Supply Voltage Level Research Articles

Positive Rail Voltage Rise Behavior and Inhibition Analysis of Regenerative Braking of Medium–Low-Speed Maglev Train

When a medium–low-speed (MLS) maglev train is braking, part of its regenerative braking (RB) power consumption may cause a significant rise in the positive rail (PR) voltage. For RB energy re-utilization, an RB energy feedback system (RBEFS) is a promising application, but there is still no specific research in the field of MLS maglev trains. From this perspective, this article focuses on identifying the PR voltage rise behavior and investigating the application of an RBEFS on the over-voltage inhibition. Some development trends of the MLS maglev train, including the DC 3 kV traction grid system and the speed being raised to 160~200 km/h, are also considered in the analyzed scenarios. At first, a modeling scheme of a detailed vehicle–grid electrical power model with the RBEFS is established. On this basis, the PR voltage rise characteristics are analyzed with consideration of three pivotal influencing factors: RB power, PR impedance and supply voltage level. Subsequently, to stabilize the PR voltage fluctuations, the influence rules of the RBEFS on the voltage rise and the mutual transient voltage influences under the operating status switching for multiple vehicles running on the same power supply section are analyzed.

Influence of the Supply Voltage Variation on the Conducted Emission in the Frequency Range up to 150 kHz Injected into the Power Grid by CFL and LED Lamps—Case Study

In normal operating conditions, the mains voltage level provided by low-voltage distribution networks follows time-varying patterns within permissible limits. The statistical characterisation of disturbances inserted into the power grid by nonlinear electrical devices is useful since operators are able to establish power quality limits and assess the residual capacity of networks for new smart installations, which may include a multitude of power electronic devices. Existing standards related to emission tests recommend using a power supply source in the measurement circuit with a nominal voltage parameter. However, the range of permissible variations of relevant supply voltage parameters may have an impact on conducted emissions. It can also be considered that the symptoms of supply voltage variations may manifest themselves differently depending on the equipment’s architecture and also the range of frequency observation with reference to harmonics and supraharmonics. The purpose of this study is to measure and analyze non-intentional conducted emissions injected into the power grid by lighting devices, methodically, by numbers of studies under different supply voltage conditions within two frequency bands. The emission is evaluated separately in two ranges: up to 2 kHz and 9-150 kHz. Obtained results show that the level of conducted emission introduced into the low voltage network by modern lighting sources like fluorescent and LED lamps varies with the supply voltage level compared to the emission generated in the nominal voltage level condition. Additionally, in the case of a spectrum of higher frequencies, some trends of shifting of the characteristic frequency bands are recorded. The potential of the obtained results is to complement the knowledge of the emission of modern lighting sources, which can be further used for digital models of these devices and to estimate the impact on the grid under real working conditions.

Comprehensive Modulation Strategies for Synchronous Reluctance Motor Drives Used in Weak Grids

Synchronous reluctance machines are considered a cost-effective solution for several industrial applications and present potential efficiency benefits compared to induction motors. In industrial applications, power supply oscillations can lead to short-term disturbances that can affect the drive operation; therefore, the control must be robust to guarantee high efficiency and service continuity. The focus of this study was to identify the speed boundaries considering different values of applied DC-link voltage, taking into account the highly nonlinear magnetic behavior of the machine and its cross-coupling characteristics. In addition, a comprehensive carrier-based implementation of a pulse width modulation strategy was proposed to achieve optimal efficiency in both the machine and converter, which is essential in the presence of “weak” grids. The proposed technique was demonstrated to meet the desired reference torque and rated speed, even during DC-link voltage drops (up to 7.4% of the rated voltage). The proposed methodology was experimentally validated on a 90 kW SynRM drive with a broader modulation range and higher efficiency. This work considered several different supply voltage levels to assess the stability and continuity of torque output and further proved the proposed method.

A Computational and Experimental Performance Analysis of an Electromagnetic Voltage Regulator Proposal throughout Controlled Series Voltage Injection

Power quality problems related to short or long time voltage variation have motived the search for voltage compensator techniques capable to provide dynamic voltage regulation to accomplish voltage supply levels in accordance with electrical energy agencies acceptable levels. Although one could recognize that a variety of products already offered in the market are capable of attending general electrical power system requirements the available technology comprises quite simple devices till very sophisticate ones. Having in mind the combination of simplicity, competitive cost, low maintenance need and an attractive performance at recovering the voltage deviations, then an electromagnetic concept to restore the desirable voltage within the established voltage levels is here proposed. The control strategy to be used can provide properties that enable this new device at proving the time response in accordance with the needs for long term and short term voltage variations. Concerning the proposed compensator physical topology it consists in extracting the necessary electrical power throughout a shunt transformer and the injection via a series unit. Besides the arrangement, the paper goes further by establishing a computational time domain model and a laboratory experiment to highlight the overall structure effectiveness at compensating voltage changes.

