Graphene Oxide Support Research Articles

Single‐Pot Synthesis and Optimization of CCF@GO Nanocatalyst for Efficient Direct Oxidative Amidation of Carboxylic Acids and N,N‐Dialkylformamides

ABSTRACTIn this study, an efficient catalytic protocol using CuCoFe2O4@GO (CCF@GO) for the synthesis of amide bond (−CONH−) via direct coupling of carboxylic acids and N,N‐dialkylformamides is presented. The CCF@GO nanocatalyst has been synthesized via a single‐pot solvothermal method, by changing the proportions of copper and cobalt (1:1, 1:3, and 3:1). Catalyst screening, employing a model reaction with benzoic acid and dimethylformamide (DMF), revealed that the 1:1 proportion of CCF@GO catalyst exhibited excellent efficiency, achieving a high conversion (98%) towards amide formation. The enhanced catalytic efficiency observed in CCF@GO catalysts can be ascribed to the uniform distribution of active copper and cobalt species on the graphene oxide support, which possesses a high surface area. Optimization of the reaction was conducted by varying parameters such as temperature, solvent, catalyst loading, and oxidant. The prepared catalyst was characterized using various analytical techniques including XRD, FTIR, XPS, SEM, EDX mapping, and TEM. Furthermore, this heterogeneous nanocatalyst demonstrated recoverability using an external magnet and reused up to five times with just a modest loss of catalytic performance.

Hybrid 1D titanium oxide nanowire – Reduced graphene oxide nanocomposites as efficient catalyst support for PEMFC

With hydrogen being projected as the fuel of the future, proton exchange membrane fuel cells (PEMFC) have regained prominence as a zero-emission power source. Researchers are focusing on replacing the conventional carbon support used for the platinum catalysts with alternative materials to improve the durability of the electrocatalysts. Despite being a potential candidate, graphene-based materials have been limited by their lower limiting current density, possibly due to restacking of the graphene sheets. On this note, we introduced varying quantities of metal-oxide based 1D TiO2 nanowires to reduced graphene oxide (rGO) support and analysed their impact on the performance of the electrocatalyst. The optimized support with an initial content of 60 wt.% GO and 40 wt.% TiO2 exhibited higher mass transfer limiting current density, after Pt incorporation (Pt/TiO2-rGO), in comparison to the other composites. The catalyst showed higher retention in electrochemical surface area (1.42 times) and mass activity (1.48 times) compared to the commercial Pt/C after an accelerated durability test. Polarization studies carried out in a 25 cm2 fuel cell fixture exhibited a peak power density close to 720 mW cm−2 and almost two times higher current density (at 0.6 V) than the catalyst without TiO2. These results reaffirm the role of TiO2 in overcoming the limitations of graphene-based support.

An eco-efficient dual-function technology: Magnetically recoverable rGO-WO3/Fe3O4 ternary heterojunction catalytic system simultaneously performing malachite green photolysis and Cr(VI) reduction

This study focuses on developing a system that efficiently removes two contaminants simultaneously: malachite green (MG), an organic dye, and chromium (Cr) ions, which are used as oxidizing agents in the dyeing process. A dual-functional heterojunction photocatalyst was prepared by combining tungsten oxide (WO3, the main photocatalyst) and iron oxide (Fe3O4, a visible light absorber) on a reduced graphene oxide (rGO) support. The 10% rGO-WO3/Fe3O4 catalyst decomposes malachite green in 6 h and reduces Cr(VI) to Cr(III) in 2 h (both at 100 ppm). A mixed solution of MG and Cr(VI) required treatment for only 2 h, showing that the intermediates generated during the reaction positively synergized with each other. Here, the junction of WO3 and Fe3O4, which strongly induces a Z-scheme charge transfer, facilitates photo-charge separation and suppresses exciton recombination. The rGO extended the photocatalytic activity while continuously supplying electrons to the valence band of WO3. Finally, the rGO-WO3/Fe3O4 catalyst was completely recovered after the reaction using a magnet. Ultimately, this system will be useful for the quick, clean, and safe treatment of wastewater containing toxic heavy metals and organic pollutants.

