Planning Support Research Articles

Unveiling the threshold in forest patch shapes to soil retention ecosystem services

Soil erosion is a critical process that leads to landscape degradation, compromising soil fertility and ecosystem functions. Forest ecosystems, with their intricate characteristics, play a pivotal role in mitigating soil erosion and providing soil retention ecosystem services (SRES). This study explores the impact of forest patch thresholds and critical points on soil erosion rates, focusing on 401 catchments in Poland using generalised additive models to identify thresholds and critical points in forest patches.Landscape metrics were applied to measure landscape structure, including shape, fractal dimension, contiguity, related circumscribing circles, and perimeter-area ratio indexes. These metrics, along with slope, rainfall, organic carbon content, water content, and clay ratio variables, were considered dependent variables in the models. The developed models have demonstrated reliable performance in estimating soil erosion rates, with a significant deviation explained from 80.5 to 81.1 for coniferous forest patches, 79.1 to 80.1 for broad-leave forest patches, and 80.9 to 81.4 for mixed forest patches at p < 0.05.In broad-leaved forests, three thresholds are identified in the shape index, which influence soil erosion rates in a complex manner. For coniferous forests, thresholds in the perimeter area ratio, related circumscribing circles, and contiguity indexes exhibit nonlinear relationships with soil erosion rates. Mixed forests show two thresholds in the related circumscribing circle and one in the fractal dimension index, affecting soil erosion rates differently.This research contributes significantly to understanding the interplay between forest patch shapes and soil erosion rates, providing decision support for land use planning. The identified thresholds and critical points offer valuable tools to enhance sustainable landscape functionality, emphasizing the importance of considering forest landscape structure in preserving soil retention ecosystem services.

Support for Neurodivergent Students in Veterinary Education Part 1: Current Practice and Roundtable Discussion of Recommendations.

Approximately 10% of undergraduate student populations are neurodivergent. Such students have differences in executive functioning and social communication skills, which can confer both strengths and challenges in the academic environment. Specific challenges presenting in the veterinary curriculum include the intense workload, unpredictable nature of work, and high level of interpersonal and communication skills required in clinical settings. Extramural studies (EMS) occur remote from university support systems, adding further challenge for some students. A survey was sent to all current United Kingdom veterinary schools in 2022 to identify current support for neurodivergent students. An interactive roundtable discussion was held to brainstorm best practice for harnessing the power of neurodiversity in the clinical learning environment. Several consistent themes emerged. Most veterinary schools provide some degree of support for neurodivergent individuals, but support varies widely. Four of the 8 schools provide support at open days and/or following offers, with one school offering a summer school. Five schools confirmed that accommodations were made to clinical rotations and/or extramural studies in line with a support plan from their Disability Service. Despite these steps to assist neurodivergent students, support could, and should, be increased to improve the student experience. Suggested enhancements include a supportive environment for the empowerment of disclosure, neurodiversity awareness training for university staff and placement providers, provision of reasonable adjustment guidelines for EMS providers, clinical/intramural rotation orientation and support, and student access to a neurodiversity mentor/coach.

Zoning and regulation of compound flooding in coastal cities coupled with tracer method

Urban inland rivers play a significant role in mitigating flooding. However, the influence of their discharge on urban flooding affected by different flood drivers remains to be fully explored. Taking a catchment area in Haikou City, Hainan Province, China as an example, in light of the urban flooding model coupled with the water tracer method, this study investigates the degree of inundation in each flood zone under different inland river flows. The flood zones are determined by the flooding simulation results of three cases, and then are verified by the zonation based on the tide tracer approach. Finally, the tracer method is used to study the impact of urban inland rivers on flooding and the connection of hydraulic and water volume between rivers and pipelines. The results indicate that the inundation area decreased by 3.71 % as the river flow increased from 15 to 25 m3/s. In the process of river flow rising from 5 to 45 m3/s, The average flooding depth in the rainfall-affected area climbs slowly from 0.53 m to 0.62 m; In the tidal-affected area, the average flooding depth drops from 0.52 m to 0.12 m when the inland river flow increases from 5 to 25 m3/s, and rises from 0.12 m to 0.54 m when the inland river flow continues from 25 to 45 m3/s; The percentage of pipelines grows from 18.5 % to 28.0 %. This study provides valuable scientific insights and support for flood prevention planning and flood control strategies in coastal cities.

