Supply Points Research Articles

Review of drinking water quality in the northern regions of the Moscow region based on data from Rospotrebnadzor and private laboratories

The problem of drinking water quality affects many aspects of our lives. The use of water that does not comply with the established safety standards can provoke various adverse consequences for humans. This article reviews the quality of drinking water in water intake wells, public wells, springs, and centralized water supply points in apartment buildings in the Taldom and Dmitrov town districts of the Moscow region. As a result of the analysis of the indicators of 76 sources in these areas, it was found that drinking water that fully complies with the Sanitary Regulations and Norms 2.1.4.1074-01 is observed only in 3 sources. Which advises 3.9% of the total. In 96.1% of the sources, the water is not suitable for drinking and requires additional cleaning measures (up to sanitary and hygienic regulatory requirements for disinfection).

Dynamic Relief Items Distribution Model with Sliding Time Window in the Post-Disaster Environment

In smart cities, relief items distribution is a complex task due to the factors such as incomplete information, unpredictable exact demand, lack of resources, and causality levels, to name a few. With the development of Internet of Things (IoT) technologies, dynamic data update provides the scope of distribution schedule to adopt changes with updates. Therefore, the dynamic relief items distribution schedule becomes a need to generate humanitarian supply chain schedules as a smart city application. To address the disaster data updates in different time periods, a dynamic optimised model with a sliding time window is proposed that defines the distribution schedule of relief items from multiple supply points to different disaster regions. The proposed model not only considers the details of available resources dynamically but also introduces disaster region priority along with transportation routes information updates for each scheduling time slot. Such an integrated optimised model delivers an effective distribution schedule to start with and updates it for each time slot. A set of numerical case studies is formulated to evaluate the performance of the optimised scheduling. The dynamic updates on the relief item demands’ travel path, causality level and available resources parameters have been included as performance measures for optimising the distributing schedule. The models have been evaluated based on performance measures to reflect disaster scenarios. Evaluation of the proposed models in comparison to the other perspective static and dynamic relief items distribution models shows that adopting dynamic updates in the distribution model cover most of the major aspects of the relief items distribution task in a more realistic way for post-disaster relief management. The analysis has also shown that the proposed model has the adaptability to address the changing demand and resources availability along with disaster conditions. In addition, this model will also help the decision-makers to plan the post-disaster relief operations in more effective ways by covering the updates on disaster data in each time period.

Comparative Analysis of Some Trace Metals in Municipal and Spring Water from Makerere University and Selected Springs in Bunga, Uganda

Aims: Access to clean and safe water is a challenge globally. This study assessed the levels of three trace metals (iron, copper and chromium) and chlorine in water samples from municipal water supply points in Makerere University and springs from Bunga, Uganda.
 Study Design: This research employed a quantitative analytical method.
 Place and Duration of Study: Samples were collected from five different sites of Makerere University halls and Bunga springs, Kampala. This study was undertaken between May 2021 and October 2021.
 Methodology: Trace metal content and free chlorine of the water samples were determined and calibrated using multiparameter Palintest 7100 photometer.
 Results: Analytical results indicated that the average iron, copper and chromium and chlorine content of the tap water samples from the municipal supply system were 0.0125 ± 0.00433 mg/L, 0.155 ± 0.0384 mg/L, 0.0325 ± 0.01479 mg/L and 3.045 ± 0.180623 mg/L, respectively. The corresponding mean values for water samples from Bunga springs were 0.0080 ± 0.0109 mg/L, 0.0124 ± 0.2019 mg/L, 0.056 ± 0.02073 mg/L and 0.00 ± 0.00 mg/L, respectively. These average values were within the maximum permissible limits of 0.3 mg/L, 0.5 mg/L and 0.05 mg/L for iron, copper and chromium in drinking water as recommended by the World Health Organization. However, springs A and B had chromium concentrations above the recommended value of 0.05 mg/L.
 Conclusion: Trace metal and chlorine content of the sampled water were within compliance limits except for chromium which exceeded at springs A and B in Bunga, Kampala.