Ni-Mo bimetallic oxides/rGO nanocomposites as counter electrode for the application of DSSCs

The one-pot chemical reduction process was used to generate the bimetallic Ni–Mo nanoparticles attached to reduced graphene oxide (rGO) nanocomposite, which was then used as an effective counter electrode in dye-sensitized solar cells (DSSC). Diffraction patterns were used to investigate the face-centered crystalline structure of the spherical-shaped Ni–Mo nanoparticles that were uniformly anchored over the surface of rGO. The nanoparticles had an average diameter ranging from 70 to 120 nm. Raman spectroscopy was utilized to investigate the structural interaction that was created by the presence of bimetallic nanoparticles and the graphene oxide support. In addition, the rGO/Ni–Mo counter electrode equipped DSSC demonstrated the highest solar to electrical energy conversion efficiency of 3.11% under irradiation from one sun with a fill factor (FF) of 0.48.

Growth of copper-nickel (Cu-Ni) dual atom catalysts over graphene variants as active anodes for clean oxygen generation: Integrative experimental and computational validation

The development of atomically precise metals on the surface of graphene has led to superior electrocatalytic properties for the clean oxygen production. In this study, Cu single-atom and NiCu dual-atom catalysts supported on different graphene variants were effectively developed as electrocatalysts for the production of clean oxygen. Various techniques, including XRD, SEM, Raman, HR-TEM, EXAFS and XPS, were used to characterize these synthesized electrocatalysts. The extent of reduction in graphene oxide (GO) support was confirmed using Raman analysis which demonstrated a greater ID/IG-apparent intensity ratio, indicating that the GO (ID/IG=0.9) has more sp3-hybridized carbon with respect to the rGO (ID/IG= 0.6). The HR-TEM analysis with EDX and STEM data confirmed the dispersion of Cu and NiCu dimer over the surface of graphene variants. XPS and EXAFS studies revealed predominant metallic nature of Cu and NiCu dimer with the synergistic interplay between the constituent atoms. Copper-nickel dimer catalyst supported on reduced graphene oxide (CuNi/rGO) demonstrated the best electrocatalytic performance, where a lower overpotential of 320 mV was observed to reach a current density of 10 mA cm−2 with lowest Tafel slope of 110 mV/dec for oxygen evolution reaction. Good stability was observed after 1000 CV cycles and 50 h of electrolysis in 1.0 M KOH electrolytic solution at an oxidation potential of 1.62 V (vs RHE). Control experiments were also performed using borosilicate pyrex glass and Teflon made electrochemical cells in order to over rule the probable involvement of leached out impurities in OER reaction under extreme alkaline conditions. The calculations obtained from Density Functional Theory (DFT) suggest that the dual-atom catalysts have lower overpotential (0.33 V at Cu-site) with respect to the single-atom catalysts, which agreed well with the experimental results. Also, the Cu-site OER was found to have lower overpotential (0.33 V) than the Ni-site (0.47 V). Thus, this study can provide valuable insights into developing low-cost dual-atom electrocatalysts, where the synergism between constituent elements in the dimer and their stabilization by graphene matrix can be exploited for various electrochemical reactions.

Electron transfer enhanced catalytic activity of nitrogen doped reduced graphene oxide supported CuCo2O4 towards the fast reduction of 4-nitrophenol in water

There has been a growing interest in the design and development of graphene based composite materials with superior performances for environmental catalytic applications. But in most of the studies the synthesis conditions require elevated temperatures and expensive working setups (high temperature furnaces, autoclaves, inert atmosphere conditions etc.). In this reported work, the nitrogen doped reduced graphene oxide supported CuCo2O4 (NG/CuCo2O4) composites were prepared through a simple one pot synthesis method under mild conditions (∼95 °C and air atmosphere) and successfully employed as catalysts for the reduction of toxic 4-nitrophenol (4NP). The characterization results revealed the successful formation of NG/CuCo2O4 composites with a possible charge transfer interaction between nitrogen doped reduced graphene oxide support of CuCo2O4. The NG/CuCo2O4 hybrids exhibited robust catalytic activity in 4NP reduction with an activity factor of 261.5 min−1 g−1. A 4NP conversion percentage which is as high as 99.5% was achieved within 11 min using the NG/CuCo2O4 catalyst. The detailed kinetic analysis confirmed the Langmuir-Hinshelwood model for the NG/CuCo2O4 catalysed 4NP reduction. The nitrogen doped reduced graphene oxide support modified the electronic levels of CuCo2O4 nanoparticles through electron transfer interactions and enhanced the catalytic activity of CuCo2O4 in NG/CuCo2O4 through improved adsorption of reactant ions and effective generation of active hydrogen species. The good reusability and stability along with profound activity of NG/CuCo2O4 catalyst makes it a promising material for wide scale catalytic applications.

