Supported Cobalt Catalysts Research Articles

Preparation of nitrogen-doped carbon supported cobalt catalysts and its application in the reductive amination

The use of non-noble metal catalysts with high activity is of great importance for organic transformations. Herein, nitrogen-doped carbon supported cobalt catalysts with high surface area up to 981.2 m2/g were prepared via the simple pyrolysis of cobalt coordinated organic polymers with silica as the hard template. The pyrolysis temperature showed a great effect on the structure and properties of the as-prepared catalysts. The Co@NC-800 catalyst with the pyrolysis temperature of 800 °C demonstrated a high activity for the selective reductive amination of carbonyl compounds to primary amines with ammonia and hydrogen. Structurally-diverse primary amines with yields in the range from 81.8% to 100% were attained under the optimal conditions. The Co@NC-800 catalyst could be reused without the loss of its activity. The Co@NC-800 catalyst demonstrated comparable activity as the reported heterogeneous noble metal catalysts.

Methane decomposition into COx-free hydrogen and carbon nanomaterials over ZrO2–M (M = MgO, Al2O3, SiO2, La2O3 or CeO2) binary oxides supported cobalt catalysts

Hydrogen production via methane decomposition has attracted great attention as a source of clean energy. In this work, the catalytic decomposition of undiluted methane into COx-free hydrogen and carbon nanomaterial over ZrO2–M (M = MgO, Al2O3, SiO2, La2O3 and CeO2) binary oxides supported Co catalysts was studied. The fresh and spent catalysts were characterized by XRD, H2-TPR, N2 adsorption–desorption, TEM and Raman spectroscopy. The results revealed that the incorporation of secondary oxide to ZrO2 support played a vital role in the activity and stability of cobalt metal. The activity results illustrated that Co/Zr–Mg exhibited better activity in terms of hydrogen yield compared with the other Zr–M supported catalysts. This is ascribed to the moderate cobalt oxide-support interaction and forming CoMgOx species which enhance the Co3O4 dispersion and prevent its aggregation on the catalyst surface. On the other hand, the Co/Zr–Si catalyst showed the lowest activity due to the agglomeration of Co3O4 on the surface of the SiO2 support. High-resolution TEM images illustrated that almost the deposited carbon on the surface of spent catalysts was in the form of multi-walled carbon nanotubes.

Cobalt silicate hydroxide nanosheets in hierarchical hollow architecture with maximized cobalt active site for catalytic oxidation

A facile dissolution-regrowth strategy was developed in synthesis of hierarchical hollow nanospheres of cobalt silicate hydroxide (CSH-80) for maximizing cobalt active sites on unit mass basis, which is different from the conventional supported cobalt catalysts. Due to the unique design and elaborative nanoarchitecture, the cobalt active center can be homogeneously dispersed into the structured catalyst, achieving the maximum exposure of the cobalt center for reaction. In activation of peroxymonosulfate (PMS) for degradation of organic contaminants, CSH-80 exhibited outstanding catalytic performance, excellent physicochemical stability and long-term durability, giving 1.9–3.1 folds higher efficiency than that of the conventional supported cobalt catalysts. The turnover frequency of CSH-80 in organic oxidation was 2.0–3.2 folds higher than that of the conventional supported cobalt catalysts. The effects of reaction parameters on contaminant degradation were systematically investigated. The catalytic oxidation mechanism was further elucidated by the quenching tests, electron paramagnetic resonance and photoluminescence studies. The design concept in this study will provide new opportunities for future development of high-performance cobalt-based heterogeneous catalysts in environmental remediation.

