jussieu, F-75252 Paris Cedex 05, France*E-mail: [email protected] (C. Thomas).More by Cyril Thomashttp://orcid.org/0000-0003-4224-6095Cite this: Ind. Eng. Chem. Res. 2020, 59, 10, 4835–4837Publication Date (Web):February 21, 2020Publication History Published online21 February 2020Published inissue 11 March 2020https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.iecr.0c00412Copyright © 2020 American Chemical SocietyRIGHTS & PERMISSIONSArticle Views911Altmetric-Citations-LEARN ABOUT THESE METRICSArticle Views are the COUNTER-compliant sum of full text article downloads since November 2008 (both PDF and HTML) across all institutions and individuals. These metrics are regularly updated to reflect usage leading up to the last few days.Citations are the number of other articles citing this article, calculated by Crossref and updated daily. Find more information about Crossref citation counts.The Altmetric Attention Score is a quantitative measure of the attention that a research article has received online. Clicking on the donut icon will load a page at altmetric.com with additional details about the score and the social media presence for the given article. Find more information on the Altmetric Attention Score and how the score is calculated. Share Add toView InAdd Full Text with ReferenceAdd Description ExportRISCitationCitation and abstractCitation and referencesMore Options Share onFacebookTwitterWechatLinked InReddit PDF (1 MB) Get e-AlertsSUBJECTS:Animal feed,Catalysts,Organic reactions,Oxides,Transition metals Get e-Alerts

Deciphering the synergy between plasma and catalyst support for ammonia synthesis in a packed dielectric barrier discharge reactor

Plasma-assisted ammonia synthesis in a packed dielectric barrier discharge (DBD) reactor at atmospheric pressure is presented in this work. A broad range of materials (commonly used as catalyst supports) with various chemical properties (acidic α-Al2O3, anatase TiO2 and basic MgO, CaO), surface area and porosity (α-Al2O3 and γ-Al2O3), dielectric properties (quartz wool, TiO2, and BaTiO3), have been investigated for synergetic effects by packing them in the discharge zone of the DBD reactor. All the materials showed a substantial effect on ammonia production, which can be explained solely as a result of the effect of packing on plasma formation and not by a synergy between plasma and surface catalysis. Size and shape of packing material are found to be the key parameters in enhancing the performance. Quartz wool, closely followed by γ-Al2O3, produces the highest concentration of ammonia at 2900 and 2700 ppm, respectively, due to their ability to generate dense filamentary microdischarges. Particles with a diameter of 200 µm yielded a 64% higher concentration of NH3 than 1300 µm particles—because of amplified electric field strength from increased particle-particle contact points. The specific energy input per unit volume also displayed a significant impact on ammonia production. The process parameters such as N2/H2 feed flow ratio, total flow rate and argon dilution were also investigated. In contradiction to catalytic ammonia synthesis, plasma-assisted synthesis favors a N2/H2 feed ratio ⩾2 instead of the stoichiometric feed ratio of 0.33. At 0.4 l min−1, 3500 ppm of ammonia was produced with an energy efficiency of 1.23 g NH3 kWh−1. Dilution with 2–5 vol% of argon yielded a 2% improvement in the concentration and energy efficiency, which seems insignificant considering the added practical challenges posed by gas separation. To achieve even higher ammonia concentration and energy efficiencies, it is recommended to support transition metal on γ-Al2O3.

Graphene Oxide Supported Oxovanadium (IV) Complex for Catalytic Peroxidative Epoxidation of Styrene: An Eye‐Catching Impact of Solvent

Graphene oxide (GO) supported transition metal complexes are apprised as sturdy and everlasting heterogeneous catalysts. GO surface was functionalized with 3‐triethoxysilylpropylamine (TSPA) and this amino functionalized GO (A‐f‐GO) nanocomposite with vanadyl Schiff base complex (VO‐f‐GO) was prepared and to give credence of its potentiality, it was chosen for the selective epoxidation of styrene using environmentally benign 30% H2O2 to styrene oxide (SO). To evade the detrimental exposure of “inborn” water, a selective high boiling and potent hygroscopic solvent, ethylene glycol was chosen to make this transformation productively successful. With the assistance of theoretical studies, we have probed the effect of H2O2 on to structural properties, binding mechanism and electronic properties of the catalyst and substrate. Adsorption energy (Ead), energy band gap (Eg) and HOMO‐LUMO were also calculated. Based on DFT calculations, resonance Raman and UV/Vis studies, we confirmed the formation of metal‐peroxo species and propose the plausible catalytic pathway. The influence of the diverse experimental parameters, like substrate to oxidant mole ratio, catalyst concentration, type of solvents, solvent amount, time, temperature and oxidant were tested. A clear relationship was found between different reaction parameters like solvent amount, oxidant, catalyst concentration and temperature etc. and product distribution. This heterogeneous catalyst yielded styrene oxide as nearly the sole product (selectivity = 98.7%) with a conversion value of 99.2% in the oxidation of styrene with hydrogen peroxide in ethylene glycol.