Evolution of High-Index Facets Pt Nanocrystals Induced by N-Defective Sites in the Integrated Electrode for Enhanced Methanol Oxidation.

Highly efficient and durable Pt electrocatalysts are the key to boost the performance of fuel cells. The high-index facets (HIF) Pt nanocrystals are regarded as excellent catalytic activity and stability catalysts. However, nucleation, growth and evolution of high-index facets Pt nanocrystals induced by defective sites is still a challenge. In this work, tetrahexahedron (THH) and hexactahedron (HOH) Pt nanocrystals are synthesized, which are loaded on the nitrogen-doped reduced graphene oxide (N-rGO) support of the integrated electrodes by the square wave pulse method. Experimental investigations and density functional theory (DFT) calculations are conducted to analyze the growth and evolution mechanism of HIF Pt nanocrystals on the graphene-derived carbon supports. It shows that the H adsorption on the N-rGO/CFP support can induce evolution of Pt nanocrystals. Moreover, the N-defective sites on the surface of N-rGO can lead to a slower growth of Pt nanocrystals than that on the surface of reduced graphene oxide (rGO). Pt/N-rGO/CFP (20min) shows the highest specific activity in methanol oxidation, which is 1.5 times higher than that of commercial Pt/C. This research paves the way on the design and synthesis of HIF Pt nanocrystal using graphene-derived carbon materials as substrates in the future.

A deep-insight into the relation between structure of graphene oxide-based interfacial catalyst and fuel oil desulfurization performance in Pickering emulsion

Based on the high stability, easy demulsification and formed large interphase contact area of the Pickering emulsion, its corresponding catalytic oxidative desulfurization (CODS) system has exhibited satisfactory desulfurization results and recycling performance. However, the relation between the interfacial catalyst structure and desulfurization performance in Pickering emulsion systems has rarely been reported. Herein, a stable Pickering emulsion CODS system was established using H3PW12O40 (HPW)-supported graphene oxide (GO) as an interfacial catalyst. Some important structural parameters, including catalyst size, surface porosities and wettability, were adjusted, and their effect on desulfurization performance was analysed in detail. Additionally, the reaction conditions, selectivity and recyclability of the studied system were systematically evaluated. The small catalyst size and high surface porosities could facilitate mass reaction transfer to improve desulfurization performance, but the effect of wettability was most prominent. The Pickering emulsion formed by the amphiphilic catalyst exhibited the optimum distribution state of emulsion droplets with an enlarged interphase contact area. After the optimized design of the catalyst structure, ultradeep fuel oil desulfurization was achieved under mild conditions without stirring. This work provides a useful reference to further mine the mechanism behind the improvement of desulfurization performance in Pickering emulsion systems.

Colossal antibacterial, antibiofilm and solar light-driven photocatalytic activity of nanoenhanced conjugate of bimetallic Ag-Zr nanoparticles with graphene oxide

The study focuses on structural, optical, morphological, photocatalytic, antibacterial, and antibiofilm activities of bimetallic Ag-Zr nanoparticles (NPs) decorated on graphene oxide nanosheets. The bimetallic Ag-Zr NPs were prepared using biological synthesis and were characterized by various characterization techniques such as X-ray diffraction (XRD), Fourier transform infra-red (FTIR), Raman spectroscopy, high-resolution transmission electron microscopy (HR-TEM), scanning electron microscopy (SEM) along with EDX, UV-Vis, and photoluminescence (PL) spectroscopy for their structural, morphological, and optical analysis. The photocatalytic activity was measured using the degradation of a well-known methylene blue (MB) organic dye under sunlight irradiation, while the antibacterial activity was tested against human pathogenic bacteria viz. Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA). The results revealed that the Ag-Zr NPs exhibited significantly enhanced photocatalytic and antibacterial activity with low MICs as compared to individual Ag or Zr nanoparticles. Furthermore, the nanoparticles significantly inhibited biofilm formation, with up to a 71% reduction in biofilm formation at a highest sub-MIC. The enhanced activities were attributed to the synergistic effect of the bimetallic nanoparticles and the graphene oxide support at very low concentration. This study suggests that the bimetallic Ag-Zr nanoparticles decorated on graphene oxide (Ag-Zr/GO) could be a promising material for various applications such as wastewater treatment, antibacterial and antibiofilm agents.