The effect of chelating anions on the retention of Co(II) by γ-alumina from aqueous solutions under the unadjusted pH condition of supported catalyst preparation

This study analyzes the effect of the addition of acetate, citrate, and nitrilotriacetate anions on the retention of Co(II) cations by the γ-alumina surface in view of the preparation of alumina supported cobalt catalysts. The emphasis was placed on the way the Co(II) species attach to the solid surface when adsorbed from aqueous solutions under the unadjusted pH condition. The individual adsorption isotherms onto γ-Al2O3 support for cobalt and a given ligand were determined by following the solution depletion method in single-solute and bi-solute systems. These adsorption data were supplemented by the results of potentiometric titrations. In the case of bi-solute systems, the adsorption procedures allowed either co-impregnation of γ-alumina with equimolar solutions of cobalt and ligand salts or pre-impregnation of γ-alumina with the ligand anions and the subsequent adsorption of cobalt. Changes in the pH of the equilibrium solid-liquid suspension were also monitored along the adsorption isotherms. The adsorption of Co(II) onto γ-Al2O3 in the presence of acetate and nitrilotriacetate led to the formation of the type A (i.e., solid-metal-ligand) ternary complexes. The use of citrate anions together with Co(II) cations was shown to improve the impregnation process through the formation of ternary complexes of type B (i.e., solid-ligand-metal). The comparison with a system containing tricarballylate anions allowed concluding that the presence of the hydroxyl group in the citrate anion enhanced its affinity for the alumina surface by contributing to the inner-sphere character of its surface-bound complexes.

Solvent-free aerobic epoxidation of 1-decene using supported cobalt catalysts

In this study, active cobalt-based catalysts are reported for the solvent-free aerobic epoxidation of 1-decene as a non-noble metal, alternative to the conventionally used gold catalyst. No sacrificial reductant is applied and air is used as primary oxidant at ambient pressure. The influence of different radical initiators and the product distribution over time is investigated. Evidence for a reaction mechanism similar to the previously reported gold-catalysed aerobic epoxidation of 1-decene, is given. Furthermore, it is shown that the catalyst stability is influenced by the choice of the support.

Controlled synthesis of cobalt nanocrystals on the carbon spheres for enhancing Fischer–Tropsch synthesis performance

Abstract Non-porous carbon sphere was used as support to synthesize supported cobalt Fischer-Tropsch catalysts with high activity and durability. Strong metal-support interaction was avoided and intrinsic activity of pristine cobalt nano-particles was studied. Thermal decomposition synthesis method was applied to obtain cobalt catalysts with high dispersion and narrow particle size distribution. Furthermore the cobalt size can be controlled by the molar ratio of o-dichlorobenzene/ benzylamine. Compared with supported cobalt catalysts prepared by incipient wetness impregnation method and ultrasonic impregnation method, the catalyst prepared by thermal decomposition method showed higher catalytic activity, higher long chain hydrocarbons selectivity and lower methane selectivity.

Effect of Pretreatment Method on the Nanostructure and Performance of Supported Co Catalysts in Fischer–Tropsch Synthesis

Understanding precursor transformation to active catalysts is crucial to heterogeneous Fischer–Tropsch (FT) catalysis directed toward production of hydrocarbons for transportation fuels. Despite considerable literature on FT catalysis, the effect of pretreatment of supported cobalt catalysts on cobalt dispersion, dynamic atomic structure, and the activity of the catalysts is not well understood. Here we present systematic studies into the formation of active catalyst phases in supported Co catalyst precursors in FT catalysis using in situ environmental (scanning) transmission electron microscopy (E(S)TEM) with single-atom resolution under controlled reaction environments for in situ visualization, imaging, and analysis of reacting atomic species in real time, EXAFS, XAS, DRIFTS analyses, and catalytic activity measurements. We have synthesized and analyzed dried reduced (D) and dried calcined reduced (DC) Co real-world (practical) catalysts on reducible and nonreducible supports, such as SiO2, Al2O3, TiO2, and ZrO2. Comparisons of dynamic in situ atomic structural observations of reacting single atoms, atomic clusters, and nanoparticles of Co and DRIFTS, XAS, EXAFS, and catalytic activity data of the D and DC samples reveal in most cases better dispersion in the D samples, leading to a larger number of low-coordination Co0 sites and a higher number of active sites for CO adsorption. The experimental findings on the degree of reduction of D and DC catalysts on reducible and nonreducible supports and correlations between hexagonal (hcp) Co sites and the activity of the catalysts generate structural insights into the catalyst dynamics, important to the development of efficient FT catalysts.