Исследование эффективности различных систем охлаждения перспективных газотурбинных двигателей

The paper focuses on foreign and Russian aviation bypass turbojets with an afterburner, studies the design of their turbine cooling systems, and introduces the research findings. For computational research and comparative analysis, we used Russian and foreign samples of advanced bypass turbojets with an afterburner with the most optimal technical characteristics, made calculations of the gas-dynamic parameters of their cooling systems in four critical jet operating modes. In this paper, we introduce the results of hydraulic calculations of various schemes for supplying cooling air to the nozzle and working blades of a high-pressure turbine. Relying on the results of the calculation, we comparatively analyzed the foreign and Russian cooling systems design, in terms of power indicators and efficiency of a gas turbine jet. To do this, we used the following parameters: cooling air bleeding value at maximum jet speed and cruising mode, value of cooling air leakage through the axial gaps into the flow path, the change in the cooling air bleeding value as a percentage of the flow rate through the high-pressure compressor when switching from maximum to cruising mode, i.e. adaptability of the cooling system, the temperature of the cooling air at the point of supply to the cooling cavities of the blade of the nozzle apparatus or the working blade.

THEORETICAL FUNDAMENTALS OF FUNCTIONING OF THE GRAIN MARKET

Introduction. The modern grain market is one of the most developed segments of both agriculture and the entire economic space. Being an indicator of dynamic development, the grain market demonstrates the possibility of achieving target benchmarks in the sphere of other branches and sub-complexes of the agricultural sector of Ukraine. Methods. The research methodology covers the system of statistical and economic methods in combination with theoretical aspects of the formation of the grain market, the problems of its functioning in the conditions of the creation of a new economic system. The following methods were used in the process of research: abstract and logical – for the purpose of forming assumptions, hypotheses, as well as conclusions and generalizations; analysis and synthesis – when assessing the state of the research object and substantiating proposals for its improvement and ensuring full-fledged development in the future. Results. The author's approach to the interpretation of the concept of “grain market” is proposed, which is understood as a type of economic mechanism operating in the country's grain economy, which carries the impulse of self-development. We believe that it is necessary to highlight a number of features of the functioning of the grain market, including: uneven distribution of grain supply points throughout the country; mismatch of centres of production and consumption. Discussion. The further development of the process of globalization relations will require the disclosure of the concept of “grain market” taking into account the role and place of Ukraine in the global agro-food market and solving the problem of hunger in the countries of the world. The further development of scientific opinion will require a periodic review of theoretical and methodological approaches to the interpretation of the concept of “grain market” from the standpoint of implementing the principles of military economy, the global food crisis, and world food security into the practical realm. Keywords: grain, market, demand, supply, infrastructure.

Intelligent Optimization of Tower Crane Location and Layout Based on Firefly Algorithm

The existing tower crane positioning layout mainly depends on the experience of construction personnel, and the best tower crane positioning can be found through a large number of manual data calculation. This manual method is time-consuming and impractical. In view of this, aiming at the current situation that building information modeling (BIM) software can only obtain the relative coordinates of components, this article puts forward the key technology of importing computer-aided design (CAD) graphics into geographic information system (GIS) software to automatically obtain the world coordinate information. By clarifying the transfer relationship between the component material supply point, the component initial positioning point, and the tower crane optional positioning point, as well as the cooperative relationship between each positioning point and the tower crane operation, the tower crane positioning optimization model is formed, and the firefly algorithm is used to automatically calculate and generate the best positioning layout method of the tower crane on the project site. In this study, the vertical transportation and positioning of components are studied, and intelligent construction is formed by integrating information technology. It can further enrich the functions of perception, analysis, decision-making, and optimization; realize the decision-making intelligence of industrial buildings; and achieve the organic unity of engineering construction execution system and decision-making command system.

Proposed Business Strategy to Develop the Ocean-Going Bunkers Business in Indonesia