Investigation of improved Bifunctional electrocatalytic HER and OER performances of Lanthanum Molybdate supported Graphene oxide composite in Acidic and Alkaline media

Developing low-cost and high-performance emergent bifunctional electrocatalysts (ECs) is crucial to catalyze the overall electrocatalytic water-splitting. In this work, Lanthanum Molybdate (LaM) in the graphene oxide (GO) surface to develop its electrocatalytic applications in various environments is designed and presented. LaM/GO ECs could enhance the HER catalytic efficiency with a less overpotential of −0.21 V and less Tafel slope value of 81 mV dec−1 at an optimum current density of 10 mA cm−2 on typical acid media. Also, the less Tafel slope of 186 mV dec−1 and less overpotential (0.56 V) for catalyzing OER in alkaline media signifies its bifunctional electrocatalytic HER and OER activity. Moreover, it could exhibit admirable durability after 5000 cycles in both alkaline and acidic media. The outstanding bifunctional electrochemical activity of LaM/GO might be accredited to the novel construction method and benefits of LaM not only facilitates electron transfer but also interacts with the GO layer surface to make a synergic catalytic effect and might offer a large electrochemical surface area. Hence, this present work could be prolonged to propose and fabricate these sequence composites with the advantage of bifunctional catalysts for practical water-splitting applications.

Fabrication and Characterization of a Poly(3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene)@Tungsten Trioxide-Graphene Oxide Hybrid Electrode Nanocomposite for Supercapacitor Applications.

With the rapid development of nanotechnology, the study of nanocomposites as electrode materials has significantly enhanced the scope of research towards energy storage applications. Exploring electrode materials with superior electrochemical properties is still a challenge for high-performance supercapacitors. In the present research article, we prepared a novel nanocomposite of tungsten trioxide nanoparticles grown over supported graphene oxide sheets and embedded with a poly(3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene) matrix to maximize its electrical double layer capacitance. The extensive characterization shows that the poly(3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene) matrix was homogeneously dispersed throughout the surface of the tungsten trioxide-graphene oxide. The poly(3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene)@tungsten trioxide-graphene oxide exhibits a higher specific capacitance of 478.3 F·g-1 at 10 mV·s-1 as compared to tungsten trioxide-graphene oxide (345.3 F·g-1). The retention capacity of 92.1% up to 5000 cycles at 0.1 A·g-1 shows that this ternary nanocomposite electrode also exhibits good cycling stability. The poly(3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene)@tungsten trioxide-graphene oxide energy density and power densities are observed to be 54.2 Wh·kg-1 and 971 W·kg-1. The poly(3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene)@tungsten trioxide-graphene oxide has been shown to be a superior anode material in supercapacitors because of the synergistic interaction of the poly(3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene) matrix and the tungsten trioxide-graphene oxide surface. These advantages reveal that the poly(3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene)@tungsten trioxide-graphene oxide electrode can be a promising electroactive material for supercapacitor applications.

A Simple Single-Step Synthesis of Bis(indolyl)methane using Polyaniline-Supported Graphene Oxide Nanocomposites as Catalysts

A novel approach for synthesizing bis(indolyl)methane derivatives (3a-k) through the reaction of aromatic aldehyde and 5-bromo indole in ethanol is presented. The reaction utilizes a heterogeneous catalyst composed of polyaniline supported graphene oxide, which offersenvironmental benefits. Advantages of the approach over previously described methods include a shorter reaction time, milder reaction conditions, and a reusable catalyst. Furthermore, this synthetic route aligns with the principles of green chemistry by fulfilling various important requirements. The synthesized catalysts, consisting of heterogeneous polyaniline supported graphene oxide, were thoroughly characterized using SEM, IR and XRD techniques.

Insights into Structural Behaviors of Thiolated and Aminated Reduced Graphene Oxide Supports to Understand Their Effect on MOR Efficiency.