Design and Implementation of an Intelligent Financial Management System Based on Enterprise Legal System

Based on the legal system of enterprises, in the realm of intelligent financial management, accurately predicting the impact of retail promotional activities on revenue is crucial. However, traditional methods often struggle to address the complexity of promotional effects and the variability of consumer behavior, resulting in less accurate predictions. To tackle this issue, we propose a novel model, TCGNet, based on deep learning techniques. This model integrates TCN and GNN, optimized by the GWO, to provide more precise predictions of the impact of promotional activities on revenue. Experimental results demonstrate significant advantages of the TCGNet model across various metrics, offering more reliable support for retail financial management. This research aims to furnish businesses with more precise and timely financial planning and budget management support, with the potential to aid in the formulation of more effective marketing strategies and financial decisions.

‘Because it’s who I am’: self-determination of LGBTQ adults with intellectual disability

Lesbian, Gay, Bisexual, Transgender, Intersex, Queer and Asexual (LGBTIQA+) people with intellectual disability face unique challenges in asserting their identities. We aim to understand how Lesbian, Gay, Bisexual, Transgender, and Queer (LGBTQ) individuals with intellectual disability exercise self-determination within disability services. Eight LGBTQ adults with intellectual disability who used disability services participated in qualitative interviews. Fifteen key informants, representing government policy makers, disability service organisations, gender and sexuality educators, and senior leaders of LGBTQ organisations were also interviewed. We found that LGBTQ people with intellectual disability navigate barriers to self-determination: making autonomous decisions about their sexualities or gender identities; coming out and being recognised as LGBTQ; and gaining a sense of belonging in both disability and LGBTQ spaces. We suggest organisational-level actions including: (1) building organisational awareness; (2) including sexuality and gender identities in person centred support planning; and (3) increasing access to positive visual representations and experiences of pride.

Does artificial intelligence promote provincial ecological resilience? Evidence from China

ABSTRACT How does artificial intelligence affect provincial ecological resilience? This study incorporates artificial intelligence, provincial ecological resilience, government environmental attention and public environmental concern into a framework to construct a research model, and selects the panel data of 30 provinces in the Chinese mainland from 2012 to 2021. The multiple regression analysis method is used to empirically analyse the impact of artificial intelligence on provincial ecological resilience, and the moderating roles played by government environmental attention and public environmental concern. The study finds that there is a positive impact of artificial intelligence on provincial ecological resilience, which is confirmed by various robustness tests. Meanwhile, there is a significant promotion role of artificial intelligence for provincial ecological resilience in eastern region, while the promotion role for provincial ecological resilience in non-eastern region is not significant. Government environmental attention and public environmental concern play moderating roles in the impact of artificial intelligence on provincial ecological resilience. Recognizing these findings, policymakers can design targeted support plans to promote the development of artificial intelligence as well as facilitate the roles of government environmental attention and public environmental concern to achieve the enhancement of provincial ecological resilience.

New Renewable Energy for Bali Tourist Destination: Potential and Challenges

Purpose: This research aims to explore potential and challenges of new renewable energy in Bali, which is a popular international tourist destination. Research methods: The research is based on several existing sources, both from daily news and existing articles regarding several renewable energy potentials in Bali. Almost all of the data is secondary data obtained from various agencies in Bali. The data are analyzed using qualitative analysis technique. Results and discussion: Economic growth and the very rapid number of tourist visits to Bali are driving problems in the energy sector. The potential for developing new renewable energy in Bali is very large, such as sunlight, wind and geothermal resources. In this case there are several challenges such as limited land, electricity grid integration, technology and costs, permits and regulations, public awareness, and the influence of weather. Implications: Collaboration between government, private sector, and society is needed to find the right solution. There is a need for a comprehensive action plan and appropriate policy support to accelerate the transition to renewable energy in Bali as an international tourist destination.