Measuring Performance Using Balance Scorecard and SWOT Analysis: A Case Study of Multinational Electricity Company in Malaysia

Tenaga Nasional Berhad (TNB) is a Malaysian company that is the main supplier of electricity to 10.6 million consumers in the country. In general, TNB electricity tariff is classified differently based on consumer business activity and the supply voltage level supplied. It can either be low, medium or high voltage depending on whether it is for domestic use, commercial, industrial, mining, street lighting or specific agriculture. Not only is electricity the main means of powering convenient modern living, but it is also the lifeblood of modern industries critical for a thriving business environment in the country. However, due to increasingly high generation costs due to global fuel prices incurred, TNB maintains that they have to consider the decision to increase the electricity tariff. The public and the government understandably are concerned because it will affect many parties, especially the increase in the cost of living of their consumers. To understand TNB's justification for raising its electricity tariff bill, a study needs to be conducted. Therefore, the main objective of the study is to evaluate the financial and non-financial performance of TNB. The TNB's annual reports over the past five years (2018 to 2022) have been analysed using the Balanced Scorecard concept. The results of the study show that TNB's income is increasing every year. However, the amount of debt incurred by TNB has also increased. This was followed by a 45% increase in operating expenses. In those five years, the number of users has increased by almost 10%. The conclusion of the study was presented using a SWOT analysis to provide a more meaningful analysis of TNB's performance. In summary, the company's financial and non-financial position is in good condition, as long as the government continues to provide subsidies to cover part of consumers’ electricity bills.

Fast DC Charging Infrastructures for Electric Vehicles: Overview of Technologies, Standards, and Challenges

This paper is an overview of fast charging for electrical vehicles. Specifically, it analyzes the impact of Ultra-Fast Charging Stations (UFCSs) on the distribution grid and their role in the smart grids. Moreover, the paper defines the framework of UFC, its diffusion and the associated new trends. The most frequently used converters in the conversion stages of DC charging stations with integrated generation are analyzed. To achieve this goal four active front end AC-DC converters (unidirectional and bidirectional), three isolated DC-DC converters as well as two control architectures are explored. In comparing the targeted configurations, the main target is set on categorizing them based on supply voltage level, type of smart grid, and power flow of the converters. Further, the paper outlines a broad overview of main standards for UFCSs and evaluation of the reliability, data collection, and operation of UFCSs. The paper aims to to link the needs of the designers of charging stations to preferences of the commercial market.

Influence of the Type of Receiver on Electrical Energy Losses in Power Grids

The development of power electronics, including high-efficiency power supply systems, changes the structure of perception of the types of electrical energy receivers connected to the power grid at each supply voltage level. In the past, the dominant type of receivers were constant impedance devices. Currently, more and more devices have power supplies, which are most often constant power receivers. The construction and technological diversity of receivers allows mixed receivers, which are a combination of constant power and constant impedance receivers, to be distinguished. Therefore, there is a need to determine the impact of the type of electrical energy receivers on the power grid, both in the context of the operation of a single receiver and in the case of a branched power grid with a high penetration of distributed generation. This article will discuss the impact of the type of electrical energy receivers on the operation of the power grid, with particular emphasis on the issue of electrical energy losses at changing voltages. To determine the impact of receivers, simulation studies were performed based on two case stages: the first is a fragment of a low-voltage power grid in a household that supplies a heating device, which is analyzed as a different type of receiver; the second is a fragment of a low-voltage power grid with various types of consumers and photovoltaic installations. The research was carried out on the basis of the mathematical model of the low-voltage power network developed by the authors using the electric multipole method and Newton’s method. The obtained results show that the type of receiver may have an impact on electrical energy losses.

Three-phase Voltage Imbalance Protection System

Voltage imbalance condition often causes issues in the operation of three-phase electrical equipment. It results in overheating, improper operation, or performance-related issues. The system proposed here was developed to protect the three-phase rectifier used in a DC Machines lab with 30kW capacity from the voltage imbalance. It was developed as a simple and low-cost system that can effectively satisfy the intention. It continuously compares the supply voltage levels using voltage sensors and stops the power supply if there is a significant difference in the phase voltage levels. It will display the phase voltage levels in the liquid crystal display and also will give an alert using the buzzer. This system was successfully implemented and tested and can be used to protect other three-phase equipment as well.

