Supply Of Lime Research Articles

Effects of lime supply on the uptake of potassium and iron released from phlogopite by alfalfa

Understanding the influence of carbonates on nutrient release from minerals and their availability to plants is necessary for the management of calcareous soils. This study was conducted to investigate the effects of various levels of lime on the release of potassium (K) and iron (Fe) from the phlogopite mineral in the rhizosphere and their uptake by alfalfa. The experiment was conducted using a completely randomized design with a factorial arrangement. Alfalfa was grown in media containing a mixture of quartz sand, phlogopite, and different levels of lime (0, 20, 50, 120, and 250 g kg−1) under four types of nutrient solution (complete, Fe-free, K-free, and Fe and K free) with three replicates for six months. Alfalfa shoots and roots were harvested and their K and Fe concentrations were measured. The results showed that the biomass of both shoots and roots was significantly affected by lime. The presence of lime in the rhizosphere resulted in an increase in available Ca, thereby reducing the absorption of both K and Fe. The presence of lime was also found to change the K/Ca balance in the growth media. This appears to be the reason for the increased shoot K concentration in plants grown in the media containing less carbonates. It seems that at high concentrations in the soil solution, Ca competes greatly with Fe, reducing its availability to plants. In general, the rates of K and Fe release from phlogopite were adversely influenced by the level of carbonates in the root zone.

The Implication of Soil Acidity and Management Options for Sustainable Crop Production in Africa

Acidic soils are widespread in Africa and present a major crop production challenge in a region faced with multiple climatic and soil constraints. Effective management recommendations in line with the 4Rs of lime management (Right Source, Rate, Time, and Place) are necessary for optimizing the agronomic and economic benefits of lime at the farm-level. In addition, policies and incentives are needed to develop viable lime supply chains.

Estimating acid soil effects on selected cereal crop productivities in Ethiopia: Comparing economic cost-effectiveness of lime and fertilizer applications.

Acid soils are a major constraint to agricultural productivity in many parts of sub-Saharan Africa, including Ethiopia. Restoring soil pH to optimal ranges for agriculture can have a significant impact on yields, particularly for acid intolerant crops like wheat and barley. The application of agricultural lime is the standard corrective, although the large application requirements, lack of farmer awareness, and weak or non-existent lime supply chains make this a complex problem to address at scale. To date, no large-scale farmer trials of lime application have been undertaken in Ethiopia. This leaves open the question to local policy makers as to the economic benefits given the enormous capital and logistics investments required. To help address this we leverage existing spatial edaphic data and longitudinal crop surveys to simulate the productivity impact of varying lime and fertilizer applications. Our estimates find the impact of moving pH from 5.5 to 6.5, modeled as a lime soil remediation strategy, increases yields by 22% and 19% for wheat and barley, respectively. In addition, at lower pH levels our models indicate that commonly used nitrogen-based fertilizers are less cost-effective. For wheat in highly acidic soils, we find that fertilizers cost over two times as much as a single application of lime over a five-year period. The cost savings of the use of lime reaches as high as 121% of average one-year agricultural household income for wheat; with barley these savings are lower but still substantial at 24%. In general, we advocate for an integrated soil fertility management strategy that applies appropriate levels of fertilizer on pH balanced soil. If successful, Ethiopia's acid soil reclamation could become a modest version of Brazil's successful "cerrado miracle" and serve as an example for Africa.

Effects of different dose of nitrogen and lime on soil properties and maize (Zea mays L.) on acidic nitisols of Northwestern Ethiopia

This study was carried out on the nitisols of Burie district, Ethiopia to examine the effect of integrated use of lime and nitrogen on soil physicochemical properties and maize yield. Two levels of lime (0 and 0.5 t/ha) and five-level of nitrogen (0, 46, 92, 138 and 184 kg N/ ha) were laidout in randomized complete block design with three replications. The results indicated that among before planting, soil bulk density (BD), pH, soil organic carbon (OC), total nitrogen (TN), available P and CEC were 1.42 g/cm3, 5.2 (strongly acidic), 1.32% (very low), 0.12% (low), 8.86 mg /kg (very low), and 19.57 cmolc /kg (medium), respectively. The physicochemical properties except bulk density increased. The lowest soil BD (1.21 g/m3) was from plots treated with 0.5 t/ha lime and 184 kg N/ ha. The maximum soil pH (6.85) was obtained from plots treated with 184 kg N/ ha and 0.5 t/ha lime. The maximum soil CEC (35.38 (cmolc /kg) was obtained from plots treated with 184 kg N/ ha and 0.5 t/ha lime. Level of lime, nitrogen fertilizer, and interaction effects of lime and nitrogen fertilizer (L×N) significantly affected maize yield (p<0.001). Indeed yield of maize has positive correlations with most soil physicochemical properties but negative with BD (r= -0.543). The adjusted yield and net benefits was 6.4 t/ha and 1101.77$. Inherent physicochemical properties of the soil are changed either by sole or combined use of lime and N fertilizer. Soils tilled with 0.5 t/ha lime and 138 kg/ha nitrogen were found in maximum net benefit. Residual long-term effects should be researched. Thus, liming should be given an emphasis on acidic soil amelioration. Moreover, the government may facilitate the supply of lime and nitrogen fertilizer to the farmers.