“Hope is the Indispensable Life Force”: A Qualitative Study of the Meaning of Hope in the Life Experiences of Lymphoma Patients

Aim Although hope is considered to be of vital importance for cancer patients, it remains uncertain in lymphoma patients. This study aimed to examine the life experiences of patients with lymphoma and reveal the meaning of hope. Method A hermeneutic-phenomenological design was used in this study. 19 lympho¬ma patients who were receiving chemotherapy participated in interviews. Participants were selected through the purposive sampling method, and the interviews were audio-recorded. A phenomenological-hermeneutic approach was used to analyze the data. Results Three themes and 12 sub-themes emerged that summarized the life experiences of patients and the meaning of hope. These themes were as follows: ‘Being in existence’, ‘Hope is the indispensable life force’, and ‘There is always hope, but it varies’. Within the scope of the sub-themes, this study showed that there were changes in the physical and emotional well-being of participants and the importance of discovering the moment. This study, which reveals the meaning of hope as a “desire to return to routine, a bridge from now to the future”, emphasized that both the patients affect hope and the factors related to the disease. Conclusion This study revealed the changes in the physical and emotional well-being of lymphoma patients, the meaning of hope in their life experiences, and the factors affecting hope. It is thought that the findings obtained will contribute to the provision of psychosocial support and care planning by healthcare professionals to strengthen hope in lymphoma patients and may guide future studies.

A Scoping Review of Trauma, Mental Health and First Responders in Australia.

Exposure to traumatic and/or violent events is an inherent part of the first responder role, which increases the risk of developing acute and chronic mental health symptoms and conditions. Suicidality for Australian first responders have recently increased with prevalence considered much higher compared with the general population. To inform specific recommendations for Australian first responders, there is a need to establish what evidence is available regarding these issues within the Australian context. The aim of this scoping review was to explore the impacts of trauma on the mental health of Australian first responders, the strategies recommended to address these issues and any unique needs in rural contexts. A scoping review was undertaken following PRISMA guidelines for scoping reviews. Peer-reviewed articles on Australian first responder mental health from seven databases were screened for inclusion. This review highlights that despite available evidence on the types of traumas and adverse mental health outcomes experienced, less evidence exists pertaining to intervention effectiveness. There are major gaps in evidence within rural and remote contexts which hinders effective planning and delivery of support for rural and regional first responders. Clinicians such as mental health nurses, particularly in rural areas, need to be aware of these gaps which impact planning and delivery of support and are in prime position to ensure screening, interventions and strategies are used and evaluated to determine their suitability for rural first responders.

An Exploration of the Peri-Diagnostic Experiences of Lesbian, Gay and Bisexual People With Dementia Using the Candidacy Framework.

How dementia affects lesbian, gay, bisexual, trans, queer people or those with other minoritised sexual/gender identities (LGBTQ+) is not well understood. Furthermore, existing research often excludes the voices of LGBTQ+ people living with dementia and focuses instead on their care partners. This study addresses this evidence gap by drawing on the ESRC/NIHR funded DETERMIND cohort, consisting of 940 newly diagnosed people with dementia, to explore the peri-diagnostic experiences of people living with dementia who identify as LGBTQ+. We recruited five people (who identified as lesbian, gay or bisexual [LGB]) and completed semi-structured interviews with them and their partner caregivers (n=3) discussing their experiences of (1) engaging with dementia health care services, (2) receiving a dementia diagnosis, and (3) the support they were offered after diagnosis. Interviews were shaped by the Candidacy Framework, a theoretical model for understanding accessibility of health services, and an inductive thematic analysis was employed to develop common themes. Participants did not routinely disclose their LGBTQ+ identities to health service professionals, despite feeling this was an essential aspect of who they are. They relied on their resilience of overcoming previous experiences of lifetime discrimination to navigate complicated dementia care systems. The importance of 'chosen families' as informal support networks for LGBTQ+ people living with dementia was highlighted, particularly given the lack of formal care services they felt comfortable accessing. All participants were concerned about their future care needs and whether they would receive home-based or community-based support that respected their LGBTQ+ identities. This study adds to the limited evidence base that can be used to inform future research, policy and practice seeking to address inequalities across the dementia care pathway. We only interviewed people who identified as LGB so generalizability to the whole LGBTQ+ population is limited, however our data suggest dementia health care professionals should encourage and support disclosures of LGBTQ+ identities so that inclusive care and support planning can be provided to LGBTQ+ people at every stage of dementia.