ZrxMg1-xO supported cobalt catalysts for methane decomposition into COx-free hydrogen and carbon nanotubes

ABSTRACTZirconia-magnesia supported cobalt catalysts with various Zr/Mg atomic ratios were prepared and evaluated for non-oxidative catalytic decomposition of methane to produce COx-free hydrogen and carbon nanotube. The catalytic performance of the catalysts was performed in a continuous fixed bed flow reactor at 700°C under atmospheric pressure. The fresh and spent catalysts were characterized by XRD, TPR, BET, TEM, and Raman spectroscopy. The results showed that the change in Zr/Mg ratio of the mixed oxide support has a significant effect on the catalytic performance of the active Co metal. The catalyst 30%Co/Zr0.8Mg0.2 showed the highest activity and stability within the used series of catalysts with hydrogen yield reached up to 79%. Both Co/Mg1.0 and Co/Zr1.0 showed poor stability due to strong Co-Mg interaction and aggregation of Co species on Zr support, respectively. All catalysts produced mainly MWCNTs with different diameters depending on the Zr/Mg ratio. The outer diameter increased with increasing Zr content in the catalyst due to the enlargement of the particle size of cobalt as a result of aggregation.

Catalytic performance of N-doped activated carbon supported cobalt catalyst for carbon dioxide reforming of methane to synthesis gas

Abstract Activated carbon (AC) was treated with melamine to prepare nitrogen-doped carbon materials (AC-N), which used as support to prepare Co supported catalysts for CH4–CO2 reforming (DRM) reaction and its catalytic performance was investigated. The modified (Co/AC-N) and unmodified (Co/AC) catalyst were characterized by BET, H2-TPR, XRD, TEM, XPS, CO2-TPD and FTIR. It was found that the modified catalyst not only showed excellent stability, but also had better catalytic activity than the unmodified catalyst. Although the physical structure of modified catalysts is almost same with the unmodified catalysts, nitrogen and some oxygen functional groups such as pyridine nitrogen, pyrrole nitrogen, hydroxyl and oxygen incarbonyl groups were generated on the AC surface during the amination treatment. The generated surface nitrogen and oxygen functional groups affect not only influence the dispersion of active metals but affect the valence distributions of cobalt. Compared with the untreated catalyst, small active particle size with a narrow size distribution formed on the surface of N-doped catalyst. Moreover, the modified catalyst also provides more basic sites for the reforming reaction to accelerate the adsorption and dissociation of CO2 on the active site of the catalyst.

Characterization and catalytic behavior of EDTA modified silica nanosprings (NS)-supported cobalt catalyst for Fischer-Tropsch CO-hydrogenation

The effect of ethylene diamine tetraacetic acid (EDTA) modification on the physico-chemical properties and catalytic performance of silica nanosprings (NS) supported cobalt (Co) catalyst was investigated in the conversion of syngas (H2 + CO) to hydrocarbons by Fischer-Tropsch synthesis (FTS). The unmodified Co/NS and modified Co/NS-EDTA catalysts were synthesized via an impregnation method. The prepared Co/NS and Co/NS-EDTA catalysts were characterized before the FTS reaction by BET surface area, X-ray diffraction (XRD), transmission electron microscopy (TEM), temperature programmed reduction (TPR), X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS), differential thermal analysis (DTA) and thermogravimetric analysis (TGA) in order to find correlations between physico-chemical properties of catalysts and catalytic performance. FTS was carried out in a quartz fixed-bed microreactor (H2/CO of 2:1, 230°C and atmospheric pressure) and the products trapped and analyzed by GC-TCD and GC-MS to determine CO conversion and reaction selectivity. The experimental results indicated that the modified Co/NS-EDTA catalyst displayed a more-dispersed phase of Co3O4 nanoparticles (10.9%) and the Co3O4 average crystallite size was about 12.4 nm. The EDTA modified catalyst showed relatively higher CO conversion (70.3%) and selectivity toward C6–18 (JP-8, Jet A and diesel) than the Co/NS catalyst (C6–14) (JP-4).