The global bunker fuel market is projected to reach $ 130,1 billion in 2027, growing at a CAGR of 3.1% from 2020 to 2027. Asia-Pacific dominates the bunker fuel market, and Singapore has been the world's pre-eminent bunker hub, with 22% of the global bunker market. It is estimated to grow at a CAGR of 3.5% from 2021 to 2030. With this growth of the bunker demand, Indonesia, which strategically lies on the world maritime trade route, should be able to take this opportunity. There are nearly 150.000 ocean-going vessels that pass through the Indonesia seas each year, and around 11.000 vessels do loading-unloading cargo in Indonesia's ports or anchorages. The business size of the ocean-going bunker in Indonesia is $1.2 Billion/year or equal to 2.2 million Metric Tons. However, only 4% (0,08 Million Metric Tons) were bunkering in Indonesian port. Mostly they were bunkering in Singapore, Port Klang, Zhoushan, and Hongkong. Estimated Indonesia’s opportunity loss from bunker transactions is $1.1 Billion/ per year, while the opportunity loss from port charges and other services is estimated at more than $1 Billion per year. This final project will use a qualitative research methodology consisting of desk research and field research through in-depth interviews of the key informants. To understand the level of competition and Indonesia's relative position in the Asia Pacific bunker market, this research uses an external analysis framework. Moreover, the internal analysis is applied to understand the current competitive advantage and list items to improve. This research recommends the Value Innovation strategy, which started with the cost-leadership focus strategy in attracting the ocean-going bunker consumer and is supported by increasing perceived customer benefits. This research suggests focusing on ocean-going ships that load and unload cargo at Indonesian ports as the target market. This research also proposes the business strategy using 7P’s marketing mix approach. It consists of raising product specifications to a global standard, eliminating VAT components, reducing shipment costs, remapping supply points, increasing awareness of the global market, developing global skilled human resources, improving the bunkering speed and quantity accuracy, and improving the reliability of infrastructure.

Contribution of vertical electrical soundings, Landsat 8 and SRTM images to the comparative study of the hydrogeological characteristics of the Foto, Keleng and Foreké areas, West Cameroon

The study area is located in the town of Dschang, West-Cameroon, on the southern flank of the Bambouto Mountains. The acute shortage of drinking water supply points due to lack of structural knowledge on existing aquifers. The present work allows the establishment of a hydrogeological map of the study area. The data from the vertical electrical soundings carried out on 64 points, show 12 electrical anomalies: A, H, K, Q, AK, HA, HK, HQ, KQ, KA, KH and Q; divided into two domains: a resistive domain with resistivities between 2892.63 and 27 323.56 Ω m and a conductive domain with resistivities between 0.43 and 2892.63 Ω m. The conductive domain is more represented in the basaltic zone while the most resistant domain is represented by the gneissic and the granitic zones. Hydraulic conductivity in the study area ranges from 0.004 to 44.852 m/day, porosity from 0.192% to 42.615%, longitudinal conductance from 0.001 to 1.101 Ω−1 and transmissivity values from 0.019 to 504.023 m2/day. The area includes two types of aquifers; saprolite aquifer from 1.6 to 16.26 m with a roof varying between 1.5 and 16 m and aquifers on thick fractures from 16.26 to 38.34 m with a thickness varying between 16 and 36 m. The major and minor fracturing directions are respectively N 60° to N 70° E and N 0° to N 30° E. According to the hydrogeological potentials, Foto which is made up of basaltic formation is very favourable, Foreké on granitic formation is moderately favourable and Keleng on gneissic formation is not very favourable.

Research on Site Selection of Changsha–Zhuzhou–Xiangtan Railway Logistics Center Based on Grey Wolf Optimization Algorithm

With the realization of China’s strategic concept of “The Belt and Road Initiative”, all countries have actively carried out the planning and construction of the Trans-Asian Railway Network, and railway freight has ushered in new development opportunities. As the core cities of Hunan, Changsha, Zhuzhou and Xiangtan also actively respond to the development trend of railway freight to logistics direction. In this paper, grey wolf optimization algorithm is used for the railway logistics center location in Changsha–Zhuzhou–Xiangtan. Some data of railway freight supply points and existing freight stations in this area are used for experimental simulation, so as to reduce the investment cost of the construction of railway logistics center and provide scientific decision-making basis.

An Optimization Approach to Assess the Impact of Drying and Dry Matter Losses of Eucalyptus globulus Roundwood and Biomass on Supply Chains Costs and GHG Emissions

In-forest drying of roundwood and biomass (residues) can result in more efficient transport operations from an economical and environmental perspective. On the negative side, in-forest drying may result in dry matter losses (DML), impacting the quantity and quality of residues delivered to energy plants. This paper investigated the impact of roundwood and residues in-forest drying and DML on supply chain costs and Greenhouse Gas (GHG) emissions. For the assessment, a short-term optimization planning tool was applied to a supply chain located in Asturias, Spain, consisting of fourteen supply points and two demand points: A pulp mill (demanding roundwood) and a power plant (demanding residues). Four scenarios were included in the analysis comprising different combinations of DML for roundwood and residues resulting from in-forest drying. Our results indicate that in scenarios that include in-forest drying and DML, the negative economic effects are offset by the substantial reductions in transport costs and GHG emissions. In-forest drying of roundwood and residues without DML can result in a 6.5% reduction in supply chain costs, 14.9% fewer truckloads to destination points, and 18.1% less fuel consumption and GHG emissions.