Is clinician reported practice in Western Australian emergency departments aligned with direct discharge pathway protocols for minor self-limiting fractures? A multi-centre professional survey.

To determine ED clinician's current management for five common minor self-limiting fractures (MSLF) and evaluate practice against evidence-informed direct discharge pathway (DD) protocols. A survey was provided to doctors, nurse practitioners and advanced scope physiotherapists working in seven metropolitan, public health EDs in Perth, Australia. The relative odds of ED location (e.g. which facility) and clinician level factors (e.g. country of initial training, years of ED experience, profession) on recommending care completely consistent with evidence informeddirect discharge pathway protocols were estimated. Two hundred sixty-two clinicians completed the survey. There was variability in practice across all sites, with most reported care assessed at 60%-76% consistency with individual elements of DD care provision. Highest consistency was seen in lower limb immobilisation and DVT prophylaxis. Lowest consistency was seen in weight bearing advice, pain management and (boxer's) fracture reduction and immobilisation. There were very low levels of complete consistency, ranging from 9% (boxer's fracture) to 25% (radial head fracture). Two factors were associated with increased odds of completely consistent care: (i) clinician experience working in ED, with greater duration of practice associated with increased odds ratios (OR range, 1.6-3.3); and (ii) profession, where advanced scope physiotherapy was associated with increased odds ratios (OR range, 3.2-25.0). Survey results suggested system wide variation in ED fracture management practice and target areas for service improvement. Avenues for service improvement could include hospital wide agreed management plans for specific fractures and support for less experienced clinicians.

Preparing Cadastral Map Databases for Mosul District

Investigates the development and implementation of digital cadastral map databases for Mosul District, Iraq, addressing the transition from traditional paper-based systems to modern geospatial technologies. The research explores the integration of Geographic Information Systems (GIS), remote sensing, and Global Positioning System (GPS) technologies to enhance cadastral mapping processes. Encompass data collection from diverse sources, including high-resolution satellite imagery, aerial photography, and existing cadastral maps. A comprehensive analysis of data types— vector, raster, Triangulated Irregular Network (TIN), and tabular—is conducted to establish an optimal database structure. The study delineates the technical capabilities of GIS in data processing, spatial analysis, and model preparation, emphasizing the importance of data accuracy and consistency. A systematic approach to data entry, including map scanning, georeferencing, and digitization, is presented. The research outlines the creation of a multi-layered geographic database, incorporating both spatial and descriptive data. Protocols for database updating using satellite imagery and field surveys are developed, ensuring the currency and reliability of cadastral information. The results demonstrate significant improvements in data management, spatial analysis capabilities, and information accessibility compared to traditional methods. The study concludes that digital cadastral databases offer enhanced decision-making support for land administration and urban planning in Mosul District. Contributes to the body of knowledge on modernizing cadastral systems in developing regions, providing insights into technological integration, data standardization, and the challenges associated with transitioning to digital cadastral management systems. The findings have implications for policy makers and land administrators seeking to implement similar systems in comparable urban contexts.

Pedagogical infrastructures in multidisciplinary technology education

AbstractIn multidisciplinary technology education, teachers work together to support pupils in designing with technology. The different forms of support are based on establishing pedagogical infrastructures for pupils’ learning of technology. Although previous studies have identified the main forms of pedagogical infrastructure, how they can be leveraged in collaborative technology education remains elusive. This study adopts the perspective of teaching teams in exploring the kinds of pedagogical infrastructures involved in the collaborative planning and implementation of support for learning by collaborative designing (LCD). The data consist of semi-structured interviews with 11 technology education teaching teams. The participants were 21 experienced in-service teachers who worked in primary, secondary, and general upper secondary schools. A multiple case study approach was applied to identify the differences between the teaching teams in the planning and implementation phases. The data were analyzed following the principles of qualitative content analysis. The findings revealed that the application of pedagogical infrastructures varied during the teaching teams’ process of collaboration. In the planning phase, support was mainly based on establishing material-technological infrastructures. In the implementation phase, teachers often leveraged scaffolding and epistemological infrastructures. Pedagogical infrastructures were mostly targeted for the early stages of the LCD process, as well as in the stage of experimenting and testing design ideas.