Effect of Phosphorus on the Activity and Stability of Supported Cobalt Catalysts for Fischer‐Tropsch Synthesis

AbstractPhosphorus promotion on Fischer‐Tropsch (FT) synthesis was investigated for Co/Al2O3 and Co/SiO2 catalysts having the same Co/P ratio. When P is added to Co/Al2O3, CO conversion on a per g catalyst basis decreased, while methane selectivity increased. Catalyst stability was higher for the sample containing both P and Pt. The main cause for lower initial conversion is Co site blocking, while the lower extent of cobalt reduction for the P‐promoted Co/Al2O3 sample played a lesser role. When SiO2 is used to support cobalt particles, an initial induction period for the P‐promoted catalyst was observed, where CO conversion increased. Higher CO conversion at steady state, as well as improved catalyst stability during FT testing, suggest that P hindered sintering. Over the same period, a decline and leveling off of conversion were observed for the unpromoted catalyst. Completely different effects were observed depending on support type. P only acted as a poison for Co/Al2O3, whereas beneficial effects on steady state CO conversion and stability occurred with Co/SiO2. The different effects of P for Al2O3 and SiO2 supported Co catalysts can be explained by differences in Co‐support interactions. With alumina, Co clusters are already stabilized by strong interactions with the support. P has no benefit, as it mainly interacts with alumina instead of Co; pore blocking by P also occurred. In contrast, SiO2 has weak interactions with Co and less Co cluster stabilization. With P promotion, P anchors Co to the support, improving Co dispersion, stability and steady‐state conversion.

Calcium Hydroxyapatite Supported Cobalt Catalysts for Ethanol Steam Reforming: Effect of the Incorporation Method of Active Phase

Calcium Hydroxyapatite Supported Cobalt Catalysts for Ethanol Steam Reforming: Effect of the Incorporation Method of Active Phase

Synthesis of middle distillate through low temperature Fischer-Tropsch (LTFT) reaction over mesoporous SDA supported cobalt catalysts using syngas equivalent to coal gasification

A series of silica doped alumina (SDA) [Si-Al2O3] having high surface area and narrow pore size distribution are synthesized with varying amount of silica and used as a support material to facilitate incorporation of Co, Mg and Zr into it. These supported Co-Mg-Zr/SDA materials are used as catalysts for selective synthesis of middle distillate through Fischer-Tropsch synthesis (FTS) reaction. Trace quantity (∼0.05 wt %) of ruthenium (Ru) has also been used as a promoter for Co -Mg-Zr/SDA catalyst to improve the reducibility, selectivity towards middle distillate and increasing the catalyst life. The detail characterizations of catalysts indicate that Ru promotion and narrow pore size distribution facilitate CO conversion and middle distillate selectivity. Synthetic syngas of composition (H2 = 28.63%, CO = 14.27%, CO2 = 9.25%, CH4 = 1.0%, and N2 = 46.85%), which may be obtained after coal gasification and H2 enrichment process by water gas shift (WGS) reaction has been used as a reactant for middle distillate synthesis. The role of Ru and silica proportion on Co-Mg-Zr/SDA is investigated through Low Temperature Fischer-Tropsch (LTFT) synthesis at 220 °C temperature and 30 bar pressure. The surface acidity of the Ru/Co-Mg-Zr/SDA catalyst plays an important role for middle distillate selectivity and CO conversion. To determine the durability of catalysts, 300 h continuous experimental run has been conducted at Gas Hourly Space Velocity (GHSV) of 500 h−1. Among the catalysts in the present study, Ru/Co-Mg-Zr/SDA(7.5) catalyst shows highest CO conversion (94.2%) with 85% selectivity of C6-C19 hydrocarbon.