Application of Doubly Connected Dominating Sets to Safe Rectangular Smart Grids

Smart grids, together with the Internet of Things, are considered to be the future of the electric energy world. This is possible through a two-way communication between nodes of the grids and computer processing. It is necessary that the communication is easy and safe, and the distance between a point of demand and supply is short, to reduce the electricity loss. All these requirements should be met at the lowest possible cost. In this paper, we study a two-dimensional rectangular grid graph which is considered to be a model of a smart grid; nodes of the graph represent points and devices of the smart grid, while links represent possible ways of communication and energy transfer. We consider the problem of choosing the lowest possible number of locations (nodes, points) of the grid which could serve as energy sources (or a source of different resources) to other nodes in such a way that we ensure reduction in electricity loss and provide safe communication and resistance to failures and increases in energy demand.Therefore, we study minimum doubly connected dominating sets in grid graphs. We show that the proposed solutions are the best possible in terms of the number of source points for the case of narrow grid graphs and we give upper and lower bounds for the case of wide grid graphs.

A web-based survey of UK pharmacists to assess the effectiveness of Viagra Connect® additional risk minimisation measures

Background To support reclassification in the UK of sildenafil citrate (50 mg) from prescription-only medicine to a pharmacy medicine (P status) under the brand name “Viagra Connect®”, additional risk minimisation measures were implemented that included training materials and an optional checklist to assist community pharmacists in the safe supply of Viagra Connect® to suitable patients. Objective To evaluate the effectiveness of Viagra Connect® additional risk minimisation measures by assessing community pharmacists’ participation in training, their knowledge of key risk messages, and utilisation of the checklist. Setting A post-authorisation safety study implemented as a web-based survey, conducted in a representative population of UK community pharmacists. Method A random sample of community pharmacists who received at least 1 request to supply Viagra Connect® within the past 6 months completed an online questionnaire of 33 closed-ended questions/statements with multiple-choice responses. Data were summarised using descriptive statistics. Main outcome measure Knowledge of key risk messages and dispensing practices communicated in the additional risk minimisation measures. Results The survey was completed by 345 community pharmacists. Respondents displayed a high level of knowledge of key risk messages, with ≥80 % selecting correct answers for 43/51 items. Nearly all respondents (90.1 %) reported that the training materials were useful/very useful, and reported using the checklist at the point of supply (91.9 %). Counselling of patients who requested Viagra Connect® was generally considered a positive exercise. Conclusions The Viagra Connect® additional risk minimisation measures were effective for education of community pharmacists and to ensure safe supply of Viagra Connect® behind-the-counter to patients.

Comparative sustainability study of energy storage technologies using data envelopment analysis

The transition to energy systems with a high share of renewable energy depends on the availability of technologies that can connect the physical distances or bridge the time differences between the energy supply and demand points. This study focuses on energy storage technologies due to their expected role in liberating the energy sector from fossil fuels and facilitating the penetration of intermittent renewable sources. The performance of 27 energy storage alternatives is compared considering sustainability aspects by means of data envelopment analysis. To this end, storage alternatives are first classified into two clusters: fast-response and long-term. The levelized cost of energy, energy and water consumption, global warming potential, and employment are common indicators considered for both clusters, while energy density is used only for fast-response technologies, where it plays a key role in technology selection. Flywheel reveals the highest efficiency between all the fast-response technologies, while green ammonia powered with solar energy ranks first for long-term energy storage. An uncertainty analysis is incorporated to discuss the reliability of the results. Overall, results obtained, and guidelines provided can be helpful for both decision-making and research and development purposes. For the former, we identify the most appealing energy storage options to be promoted, while for the latter, we report quantitative improvement targets that would make inefficient technologies competitive if attained. This contribution paves the way for more comprehensive studies in the context of energy storage by presenting a powerful framework for comparing options according to multiple sustainability indicators.