Correlation between Soil Moisture Change and Geological Disasters in E’bian Area (Sichuan, China)

E’bian Yi Autonomous County is a mineral-rich area located in a complex geological structure zone. The region experiences frequent geological disasters due to concentrated rainfall, steep terrain, and uneven vegetation cover. In particular, during the rainy season, large amounts of rainwater rapidly accumulate, increasing soil moisture and slope pressure, making landslides and debris flows more likely. Additionally, human activities such as mining, road construction, and building can alter the original geological structure, exacerbating the risk of geological disasters. According to publicly available data from the Leshan government, various types of geological disasters occurred in 2019, 2020, 2022, and 2023, resulting in economic losses and casualties. Although some studies have focused on geological disaster issues in E’bian, these studies are often limited to specific areas or types of disasters and lack comprehensive spatial and temporal analysis. Furthermore, due to constraints in technology, funding, and manpower, geophysical exploration, field geological exploration, and environmental ecological investigations have been challenging to carry out comprehensively, leading to insufficient and unsystematic data collection. To provide data support and monitoring for regional territorial spatial planning and geological disaster prevention and control, this paper proposes a new method to study the correlation between soil moisture changes and geological disasters. Six high-resolution Landsat remote sensing images were used as the main data sources to process the image band data, and terrain factors were extracted and classified using a digital elevation model (DEM). Meanwhile, a Normalized Difference Vegetation Index–Land Surface Temperature (NDVI-LST) feature space was constructed. The Temperature Vegetation Drought Index (TVDI) was calculated to analyze the variation trend and influencing factors of soil moisture in the study area. The research results showed that the variation in soil moisture in the study area was relatively stable, and the overall soil moisture content was high (0.18 &lt; TVDI &lt; 0.33). However, due to the large variation in topographic relief, it could provide power and be a source basis for geological disasters such as landslide and collapse, so the inversion value of TVDI was small. The minimum and maximum values of the correlation coefficient (R2) were 0.60 and 0.72, respectively, indicating that the surface water content was relatively large, which was in good agreement with the calculated results of vegetation coverage and conducive to the restoration of ecological stability. In general, based on the characteristics of remote sensing technology and the division of soil moisture critical values, the promoting and hindering effects of soil moisture on geological hazards can be accurately described, and the research results can provide effective guidance for the prevention and control of geological hazards in this region.

코로나19 팬데믹 상황에서 초기 청소년의 가정에서의 경험과 변화에 대한 개념도 연구

Purpose: The purpose of this study was to explore the conceptual structure of early adolescents' experiences and changes at home in the context of the COVID-19 pandemic. Methods: For this purpose, focusing questions were developed to generate ideas from 20 male and female students in the first and second grades of middle school, and ultimately 62 statements were derived. Research participants rated the similarity classification of the final statements and the degree to which they matched their own experiences and changes, and based on the results, multidimensional scaling and hierarchical cluster analysis were performed to derive a concept map. Results: As a result of the study, the concept map was classified six clusters and composed of two dimensions : ‘the experience of living with family members’ vs. ‘personal life experience (x-axis)’and ‘class and academic attitude vs personal activities (Y-axis)’. Six clusters were ‘increased worries and conflicts about family members’, ‘as family members spent more time together, intimacy increase’, ‘changes in personal life patterns at home and opportunities for personal growth’, ‘changes in personal life patterns and increased negative emotional experiences’, ‘increased personal activities at home’, ‘changes in (online/offline) class and academic attitudes during the COVID era’. Second, as a result of evaluating the degree of agreement, the research participants recognized the ‘increased personal activity at home’ cluster as most consistent with their own experiences and changes. Conclusion: Based on these research results, implications regarding educational intervention and support plan for the healthy growth of early adolescents who experienced COVID-19 were discussed.