Effect of H2O on Slurry‐Phase Fischer–Tropsch Synthesis over Alumina‐supported Cobalt Catalysts

In this article, the hydrothermal stability and change in the physicochemical properties of supported cobalt catalysts modified with Zn, P, and Zr have been studied for slurry‐phase Fischer–Tropsch synthesis (FTS) at 230°C and 2.0 MPa. The Co/P/γ‐Al2O3 exhibited weaker interactions between cobalt oxides and alumina support than other catalysts. The support of all the Co catalysts underwent phase transformation of γ‐Al2O3 into boehmite (AlO(OH)) during hydrothermal treatment at 250°C for 12 h, except Co/P/γ‐Al2O3, which was hydrothermally stable in the presence of H2O. The initial CO conversion increased with increasing number of Co surface sites during FTS. However, CO conversion decreased when H2O was cofed, causing a shift in product distribution from C2–C4 to C5+ hydrocarbons. The CO conversion and product distribution were partially reversible at 0–42.7% H2O in the feed stream. The lower adsorption capacity of H2O on the catalysts caused higher CO conversions under H2O‐rich condition. The catalytic activity of Co/P/γ‐Al2O3 was least affected by the co‐fed H2O, while that of Co/Zr/γ‐Al2O3 was strongly influenced by H2O concentration in the feed stream. The Co/P/γ‐Al2O3 did not exhibit phase transformation of γ‐Al2O3 to AlO(OH) during slurry‐phase FTS.

Bifunctional Co/Al-SBA-15 Catalyst with Tunable Acidity for Selective Production of Aviation Fuel

Production of alternative, clean aviation fuel from biomass synthesis gas via Fischer–Tropsch (FT) synthesis has attracted much attention. In this paper, Al-SBA-15 supported cobalt catalysts with different Al/Si ratios were successfully prepared for the production of aviation fuel by FT synthesis. The physical and acidic properties of the Co/Al-SBA-15 catalysts were characterized by XRF, XRD, N2 adsorption–desorption, TEM, H2-TPR, 27Al NMR, NH3-TPD, and Py-FTIR. The formation of long-chain hydrocarbons was inhibited by the ordered mesoporous structure. Fischer–Tropsch activity and selectivity were demonstrated to be affected by the acidity of the Al-SBA-15 supports. The selectivity turned to lighter iso-paraffin products. Co-based catalyst with Al/Si ratio of 0.01 exhibited the highest selectivity (52.4%) for aviation fuel (C8–C18 products) and much higher ratio of iso-paraffin/normal-paraffin (iso/n) (20.2%). This study might provide useful information for the selective production of aviation fuel via FT...

Fuel-Rich Combustion Synthesized Co/Al2O3 Catalysts for Wax and Liquid Fuel Production via Fischer–Tropsch Reaction

Alumina supported cobalt catalysts were synthesized for Fischer–Tropsch (FT) reaction using combustion synthesis (CS) method via the redox reaction of hexamethylenetetramine and cobalt nitrate with equivalence ratios (ϕ) of 1, 1.2, and 1.5. Higher equivalence ratios (ϕ > 1.0) were selected to increase the synthesis temperature and thereby decrease the formation of cobalt aluminates. Chemisorption and XPS studies of CS(ϕ = 1.2) and CS(ϕ = 1.5) catalysts showed high degree of reduction, high metal dispersion, and decreased formation of cobalt aluminates compared to CS(ϕ = 1) catalysts. Higher FT activity was observed for catalysts synthesized with equivalence ratios of 1.2 and 1.5 compared to the catalysts synthesized with ϕ = 1. Simultaneously, the hydrocarbon product spectrum shifted from predominantly waxes (C24+) for CS(ϕ = 1) catalysts to mixed fractions of liquid fuel (C6–C24) and waxes for CS(ϕ = 1.2) and CS(ϕ = 1.5) catalysts. This work investigates the impact of CS stoichiometry on catalyst propert...