Energy Efficiency Improvement with Reversible Substations for Electrified Transportation Systems

More and more often overall energy efficiency of an electrified transportation system appears as target of new constructions, sometimes with incomplete definitions of performance indexes to assess that target has been reached. A worked out example is based on the introduction of reversible substations. Reversible substations are a method to improve energy efficiency, whose application in an existing system can be progressive and does not require large traffic intensity to be effective. Their effectiveness depends on some system parameters (nominal catenary voltage in particular). A simulation model fed with experimental data from a line section of Metro de Madrid is used to demonstrate the operation and optimization of reversible substations. Background The ambitious reduction of CO2 greenhouse gas emission within 2050 declared by the European Commission also involves transportation systems. In this context an optimum recovery of the electric braking energy produced by railway vehicles is more and more relevant. Several strategies to completely recover the braking energy are being developed and applied. A methodology that allows the accurate determination of the amount of recovered energy in real operating conditions becomes then a valuable tool. Objective Reversible substations are one of the braking energy recovery methods that are widely applicable. Their effect is analyzed in a system perspective, considering them integrated in the transportation system with its dynamics and various operating points. The effectiveness and consequences of the operation of one or more reversible substations are evaluated by identifying relevant system conditions and scenarios. Methods An electric network model is provided, fed by measured timetable and traction current. Simulation results are analyzed and compared with some experimental results: simulation configurations will be selected to match those of the available experimental data. Results The selected substation no-load output voltage level has a significant effect on efficiency and performance of reversible substations. A reduction of 50 V, from 1700 V to 1650 V produces a decrease of the energy dissipated by the braking rheostat on-board trains of about 13%. The voltage increase caused during braking phases is kept under control better for track positions close to reversible substations: tests show that line voltage increase is 2.5% of nominal value with a reversible substation, and only 0.5% when it is operated. Trimming the thresholds that trigger the operation of the on-board braking chopper (intermingling regenerative and dissipative braking) has a dramatic effect on regenerability: a reduction of 50 V causes an improvement of 19%. Conclusion The paper presents a methodology that merges measurements and circuital model to investigate on the energy saving provided by reversible substations supplying railway system. The methodology has been applied to a real case. Preliminary results regarding the impact of supply voltage level, reversible module position and threshold levels of the braking chopper control system on the dissipated braking energy and power quality has been carried out.

Energy Management System and Enhancement of Power Quality with Grid Integrated Micro-grid using Adaptive Fuzzy Logic Controller

Microgrids (MGs) are a flexible way to incorporate renewable energy sources into the grid. Micro grid (MG)offers a different way to generate electricity at the supply voltage level through installation of small distributed energy sources. Through their interconnection, the power electronics components contribute to MG's adaptability and dependability. Power quality issues are caused by grid’s many non-linear, unbalanced loads. Intelligent controllers must be implemented to boost Micro-grid power quality, battery characteristics, MPPT for solar, wind power. Adaptive controllers are favored in this study. By controlling charging, discharging of battery units in response to generation-demand mismatches, battery status, integrated micro-grids that make use of adaptive fuzzy logic controllers and fuzzy logic controllers can reduce frequency fluctuations. In this article, MPPT is achieved by the application of Petrurb & Observe (P&O), Incremental Conductance (IC) technique. The proposed model's dynamic behaviour is analyzed over operational conditions. During grid isolation, measurements of solar irradiance, temperature, wind speed are taken from connected systems, calculations of actual, reactive power are made. The results are obtained by MATLAB/ SIMULINK .

Development of a method for determining the rational installation location of technical means of symmetry in an electrical complex with the presence of an electric motor load