It is essential to develop novel catalysts with high catalytic activity, strong durability, and good stability for further application in methanol fuel cells. In this work, we present for the first time the effect of the chemical functional groups (thiol and amine) with different electron affinity in reduced graphene oxide supports on the morphology and catalytic activity of platinum nanoparticles for the methanol oxidation reaction. Hydroxyl groups on graphene oxide were initially brominated and then transformed to the desired functional groups. The good dispersion of metal nanoparticles over functionalized carbon substrates (particle size less than 5 nm) with good durability, even at a limited functionalization degree (less than 7%) has been demonstrated by morphological and structural studies. The durability of the catalysts was much improved via strong coordination between the metal and nitrogen or sulfur atoms. Impressively, the catalytic activity of platinum nanoparticles on aminated reduced graphene oxide was found to be much better than that on thiolated graphene oxide despite the weaker affinity between amine and noble metals. These findings support further developing new graphene derivatives with the desired functionalization for electronics and energy applications..

Cu@PtRu Core–Shell Nanostructured Electrocatalysts Anchored on Reduced Graphene Oxide toward Methanol Oxidation

This work reports the influence of a reduced graphene oxide (rGO) support on the catalytic performance of Cu@PtRu/rGO electrocatalysts toward methanol oxidation in an acidic medium. These electrocatalysts are synthesized via a two-step reduction method; the first step utilizes ethylene glycol for the reduction of Cu2+ ions, forming Cu/rGO. In the second step, spontaneous redox reactions take place, in a process known as galvanic displacement, where the Pt2+ and Ru3+ species are reduced to form PtRu layers, and the copper is partially oxidized to the solution. Then, the Cu@PtRu/rGO core–shell is produced, comprising Cu in the inner structure (core) and PtRu on the outer part (shell). To compare the catalytic performance of the prepared nanocatalysts (NCs), Pt/C, PtRu/C, and Cu@PtRu/C are also synthesized on Vulcan XC-72R carbon. All catalysts are characterized via X-ray diffraction (XRD) and high-resolution transmission electron microscopy (HRTEM). Cyclic voltammetry (CV) and chronoamperometry (CA) are employed to measure the electrochemical performance. The core–shell/rGO combination is superior in catalytic activity to the traditional Pt/C, PtRu/C, and Cu@PtRu/C catalysts for the methanol oxidation reaction. These results suggest that Cu@PtRu/rGO exhibits a high bulk activity for methanol electrooxidation, a high stability, and a high tolerance to CO poisoning, meaning it is possible to reduce the platinum loading in proton-exchange membrane fuel cells (PEMFCs).

Gamma irradiation synthesis and modification of palladium supported on graphene oxide as oxygen reduction reaction electrocatalyst

This work aims to investigate the preparation of palladium (Pd) particles on graphene oxide (GO) support via gamma radiolysis and to study their electrochemical activity towards the oxygen reduction reaction (ORR). The results show that the Pd precursor concentration used in the preparation process influences the loading, size, and distribution of the Pd particles. The electrochemical analysis shows that the Pd/GO samples synthesized through gamma radiolysis exhibit excellent activity toward ORR. Additionally, the gamma irradiation used in the synthesis process shows beneficial effects on the Pd/GO. High gamma irradiation doses increase the electron transfer number and reduce the peroxide yield of the Pd/GO.

Ni–Pd Nanocomposites on Reduced Graphene Oxide Support as Electrocatalysts for Hydrogen Evolution Reactions

Ni–Pd Nanocomposites on Reduced Graphene Oxide Support as Electrocatalysts for Hydrogen Evolution Reactions

A Surfactant-Free and General Strategy for the Synthesis of Bimetallic Core-Shell Nanocrystals on Reduced Graphene Oxide through Targeted Photodeposition.