Multi–Scenario Prediction of Land Cover Changes and Habitat Quality Based on the FLUS–InVEST Model in Beijing

As urbanization accelerates worldwide, understanding the impact of urban expansion on habitat quality has become increasingly critical in environmental science research. This study examines the impact of urban expansion on habitat quality in Beijing, forecasting land cover changes and ecological effects by 2030. Using CA–Markov and FLUS models, the research analyzes habitat quality from 2000 to 2030 through the InVEST model, revealing a significant urban land increase of 1316.47 km2 and a consequent habitat quality decline. Predictions for 2030 indicate varying habitat quality outcomes across three scenarios: ecological priority (0.375), natural growth (0.373), and urban development (0.359). We observed that the natural growth scenario forecasts a further decline in habitat quality, primarily due to increased low–value habitat regions. Conversely, the ecological priority scenario projects a notable improvement in habitat quality. To mitigate habitat degradation in Beijing and enhance regional habitat quality and ecological conditions, it is recommended to control urban land cover expansion, adopt effective ecological conservation policies, and systematically carry out national spatial restructuring and ecological restoration. This research provides vital decision–making support for urban planning and ecological conservation, emphasizing the need for comprehensive land cover and ecological strategies in urban development. Additionally, our findings and methodologies are applicable to other rapidly urbanizing cities worldwide. This demonstrates the broader applicability and relevance of our research, providing a framework for sustainable urban planning in diverse global contexts.

Advance directives in amyotrophic lateral sclerosis – a systematic review and meta-analysis

BackgroundAmyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) is a neurodegenerative disease of the upper and lower motoneuron. It is associated with a life expectancy of 2–4 years after diagnosis. Individuals experience paralysis, dysphagia, respiratory failure and loss of communicative function, rendering advance care planning (ACP) critically important. This systematic review primarily aimed to internationally compare the application of advance directives (AD) and ACP in ALS. Its secondary aim was to identify ACP preferences, identify fields for future research and to generate recommendations for improving patient care through ACP.MethodsWe conducted a systematic literature review and meta-analysis. Five electronic databases (Embase, Medline, Scopus, PsycInfo and CENTRAL) were searched for qualitative and quantitative primary literature from 1999 to 2024. Cross-references were used to identify additional publications. Study selection was performed based on inclusion criteria. Number and content of AD were extracted systematically. After statistical analysis consecutive meta-analysis was performed for international differences and changes over time. Quality assessment of studies was performed using the MMAT (Mixed Methods Appraisal Tool). PROSPERO Registration (June 07, 2021) : CRD42021248040.ResultsA total of 998 records was screened of which 26 were included in the synthesis. An increase in publication numbers of 88.9% was observed from 1999 to 2024. Results regarding use and content of AD were heterogeneous and international differences were detected. AD were signed in 60.4% of records (1,629 / 2,696 patients). The number of AD decreased over time when separating the review period in two decades (1st 1999–2011: 78% vs. 2nd 2012–2024: 42%). Study quality was superior in qualitative and mixed method designs compared to quantitative studies.ConclusionFurther prospective studies should include detailed analyses on preferences regarding ventilation and artificial nutrition in ALS and should encompass countries of the global south. Despite the complexity of ACP with regard to individual patient needs, ACP should be part of each individual support plan for ALS patients and should specifically comprise a discussion on the preferred place of death. The available disease-specific AD documents should be preferred.

A Super-Resolution and 3D Reconstruction Method Based on OmDF Endoscopic Images.