The work is devoted to the development of a methodological approach to correcting the level of supply voltage in the electrical network by developing an algorithmized method for determining the rational installation location of technical means of symmetry in an electrical complex with the presence of an electric motor load. The developed method makes it possible to implement processes aimed at ensuring the effective functioning of the electrical complex with the presence of an electric motor load in conditions of low-quality supply voltage. The proposed method, based on software, provides design procedures for calculating various options for symmetry and choosing the most economically feasible. Attention is focused on the main criteria for evaluating decisions made when designing the location of technical means of symmetry in the electrical complex. The architecture, the main functional features of the application program as a tool for implementing the calculation method are considered. The program ensures the implementation of electrical calculations in the design, modernization and operation of electrical networks. It provides for the construction of schematic diagrams of sections of electrical complexes with installed means of symmetry. The results of experimental studies demonstrating the effectiveness of the developed method in solving problems of voltage symmetry in the supply electrical network are presented. It is obvious that the developed approach, based on the automatic selection of the locations of the means of symmetry depending on the operating conditions of the electric motor load, makes it possible to automate the design procedures for voltage normalization in the electrical network. Provides minimization of voltage asymmetry in the supply electrical network, contributes to improving the operational reliability of low-voltage asynchronous electric motors. The obtained research results and prospects for the application of the developed approach are discussed, both for solving complex design problems and for the economic justification of local design solutions. A detailed analysis and formalization of the results of the study with relevant conclusions were carried out.

Energy-Saving Load Control of Induction Electric Motors for Drives of Working Machines to Reduce Thermal Wear

The influence of reduced voltage on the service life of an induction motor is considered in this article. An algorithm for calculating the rate of thermal wear of induction motor insulation under reduced supply voltage depending on the load and the mechanical characteristics of the working machine has been developed. It determines the change in the rate of thermal wear under alternating external effects on the motor (supply voltage and load) and allows forecasting its service life under these conditions. The dependency graphs of the rate of insulation thermal wear on the motor load for various levels of supply voltage and various mechanical characteristics of working machines are provided in the work. It was determined that the rate of thermal wear of the induction motor insulation increases significantly when the voltage is reduced compared to its nominal value with nominal load on the motor. The authors propose to consider this fact for resource-saving control of the motor. The paper presents the results of experimental verification of the obtained rule for “Asynchronous Interelectro” (AI) series electric motors that confirm its accuracy. Based on the obtained correlation, the rule of voltage regulation in energy-saving operation mode has been derived. The proposed rule takes into account the thermal impact on the electric motor running in energy-saving mode and enables saving its resource, which, in turn, results in extending its service life. The research does not consider additional effects on the electric motor except the thermal one.

Potentials and Comparison of Inverter Topologies for Future All-Electric Aircraft Propulsion

Decarbonization of the air transport sector is a major challenge for the upcoming years. To achieve this goal, electrification of the propulsion for small to medium civil aircraft is a key enabler for various concepts, ranging from hybrid over fuel cell to full battery powered aircraft. While small electric aircraft for lower altitudes already exist, it is necessary to extend the power range to several megawatts for passenger aircraft flying at medium to high altitudes. Here, the question of the most promising inverter topology and dc supply voltage level is yet to be answered. Challenges include lightweight, high efficiency, and reliability due to cosmic-ray-induced failures. To address this, a broad range of topologies, covering conventional two-level, three-level inverters, and modular multilevel converters (MMCs), are compared in this article. For this purpose, an inverter design methodology is introduced, including chip area optimization, inverter loss, and weight calculation. As a prerequisite, a loss model for high-voltage silicon carbide (SiC) MOSFETs is derived and used to estimate the characteristics for voltage levels not readily available today. Uncertainty is addressed by covering several scenarios.

Static CMOS Physically Unclonable Function Based on 4T Voltage Divider With 0.6%–1.5% Bit Instability at 0.4–1.8 V Operation in 180 nm

This article introduces a novel class of static and monostable CMOS physically unclonable functions (PUFs) for hardware security applications. The PUF bitcell is based on a sub-threshold four-transistor (4T) voltage divider as the core block, along with an inverter as the output stage. The 4T voltage divider consists of two series-connected and nominally identical PMOS-only two-transistor (2T) circuits. This allows inherently random bit generation assisted by mismatch while also ensuring inherent robustness against environmental variations. A 180-nm test chip was characterized to validate our solution. Measurements of the 4T bitcell core prove its capability to generate random voltages with high dispersion (i.e., close to either ground or supply voltage levels) and high stability across a wide range of environmental conditions. The statistical PUF performance was evaluated on an <inline-formula xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink"> <tex-math notation="LaTeX">$8\times32$ </tex-math></inline-formula> bitcell array without applying any post-silicon stability-enhancement technique. Raw measurements reveal a bit instability of only ~0.6% at golden key (GK) conditions (1.8 V and 25 °C), which increases up to 1.5% at 0.4 V and room temperature. When compared to prior art, our solution shows competitive performance in terms of stability, uniqueness (mean normalized inter-PUF Hamming distance (HD) of 0.493), and reproducibility (mean normalized intra-PUF HD of 0.0016), at the cost of more area-hungry design (~7200-F <sup xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">2</sup> bitcell area).