Tunable physicochemical properties of bimetallic core-shell heterostructured nanocrystals (HNCs) have shown enormous potential in electrocatalytic reactions. In many cases, HNCs are required to load on supports to inhibit catalyst aggregation. However, the introduction of supports during the process of growing core-shell HNCs makes the synthesis much more complicated and difficult to control precisely. Herein, we reported a universal photochemical synthetic strategy for the controlled synthesis of well-defined surfactant-free core-shell metal HNCs on a reduced graphene oxide (rGO) support, which was assisted by the fine control of photogenerated electrons directly transferring to the targeted metal seeds via rGO and the precisely tuned adsorption capacity of the added second metal precursors. The surface photovoltage microscopy (SPVM) platform proved that photogenerated electrons flowed through rGO to Pd particles under illumination. We have successfully synthesized 24 different core-shell metal HNCs, i.,e., MA@MB (MA = Pd, Au, and Pt; MB = Au, Ag, Pt, Pd, Ir, Ru, Rh, Ni and Cu), on the rGO supports. The as-prepared Pd@Cu core-shell HNCs showed outstanding performance in the electrocatalytic reduction of CO2 to CH4. This work could shed light on the controlled synthesis of more functional bimetallic nanostructured materials on diverse supports for various applications.

Alloyed Ru0.48Re0.52 nanocatalysts with electronic structure regulation for intensified alkaline hydrogen evolution reaction

Converting electricity into hydrogen is vital for harnessing concentrated renewable energy. To achieve this, cost-effective electrocatalysts capable of withstanding mildly corrosive alkaline hydrogen evolution reaction (HER) conditions are necessary. Ru shows potential as a substitute for Pt-based electrocatalysts due to its comparable hydrogen bond strength. However, improvements are needed to overcome obstacles in water dissociation and hydrogen desorption during alkaline HER. In this work, Ru was alloyed with Re which is water dissociation-efficient to induce a redistribution of electron density in Ru0.48Re0.52 nanoparticles (NPs). These Ru0.48Re0.52NPs exhibited superior hydrogen desorption, outperforming Pt, highlighting their effectiveness in HER. The Re component received electrons from adjacent Ru while maintaining low energy barriers for water decomposition. Additionally, self-aggregation of Ru0.48Re0.52NPs was prevented by incorporating reduced graphene oxide (rGO) support, resulting in improved conductivity and electrochemical durability in Ru0.48Re0.52NPs@rGO. Through various analyses, the optimal synthesis and electronic structure adjustments in Ru0.48Re0.52NPs@rGO were confirmed, which exhibited remarkable HER overpotentials with values of 14 and 74 mV at current densities of 10 and 100 mA cm−2, respectively, in a 1 M KOH solution. These findings establish Ru0.48Re0.52NPs@rGO as a universal approach for designing efficient electrocatalysts for HER, surpassing both the activity and cost of commercialized Pt/C.

MnCoOx@Graphene Derived from Dual MOFs as Superior Anode for Lithium Ion Batteries

The MnCoOx@RGO derived from dual metal organic framework (MOF) were synthesized via a simple solvothermal method followed by the heat treatment. While measured as anode for lithium ion batteries (LIBs), this MnCoOx@RGO nanocomposite exhibit an initial discharge capacity of 1548 mAhg−1 at 100 mAg−1, and an good reversible capacity of 815 mAhg−1 after 150 cycles. The remarkable lithium storage performance of the nanocomposite is attributed to the synergistic interaction between Mn and Co, the mesoporosity structure, and the conductive reduced graphene oxide (RGO) support, which can shorten the difffusion paths of both Li+ and charge carriers and effectively buffer the volume change during the Li+ insertion/extraction process.

Electrochemical induced Mo doping into graphene oxide supported vanadium-based materials for high performance aqueous zinc ion batteries

(NH4)2(S((S2)Mo(S2))3)/vanadium oxide/graphene oxide composite is obtained by hydrothermal method, which is used as the cathode material for aqueous zinc ion batteries. After the first charging/discharging process, a novel vanadium-based cathode based on molybdenum ion doped and graphene oxide supported heterostructured material is formed by an efficient electrochemically reconstructed strategy, which exhibits excellent electrochemical properties. The cathode material owns a high discharge capacity of 545 mAh g−1 at the current density of 0.1 A g−1. At the current density of 10.0 A g−1, it can register a high reversible discharge capacity of 102 mAh g−1, and the specific capacity remains at 92 mAh g−1 and the capacity retention is 90.2 % after 8000 cycles. The electrochemical performance is obviously superior to other materials without adding molybdenum ion or graphene oxide. The excellent performance should result from the synergistic effect of molybdenum ion doping and graphene oxide supporting. This study provides a novel idea for the optimization strategy of vanadium-based materials.