Soft-Switching Full-Bridge Topology with AC Distribution Solution in Power Converters’ Auxiliary Power Supplies

The auxiliary power supply in a power converter is a key topic in the optimization of the converter’s low-voltage electronic circuit performance. In this article, a low-voltage DC-AC soft-switching full-bridge topology, with an innovative, driven technique to achieve a zero-voltage transition, is presented and discussed. The full-bridge converter drives a high-frequency transformer (called the main transformer) that on the secondary side, distributes an AC voltage and current to the several electronic circuit’s supplies. Every power supply is composed of an HF transformer (called load transformer) that converts the AC secondary voltage of the main transformer to the voltage and current levels requested by the electronic circuit. In this paper, the operating conditions are first investigated by several simulation results. Furthermore, an actual DC-DC power converter is used as a workbench for an experimental investigation of the effectiveness of the proposed auxiliary DC-AC soft-switching topology, and the AC distribution approach, to realize the several points of load power supply requested. Finally, the advantages and drawbacks of this auxiliary power supply solution are critically discussed, providing guidelines for the power converter designer.

Decision support system for tower crane location and material supply point in construction sites using an integer linear programming model

PurposeThe site layout has a significant impact on the efficiency of construction operations. Planning an effective site layout partly involves identifying and positioning temporary facilities such as tower cranes and areas on the jobsite for materials storage. This study proposes an approach to optimizing the type and location of the tower crane and material supply point on construction sites.Design/methodology/approachThe problem is formulated into an integer linear programming (ILP) model considering the total cost of material transportation as the objective function and site conditions as constraints. The efficacy of the approach is demonstrated by finding the optimum site layout for a numerical example. The proposed model is validated and verified using two methods.FindingsResults indicate that the proposed model successfully identifies the type and location of the tower crane and the location of material supply point, leading to approximately 20% cost reduction compared with when such features of a site layout are decided solely based on experience and educated guesses of the construction manager.Originality/valueThe primary contribution of this study is to present a modified linear mathematical model for site layout optimization that exhibits improved performance compared with previous models. The type and location of the tower crane and the material supply point as decision variables are extracted directly from solving the proposed model. The proposed model will help enhance time and cost efficiency on construction sites.

Pharmacists' views on the impact of the Falsified Medicines Directive on community pharmacies: A cross-sectional survey

BackgroundThe Falsified Medicines Directive (FMD) was implemented to minimise the circulation of falsified medicines in the legal pharmaceutical supply chain. Whilst pharmacists are involved in the final step of the FMD requirements with the decommissioning of medicines at the point of supply to patients, limited research has been conducted to investigate the impact of fulfilling these requirements on the relevant stakeholders. ObjectiveTo examine community pharmacists' views on how the FMD has affected their practice. MethodsAn online survey was disseminated via email in June 2020 to pharmacists in Ireland (n = 4727), who were invited to participate if practising full time or part time in community pharmacies. Quantitative data were captured through multiple option and Likert-scale questions, and analysed using descriptive and inferential statistics. Qualitative data were captured by use of a free-text box, with the open comments analysed thematically. ResultsIn total, 618 valid responses were received (13.1% response rate). Most perceived that FMD requirements increased waiting times for patients (82%) and reduced time interacting with patients (65%). Only 28% agreed/strongly agreed that the introduction of the FMD legislation improves patient safety. In the open comments, the need for medicine authentication was acknowledged, but it was believed that this should be the wholesalers' responsibility, not pharmacists' responsibility. The additional step of medicines decommissioning was viewed as a time-consuming distraction to clinical checks that increased the risk for error. Pharmacists complained that they were not remunerated for the lost staff productivity or the additional software and equipment costs. Many pharmacists felt that the increased workload was disproportionate to the small risk of patients receiving falsified medicines. ConclusionsKey stakeholder engagement is required to optimise the implementation and integration of the FMD procedures into community pharmacy practice with minimal impact on dispensing and without compromising patient care.