The effect of gate voltage boosting on the power efficiency of multi-context FPGAs

Gate voltage boosting has been routinely used in FPGAs to increase the performance and energy efficiency of pass transistor circuits. The boosting technique is used either alone or in conjunction with level restorers to restore pass transistor outputs to the supply voltage level, which can lead to significant improvement in the power-delay product. Gate voltage boosting is achieved in conventional FPGAs by powering the configuration memory with the boosted voltage and boosted data coming from the configuration memory is directly applied to the gates of the routing multiplexers. In multi-context FPGAs, however, configuration memory data need to pass through the context switches before it can be applied to the routing multiplexers. Passing boosted signals through the context switches can result in significantly higher power consumption, which can be a major concern in multi-context FPGAs. As a result, this work investigates the removal of gate voltage boosting from FPGAs and compares the energy efficiencies of the boosted FPGAs and FPGAs without boosting for multi-context FPGAs. We found that if frequent content switching is required then non-boosted multi-context FPGAs with a larger number of configuration contexts achieve lower power-delay-product compared to boosted multi-context FPGAs. In particular, for single-context FPGAs, boosted FPGAs have 15%–65% lower power-delay product than FPGAs without boosting. Boosted multi-context FPGAs maintain this advantage if the context switching is done infrequently. This advantage, however, reduces if the context switching is done more frequently and, at the same time, boosted FPGAs also become less efficient in terms of power-delay-product as the number of configuration contexts is increased. For ten configuration contexts, FPGAs without boosting can achieve 2%–35% lower power-delay product compared to boosted FPGAs if the context switching is performed every clock cycle and this advantage continues to rise as the number of configuration contexts is increased. Furthermore, FPGAs without boosting also have the advantage of achieving higher logic capacity compared to boosted FPGAs. Under the same power budget, for ten configuration contexts, FPGAs without boosting achieve 1.2–2 times higher logic capacity compared to boosted FPGAs.

Accurate Induction Machines Efficiency Mapping Computed by Standard Test Parameters

The extensive electrification process that is taking holds in several applications makes increasingly necessary the virtualization of electric components for energetic and performance assessments during the system design stage. For this purpose, this article proposes a straightforward methodology for computing the efficiency maps of induction machines (IMs) operated in wide torque-speed ranges. The modeling approach is based on the IM equivalent circuit defined in the rotor <i>dq</i> coordinates. The procedure allows computing a set of efficiency maps at different machine temperatures and supply voltage levels, both for motor and generator operation modes. The equivalent circuit parameters at different frequencies and voltages are determined by means of the well-known no-load and locked-rotor tests, thus including in the modeling the machine nonlinearities, skin effect and the iron losses. The proposed methodology has been validated on a 10 kW, four-pole IM. The comparison between computed and experimental efficiency maps for different operating conditions, confirm the validity of the proposed methodology.

Design of Low Power and High-Speed Cmos D Flipflop using Supply Voltage Level (SVL) Methods

This Project details about the design of D Flip Flop (DFPFP). This D Flip Flop circuit is analyzed by using the supply voltage level methods. These methods are used mainly to suppress the power consumption caused due to leakage currents. In addition, because of this implemented technique, the time taken for battery backup, and the supply voltage given at standby mode gets minimized. The projected circuit uses a smaller number of transistors, such that power consumption and leakage currents are in prior limit. Mainly, the CMOS D Flip Flops are designed to use them in binary counters, shift registers, Analog and Digital circuit designs. And this circuit design is implemented in 45nm CMOS Technology Cadence Virtuoso Tool.

High-Precision Low-Temperature Drift LDO Regulator Tailored for Time-Domain Temperature Sensors.