Ternary intermetallic LaCoSi as a catalyst for N2 activation

Activating high-energy multiple bonds using earth-abundant metals is one of the most significant challenges in catalysis. Here, we show that LaCoSi—a ternary intermetallic compound—is an efficient and stable catalyst for N2 activation to produce NH3. The ammonia synthesis is significantly promoted by shifting the reaction bottleneck from the sluggish N2 dissociation to NH x formation, which few catalysts have achieved. Theoretical calculations reveal that the negatively charged cobalt mediates electron transfer from lanthanum to the adsorbed N2, which further reduces the activation barrier of N2 dissociation. Most importantly, the specific LaCoSi geometric configuration stabilizes the N2 adsorption with a strong exothermic effect, which dramatically decreases the apparent energy barrier of N2 activation. Consequently, LaCoSi shows a superior activity (1,250 μmol g−1 h−1), with a 60-fold increase over the activity of supported cobalt catalysts under mild reaction conditions (400 °C, 0.1 MPa). Ammonia synthesis is an energy-intensive process due to the high activation barrier for N2 dissociation. Here, Hosono and co-workers show that the intermetallic compound LaCoSi can lower the energy requirement for N2 activation and shift the rate-determining step of the process to NH x formation under mild conditions.

Supported cobalt catalysts for the selective hydrogenation of ethyl levulinate to various chemicals.

A highly active and selective cobalt catalyst was developed for the hydrogenation of biomass-derived ethyl levulinate (EL) to γ-valerolactone (GVL), ethyl 4-hydroxypentanoate (EHP), 1,4-pentanediol (1,4-PDO) and 2-methyltetrahydrofuran (2-MTHF), which are considered to be value-added chemicals and important biofuels. The effects of reaction time, reaction temperature, catalyst amount and solvent on its catalytic performance were investigated. In addition, the reaction pathway was studied as well. It was found that the selectivity of GVL, 1,4-PDO and 2-MTHF on Co/ZrO2 can be easily tuned by changing reaction conditions, and can reach as high as 94%, 78% and 77%, respectively. The product selectivity is also significantly affected by the catalyst support. With SBA-15 as the support, the selectivity of EHP can reach 90%. Moreover, Co/ZrO2 gave an extraordinarily high GVL productivity of 1.50 mol gmetal−1 h−1 and displayed excellent stability and reusability. Interestingly, coke has a positive effect on the enhancement of GVL yield. AL dimers and trimers were identified as the coke species in the hydrogenation of EL. As far as we know, this is the first work conducting the flexible transformation of EL on cobalt catalysts.

Mesoporous silica supported cobalt catalysts for gas phase hydrogenation of nitrobenzene: role of pore structure on stable catalytic performance

Mesoporous silica supported Co catalysts (Co/COK-12 and Co/SBA-16) are active for hydrogenation of nitrobenzene to aniline. The support pore architecture is decisive in maintaining stable catalytic performance.

Characterization and catalytic behavior of EDTA modified silica nanosprings (NS)-supported cobalt catalyst for Fischer-Tropsch CO-Hydrogenation