A Two-Stage Decision-Making Method Based on WebGIS for Bulk Material Transportation of Hydropower Construction

Bulk materials are necessary for hydropower construction. The bulk materials transportation (BMT) scheme is a guiding document for material supply, and its selection has a significant influence on hydropower construction. Since the BMT problem includes transportation planning and scheme selection issues simultaneously, only a small number of studies have focused on it. This paper presents a theoretical two-stage decision-making method (TDM), which innovatively combines the path optimization method and the multi-criteria decision-making (MCDM) method to solve the BMT problem. In the first stage, a multi-source path optimization model is established to optimize the transportation network and obtain a set of alternatives from each supply point to the construction site. In the second stage, considering the factors of economy, risk and construction progress, the MCDM method is adopted to select the optimal scheme from the alternatives. In addition, web crawler technology is used to obtain the transportation network data from the public WebGIS automatically. Case results show that the TDM can effectively solve this problem, and its result keeps consistent with engineering practice; with the help of the web crawler, it can reduce the design task time from months to days. Therefore, the TDM based on WebGIS can benefit hydropower construction design efficiency.

Multidrug resistance of Escherichia coli in fish supply chain: A preliminary investigation

AbstractNinety‐five Escherichia coli isolates recovered from different supply points of freshwater fish namely fish pond (W1, n = 16), wholesale fish market (W2, n = 14), retail fish market (R1, n = 29), street fish vending unit (R2, n = 30), and modern fish vending unit (R3, n = 6) were investigated for antimicrobial‐resistant profile and prevalence of antibiotic‐resistant genes. Overall, multidrug‐resistant (MDR) E. coli in the fish supply chain was 21% with higher MDR incidence in the downstream fish supply points. MDR was relatively higher in the tertiary fish supply points viz., retail fish market (45%), street fish vending unit (30%), and modern fish vending unit (15%) compared to the secondary fish supply point, that is, wholesale fish market (5%) and primary fish supply point, that is, fish pond (5%). All the ampicillin‐resistant isolates carried ampC gene, whereas only 21% of the β‐lactam resistant isolates carried blaCTX‐M‐gp1. The tetracycline resistance determinant, tetA (89%) was predominant in the tetracycline‐resistant isolates compared to tetB and tetD (11%). The trimethoprim resistance gene, dfrA and sulfonamide‐resistance gene, Sul1 were detected in 9% of the trimethoprim‐resistant isolates and 9% of the sulfonamide‐resistant isolates, respectively. Enterobacterial repetitive intergeneric consensus‐PCR has delineated the MDR isolates from the different fish supply points into three major clusters but all the MDR isolates from the street fish vending point are grouped into a single cluster. The results indicate an increase in the proportion of MDR E. coli and the occurrence of diverse MDR profiles in the downstream points of the fish supply chain that needs to be addressed to avoid fish‐food‐borne antimicrobial resistance.

Model Integer Linear Programming pada Optimisasi Distribusi Logistik di Daerah Bencana

Logistics distribution in disaster-affected areas includes the delivery of relief goods (food, medicine, and clothing) using three types of vehicles with different carrying capacities for each vehicle. In distributing relief goods, unfulfilled requests can occur in disaster-affected areas. This problem can be modeled in the form of integer linear programming because there is a variable that must be an integer value to minimize unfulfilled demand for all types of relief goods at each point of demand. The branch and bound method can solve this problem's integer linear programming model. The next model is simulated using the LINGO 11.0 programming language. The simulation results show that the system can be considered feasible to use. Thus, the vehicle allocation is also obtained in each period with distribution costs from the point of supply to the point of demand. This distribution process lasts for four periods by showing a change in the number of unfulfilled requests. In the last period, there was no more unfulfilled demand for aid to obtain optimal results.

Practical pressure management for a gradual transition from intermittent to continuous water supply

Abstract Cities in developing countries that do not consider water resources as the basis for sustainable growth usually accept intermittent water supply (IWS) as the alternative to satisfy the demand of the population. Networks designed as constant water supply (CWS) operated as IWS hinder a safe and reliable water supply; thus, feasible alternatives to return the operation to CWS are required. This paper presents a methodology based flow/pressure control to accomplish an efficient transformation from an IWS sector to a CWS in the City of Chihuahua, Mexico. The management of pressure at sector entrance and critical supply points leads to successful improvement of service, ensuring water availability with adequate pressure at the peak of demand, as well as reducing the supply of water volume by 58% compared to the sector operated in IWS. The methodology allowed the improvement of decision-making and operating policy for the water operating agency (WOA), fixing service deficiency, avoiding the loss of water volumes, and maintaining competent management control. Nonetheless, resistance to the transition of using automation and setting the volume/pressure consumption based on reliable data persists. The change process will be successful to the extent that the WOA efficiently channels the participation of the personnel.