This paper proposes a high-precision LDO with low-temperature drift suitable for sensitive time-domain temperature sensors. Its topology is based on multiple feedback loops and a novel approach to frequency compensation, that allows the LDO to maintain a large DC gain while handling capacitive loads that vary over a wide range. The key design constraints are derived by using a simplified, yet intuitive and effective, small-signal analysis devised for LDOs with multiple feedback loops. Simulation and measurement results are presented for implementation in a standard 130 nm CMOS process: the LDO outputs a stable 1 V voltage, when the input voltage varies between 1.25 V to 1.5 V, the load current between 0 and 100 mA, and the load capacitor between zero and 400 pF. It exhibits a DC load regulation of 1 µV/mA, a 288 µV output offset with a standard deviation of 9.5 mV. A key feature for the envisaged application is the very low thermal drift of the output offset: only 14.4 mV across the temperature range of −40 °C to +150 °C. Overall, the LDO output voltage stays within +/−3.5% of the nominal DC value over the entire line voltage, load, and temperature ranges, without trimming. The LDO requires only 1.4µA quiescent current, yet it provides excellent responses to load transients. The output voltage undershoot and overshoot caused by the load current jumping between 0 and 100 mA in 1 µs are: 10%/22% for CL = 0 and 12%/16% for CL = 400 pF, respectively. A comparative analysis against seven LDOs published in the last decade, designed for similar levels of supply voltage and output voltage and current, shows that the LDO presented here is the best option for supplying sensitive time-domain temperature sensors. The smallest thermal drift of the output offset, smaller than +/−15 mV, that is, 6.7 times smaller than its closest competitor, and the best overall performance when PSR up to 1 kHz, was considered.

Исследование тепловыделений в наномодифицированных эластомерах при растяжении и кручении под действием электрического напряжения

The authors studied the elastomers modified with carbon nanotubes (MWCNTs) with a mass concentration from 1 to 8 % wt. and investigated the modes of heat release of nanomodified elastomers within the range between 30 and 260 V (of alternating current) at different levels of stretching and torsion. Samples of elastomers with the MWCNT concentration from 1 to 5 % wt. in the supply voltage range up to 260 V did not generate heat. The study showed that heat release when feeding composites of elastomers with MWCNTs was observed at a mass concentration of 6 % wt. of MWCNTs and a supply voltage of 70 V. The maximum voltage for an elastomer sample with 6 % wt. of MWCNTs reaches 260 V. An increase in concentration to 7 % wt. causes the increase in the heat release power and the decrease in the maximum supply voltage level to 180 V when the initial heat release voltage is 40 V. At the 8 % wt. concentration, the power increases, and the limiting voltage drops to 100 V, while the initial voltage becomes 36 V. The study identified that when twisting elastomer by 360°, the areas with an increased temperature on the right and in the central zone of the sample (49.5 °C) are formed. The temperature at the bend point increases up to 50.2° С when twisting elastomer by 540°. An increase in the twisting angle to 1080° leads to the formation of areas with the elevated temperature near the right-side current-carrying clamp. It is worth noting the possibility of using the produced samples of elastomers with MWCNTs as sensitive elements of strain sensors, which will allow obtaining the information on physical and chemical parameters according to the principles of measuring the change in electrical resistance that occurs during stretching and torsion.

SILVerIn: Systematic Integrity Verification of Printed Circuit Board Using JTAG Infrastructure

A printed circuit board (PCB) provides necessary mechanical support to an electronic system and acts as a platform for connecting electronic components. Counterfeiting and in-field tampering of PCBs have become significant security concerns in the semiconductor industry as a result of increasing untrusted entities in the supply chain. These counterfeit components may result in performance degradation, profit reduction, and reputation risk for the manufacturers. While Integrated Circuit (IC) level authentication using physical unclonable functions (PUFs) has been widely investigated, countermeasures at the PCB level are scarce. These approaches either suffer from significant overhead issues, or opportunistic counterfeiters can breach them like clockwork. Besides, they cannot be extended to system-level (both chip and PCB together), and their applications are also limited to a specific purpose (i.e., either counterfeiting or tampering). In this article, we introduce SILVerIn , a novel systematic approach to verify the authenticity of all chips used in a PCB as well as the board for combating attacks such as counterfeiting, cloning, and in-field malicious modifications. We develop this approach by utilizing the existing boundary scan architecture (BSA) of modern ICs and PCBs. As a result, its implementation comes at a negligible (∼0.5%) hardware overhead. SILVerIn is integrated into a PCB design during the manufacturing phase. We implement our technique on a custom hardware platform consisting of an FPGA and a microcontroller. We incorporate the industry-standard JTAG (Joint Test Action Group) interface to transmit test data into the BSA and perform hands-on measurement of supply current at both chip and PCB levels on 20 boards. We reconstruct these current values to digital signatures that exhibit high uniqueness, robustness, and randomness features. Our approach manifests strong reproducibility of signatures at different supply voltage levels, even with a low-resolution measurement setup. SILVerIn also demonstrates a high resilience against machine learning-based modeling attacks, with an average prediction accuracy of ∼51%. Finally, we conduct intentional alteration experiments by replacing the on-board FPGA to replicate the scenario of PCB tampering, and the results indicate successful detection of in-field modifications in a PCB.