Event Abstract Back to Event Characterization and catalytic behavior of EDTA modified silica nanosprings (NS)-supported cobalt catalyst for Fischer-Tropsch CO-Hydrogenation Abdulbaset M. Alayat1*, Armando G. McDoland1*, David N. Mchhroy2* and Elena Echeverria2* 1 University of Idaho, United States 2 Oklahoma State University, United States The effect of ethylene diamine tetraacetic acid (EDTA) modification on the physico-chemical properties and catalytic performance of silica nanosprings (NS) supported cobalt (Co) catalyst was investigated in the conversion of syngas (H2 + CO) to hydrocarbons by Fischer-Tropsch synthesis (FTS). The unmodified Co/NS and modified Co/NS-EDTA catalysts were synthesized via an impregnation method. The prepared Co/NS and Co/NS-EDTA catalysts were characterized before the FTS reaction by BET surface area, X-ray diffraction (XRD), transmission electron microscopy (TEM), temperature programmed reduction (TPR), X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS), differential thermal analysis (DTA) and thermogravimetric analysis (TGA) in order to find correlations between physico-chemical properties of catalysts and catalytic performance. FTS was carried out in a quartz fixed-bed microreactor (H2/CO of 2:1, 230 oC and atmospheric pressure) and the products trapped and analyzed by GC-TCD and GC-MS to determine CO conversion and reaction selectivity. The experimental results indicated that the modified Co/NS-EDTA catalyst displayed a more‐dispersed phase of Co3O4 nanoparticles (10.9%) and the Co3O4 average crystallite size was about 12.4 nm. The EDTA modified catalyst showed relatively higher CO conversion (70.3%) and selectivity toward C6-C18 (JP-8, Jet A and diesel) than the Co/NS catalyst (C6-C14) (JP-4). Acknowledgements The authors would like to acknowledge the Al jabal Al gharbi University fellowship, The Dr. Bob Stillinger Scholarship, College of Natural Resources for financial support of the FTIR spectrometer, and the Murdock Charitable Trust for their financial support of the TPR unit. Keywords: silica nanosprings, Fischer-Tropsch synthesis, EDTA, Cobalt catalyst, CO-hydrogenation Conference: National Organization for the Professional Advancement of Black Chemists and Chemical Engineers (NOBCChE) 45th Annual Conference , Orlando, Florida, United States, 17 Sep - 20 Sep, 2018. Presentation Type: Poster Presentation Topic: Enviornmental and Green Chemistry Citation: Alayat AM, McDoland AG, Mchhroy DN and Echeverria E (2019). Characterization and catalytic behavior of EDTA modified silica nanosprings (NS)-supported cobalt catalyst for Fischer-Tropsch CO-Hydrogenation. Front. Chem. Conference Abstract: National Organization for the Professional Advancement of Black Chemists and Chemical Engineers (NOBCChE) 45th Annual Conference . doi: 10.3389/conf.fchem.2018.01.00036 Copyright: The abstracts in this collection have not been subject to any Frontiers peer review or checks, and are not endorsed by Frontiers. They are made available through the Frontiers publishing platform as a service to conference organizers and presenters. The copyright in the individual abstracts is owned by the author of each abstract or his/her employer unless otherwise stated. Each abstract, as well as the collection of abstracts, are published under a Creative Commons CC-BY 4.0 (attribution) licence (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/) and may thus be reproduced, translated, adapted and be the subject of derivative works provided the authors and Frontiers are attributed. For Frontiers’ terms and conditions please see https://www.frontiersin.org/legal/terms-and-conditions. Received: 08 Oct 2018; Published Online: 17 Jan 2019. * Correspondence: Dr. Abdulbaset M Alayat, University of Idaho, Moscow, United States, alay0843@vandals.uidaho.edu Prof. Armando G McDoland, University of Idaho, Moscow, United States, armandm@uidako.edu Prof. David N Mchhroy, Oklahoma State University, Stillwater, Oklahoma, 74078, United States, dave.mcilroy@okstate.edu Dr. Elena Echeverria, Oklahoma State University, Stillwater, Oklahoma, 74078, United States, elena.echeverria@okstate.edu Login Required This action requires you to be registered with Frontiers and logged in. To register or login click here. Abstract Info Abstract The Authors in Frontiers Abdulbaset M Alayat Armando G McDoland David N Mchhroy Elena Echeverria Google Abdulbaset M Alayat Armando G McDoland David N Mchhroy Elena Echeverria Google Scholar Abdulbaset M Alayat Armando G McDoland David N Mchhroy Elena Echeverria PubMed Abdulbaset M Alayat Armando G McDoland David N Mchhroy Elena Echeverria Related Article in Frontiers Google Scholar PubMed Abstract Close Back to top Javascript is disabled. Please enable Javascript in your browser settings in order to see all the content on this page.