Anchoring RuxP on 3D hollow graphene nanospheres as efficient and pH-universal electrocatalysts for the hydrogen evolution reaction

Rational design and development of ruthenium phosphide-based nanomaterials with Pt-like catalytic performance and long-term stability for hydrogen evolution reaction (HER) are highly desirable. Herein, a three-dimensional (3D) hybrid of graphene hollow nanospheres-supported ruthenium phosphides through a nanosphere-directed templating approach is developed. As expected, when evaluated as an electrocatalyst for the HER, the resultant composite exhibits excellent catalytic performance over a wide pH range due to the synergistic effects of the unique structure and composition. Particularly, the catalyst shows a low overpotential of 25.5 mV to achieve the current density of 10 mA cm−2, a small Tafel slope of 34.4 mV dec−1, as well as long-term operational stability for 10 h in basic conditions, which is superior to all other reported HER catalysts, including commercial 20% Pt–C. More importantly, this work provides new options for the design of 3D hollow graphene nanospheres supported transition metal phosphides as high-performance electrocatalysts for large-scale hydrogen production.

Identifying properties of low-loaded CoOX/CeO2 via X-ray absorption spectroscopy for NO reduction by CO

The speciation and catalytic activity of ceria supported transition metal oxides synthesized via incipient wetness impregnation are highly dependent on synthesis parameters such as the choice of metal precursor and the concentration of defects such as oxygen vacancies in the support. Here, cobalt oxide domains were synthesized on cerium oxide nanorods and commercial nanopowder via incipient wetness impregnation of cobalt (II) nitrate hexahydrate, cobalt (II) acetate, cobalt (III) acetylacetonate, and disodium cobalt (II) ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid at surface densities below monolayer coverage. Their reactivity was tested in the catalytic reduction of NO by CO. The steady-state deNOx activity at 250 °C of the catalyst prepared with cobalt (III) acetylacetonate and ceria nanorods was nearly three times greater than that of the control catalyst. From X-ray absorption spectroscopy it was seen that as-deposited cobalt precursors on a nanorod support were more highly coordinated than were cobalt precursors on comparable commercial ceria nanoparticles, possibly indicating anchoring at defects on the nanorods. A relationship was found between catalyst activity and the cobalt oxidation state of the fully calcined catalysts that suggests that deNOx activity is separately dependent on the cobalt oxide distribution and the presence of defects in the support. Overall, here it is shown that the two critical synthesis parameters of ligand choice and defected supports combine additively to improve reactivity of the supported cobalt oxide.

One Pot Synthesis of Luminescent Polyoxometalate Supported Transition Metal Complex and biological evaluation as a potential larvicidal and anti-cancer agent

Silicotungstate cluster coordinated organic-inorganic hybrid material [Cu(dmbpy)]2 [SiW12O40]·8H2O (1) known as polyoxometalate supported transition metal complex (POM-TMC) was synthesized simply in a one-pot reaction. The yield of the compound was significantly higher than the previous report. Larvicidal activity of 1 was investigated against dengue vector Aedes aegypti. A series of morphological changes in the mosquito larva was observed on exposure to different concentrations of the title compound. The total disintegration of the larva was observed at 50 μg/mL. In addition to the larvicidal activity, compound 1 exhibits anti-proliferative activity against the A375 human skin cancer cell line. PXRD pattern stimulated from single-crystal X-ray data was harmonized with PXRD of 1. Additionally, 1 was characterized by UV–Visible, Fluorescence, UV-DRS, FT-IR and Cyclic Voltammetry. Morphology of 1 was analyzed by Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM). Composition of 1 was analyzed by Energy Dispersive X-ray SEM-EDX and Elemental analysis.