In the field of endoscopic imaging, challenges such as low resolution, complex textures, and blurred edges often degrade the quality of 3D reconstructed models. To address these issues, this study introduces an innovative endoscopic image super-resolution and 3D reconstruction technique named Omni-Directional Focus and Scale Resolution (OmDF-SR). This method integrates an Omnidirectional Self-Attention (OSA) mechanism, an Omnidirectional Scale Aggregation Group (OSAG), a Dual-stream Adaptive Focus Mechanism (DAFM), and a Dynamic Edge Adjustment Framework (DEAF) to enhance the accuracy and efficiency of super-resolution processing. Additionally, it employs Structure from Motion (SfM) and Multi-View Stereo (MVS) technologies to achieve high-precision medical 3D models. Experimental results indicate significant improvements in image processing with a PSNR of 38.2902 dB and an SSIM of 0.9746 at a magnification factor of ×2, and a PSNR of 32.1723 dB and an SSIM of 0.9489 at ×4. Furthermore, the method excels in reconstructing detailed 3D models, enhancing point cloud density, mesh quality, and texture mapping richness, thus providing substantial support for clinical diagnosis and surgical planning.

An interdisciplinary overview of levee setback benefits: Supporting spatial planning and implementation of riverine nature‐based solutions

AbstractNature‐based solutions (NbS, and related concepts like natural infrastructure, Ecosystem‐based Adaptation, and green infrastructure) are increasingly recognized as multi‐benefit strategies for addressing the critical sustainability challenges of the Anthropocene, including the climate emergency and biodiversity crisis. Mainstreaming NbS in professional practice requires strategic, landscape‐level planning integrating multiple sources of benefits and their synergies and trade‐offs. Levee setbacks (LS) are among the best‐studied riverine NbS with recognized benefits for flood risk management, drought resilience, water quality management, recreational opportunities, and ecological restoration for biodiversity. Although awareness of the multifarious benefits of LS as forms of Natural Capital is growing, implementation remains ad‐hoc and opportunistic. To address this critical implementation gap for one major example of NbS, we review and synthesize literature across diverse disciplines to provide an overview of the primary social, economic, and ecological mechanisms that affect the co‐benefit delivery of LS projects. Next, to make this information relevant to NbS practitioners, we link these mechanisms to spatial metrics that can be used to approximate the relative magnitude of project benefits and costs across these mechanisms. Finally, we highlight examples of key synergies and trade‐offs among benefits that should be considered for LS planning. This synthetic approach is intended to familiarize readers with the diverse potential benefits of LS, and provide an understanding of how to select and prioritize potential sites for further study and implementation. Synergies and trade‐offs among important benefit drivers abound, and social equity concerns will be paramount in ensuring the successful implementation of LS and other NbS in the future.This article is categorized under: Engineering Water &gt; Sustainable Engineering of Water Engineering Water &gt; Planning Water Water and Life &gt; Nature of Freshwater Ecosystems

Perceived Social Isolation Among Patients With Multiple Sclerosis Suffering From Disease-Induced Pain and Disability.

Patients with multiple sclerosis (MS) face a wide range of symptoms, including physical disability, imbalance, motor disorders, and acute and chronic pain. The psychosocial consequences of these symptoms may limit social well-being and quality of life in these patients. The aim of the study was to assess self-perceived social isolation among patients with MS and its relationship with pain intensity and disability status. This cross-sectional study was conducted on 200 patients with MS referred to neurology wards and clinics, the MS Association, and rehabilitation centers. Data collection tools used included a demographic information form, Numeric Pain Rating Scale, Expanded Disability Status Scale, and Social Isolation Questionnaire. The mean scores of 4.66 ( SD = 1.15) for disability and 4.18 ( SD = 2.22) for pain intensity both indicated moderate levels of both. Of the sample, 21.5% (43 patients) reported no pain, 22.5% ( n = 45) reported mild pain, 35% ( n = 70) reported moderate pain, and 21% ( n = 42) reported intense pain. The average social isolation score was 63.52 ( SD = 3.32), which is higher than the theoretical average. Of the sample, 44.5% reported low social isolation, whereas 55.5% indicated high social isolation. Gender, duration of MS, economic status, disability status, and pain intensity were all found to be significantly associated with social isolation in patients with MS (all p s < .05). Based on the findings, comprehensive support plans are necessary to improve psychosocial well-being, social life, and quality of life in patients with MS.