Theoretical study of transition metals supported on g-C3N4 as electrochemical catalysts for CO2 reduction to CH3OH and CH4

Electrochemical CO2 reduction has become a promising technology to address the globally accelerating CO2 emissions and produce value-add chemicals and liquid fuels. In this work, transition metals supported on graphitic carbon nitride (M/g-C3N4, M = Fe, Co, Ni) as catalysts applied in electrochemical CO2 reduction to CH3OH and CH4 is investigated by density functional theory (DFT) calculations. From Ni/g-C3N4, Fe/g-C3N4 to Co/g-C3N4, the interaction between CO2 and catalysts is found to be gradually enhanced, especially for the adsorption of CO2 on Co/g-C3N4, which is a typical chemical interaction. Fe/g-C3N4 and Co/g-C3N4 prefer to produce CH4 with limiting potentials of 0.67 V and 0.81 V, while Ni/g-C3N4 tends to produce CH3OH. Moreover, the electrolyte environment has little influence on the limiting potential of Fe/g-C3N4 and Ni/g-C3N4. Given the superior performance of M/g-C3N4, g-C3N4 shows great potential as the platform to support transition metal for CO2 reduction system. These insights can be used to guide the synthesis of highly active CO2 reduction catalysts from nonprecious metals.

Supported Transition Metal Phosphides: Activity Survey for HER, ORR, OER, and Corrosion Resistance in Acid and Alkaline Electrolytes

Carbon-supported MxPy (M = Ni, Co, W, Cr, and Mo) were prepared via pyrolysis using a very simple and scalable method utilizing nontoxic metal and phosphorus precursors. The electrochemical hydroge...

Effect of Shale Ash-Based Catalyst on the Pyrolysis of Fushun Oil Shale

The effect of shale ash (SA)-based catalysts (SA as carriers to support several transition metal salts, such as ZnCl2, NiCl2·6H2O, and CuCl2·2H2O) on oil shale (OS) pyrolysis was studied. Results showed that SA promoted OS pyrolysis, and the optimum weight ratio of OS:SA was found to be 2:1. The SA-supported transition metal salt catalyst promoted the OS pyrolysis, and the catalytic effect increased with increasing load of the transition metal salt within 0.1–3.0 wt%. The transition metal salts loaded on the SA not only promoted OS pyrolysis and reduced the activation energy required but also changed the yield of pyrolysis products (reduced shale oil and semi-coke yields and increased gas and loss yield). SA-supported 3 wt% CuCl2·2H2O catalyst not only exhibited the highest ability to reduce the activation energy in OS pyrolysis (32.84 kJ/mol) but also improved the gas and loss yield, which was 4.4% higher than the uncatalyzed reaction. The supporting transition metal salts on the SA also increased the content of short-chain hydrocarbons in aliphatic hydrocarbons in shale oil and catalyzed the aromatization of aliphatic hydrocarbons to form aromatic hydrocarbons. The catalytic activity of the transition metal salt on the SA-based catalyst for OS pyrolysis decreased in the order of CuCl2·2H2O &gt; NiCl2·6H2O &gt; ZnCl2.

Insights into Redox Dynamics of Vanadium Species Impregnated in Layered Siliceous Zeolitic Structures during Methanol Oxidation Reactions

AbstractSupported transition metal catalysts have been extensively applied to oxidative and reductive processes. The understanding of surface speciation and active site‐support interactions in these materials play a substantial role in developing improved heterogeneous catalysts. Herein, a series of impregnated 3D ferrierite and 2D ITQ‐6 siliceous supports with variable loading of vanadium oxide was prepared. Chemical and structural properties of the materials were studied by X‐ray diffraction, N2 physisorption, inductively coupled plasma – optical emission spectrometry, X‐ray absorption, Fourier transform infrared and diffuse reflectance UV‐vis spectroscopies, and temperature‐programmed reduction with H2. Reactivity of the catalyst surface, associated with the incidence of isolated silanol groups, was found to be more effective when vanadium oxides were better dispersed and stabilized than increases in surface area. Differences in activation and the oxidation state dynamic behavior of active sites were then probed by methanol oxidation as a model reaction monitored by in situ FTIR spectroscopy and XANES/MS. By applying isothermal periods of reaction under non‐oxidizing atmosphere and regeneration of catalysts by O2, it was found that, even at distinct rates, all types of sites are accessible during reaction, since a complete reduction to V4+ was observed. However, reoxidation of sites to V5+ is limited and sensitive to the different vanadium species on the surface, and probably, the determinant factor of the distinct V5+/V4+ equilibrium reached for the catalysts when the reaction is carried out under constant oxidizing atmosphere.

Effect of Zn on Size Control and Oxygen Reduction Reaction Activity of Co Nanoparticles Supported on N-Doped Carbon Nanotubes

Recently, N-doped carbon supported transition metals nanoparticles have received extensive attention as promising catalysts for oxygen reduction reaction (ORR). The size of decorated nanoparticles ...