Wood production and nutritional and antioxidant status of field-grown Eucalyptus under a differential supply of lime and copper plus zinc

The Eucalyptus grandis L. plantations for industrial purposes (e.g., wood charcoal and pulp) are largely adopted worldwide, mainly in acidic and poorly fertile soils. The application of lime to soil is recommended for eucalyptus plantation, but lime reduces the availability of metallic micronutrients to plants. Therefore, the aim of this study was to investigate the performance of field-grown Eucalyptus grandis in Ferralsol amended with lime at different rates (0.0 and 1.6 and 3.7 Mg ha-1) and Cu plus Zn [0.0 and 0.0 kg ha-1 (-CuZn) and 0.5 and 1.5 kg ha-1 (+CuZn)]. The soil chemical attributes, shoot biomass, and nutrient accumulation were evaluated, while nutrient use efficiency, chlorophyll (Chl) and flavonoid (Flav) contents, and enzymatic antioxidant performance [superoxide dismutase (SOD), catalase (CAT), glutathione reductase (GR), ascorbate peroxidase (APX), guaiacol peroxidase (GPOX), and glutathione peroxidase (GPX)] were assayed to assess the nutritional status of the plants. Despite the lime application rate increasing Ca and Mg soil availabilities, effective cation exchange capacity (eCEC), base saturation (BS), and pH values, the available Cu, Fe, and Zn concentrations decreased at 6 and 30 months after planting. Conversely, Mn soil availability increased with lime application rates. Liming augmented Cu-, Fe-, Mn-, and Zn-use efficiency, while +CuZn supply increased enzymatic antioxidant performance in 30-month-old plant. Overall, the combined application of lime and +CuZn enhanced shoot biomass relative to that of non-treated plants. However, there was no observed difference in shoot biomass in 30-month-old limed and non-limed eucalyptus trees that were supplied with +CuZn. This result can be partially explained by the improvement in soil chemical attributes, such as soil pH, eCEC, and BS. In conclusion, the use of integrative approaches and temporal evaluations provided new insights into wood yield, biochemical traits, antioxidant metabolism, and the nutritional status of field-grown eucalyptus under lime and +CuZn application rates.

Soil and Irrigation Water Management: Farmer’s Practice, Insight, and Major Constraints in Upper Blue Nile Basin, Ethiopia

This study assessed farmers’ soil and irrigation water management practices, perceptions, and major constraints at Koga, a large-scale irrigation scheme in Ethiopia. Key informant interviews, structured and semi-structured questionnaires, focus group discussions, and field visits were used for data collection. Soil samples were collected for the assessment of soil properties and a comparison with the respondents’ perception of soil-related constraints. A total of 385 respondents were involved in the questionnaire. All of the respondents had a good perception of soil acidity and its management strategies. Respondents’ perception was in line with the mean soil pH, soil texture, infiltration rate, exchangeable acidity, and soil organic carbon obtained from lab analysis and field tests. Soil acidity, unwise use of water, water scarcity, and lack of market linkages hampered the performance of the Koga irrigation scheme. Yet, respondents had a low awareness of irrigation water management. Farmers never used irrigation scheduling, but apply the same amount of water regardless of the crop type. As a result, low yield and water use efficiency were reported. To reduce soil acidity, an adequate lime supply for farmers with hands-on training on how to apply it would be desirable. Farmers should be aware of how to design effective irrigation scheduling and adopt water-saving management strategies.

Irrigation well water: Essential nutrient contents and other properties

AbstractWater nutrient concentrations and other properties were surveyed by sampling water from 642 irrigation wells in Nebraska. The amount of Ca, Mg, S, and Cl applied in irrigation exceeds removal in 15 Mg ha−1 of corn (Zea mays L.) grain harvest for most wells. Irrigation supply exceeded corn grain harvest removal of K, B, Mn, and Mo for >20% of the wells. The supply of P, Zn, Cu, Fe, and Mo was generally very low but sufficient with some wells to be considered in nutrient management plans. The median level of nitrate N was 4.4 mg kg–1 with 25% of the wells having >10 mg kg–1 NO3–N, which is above the suitability limit for human consumption. The agricultural lime equivalent applied with 1 or 2 Ml of irrigation was enough to neutralize the acidifying effect of 200 kg ha−1 of fertilizer N for 70 or 89% of the wells. Nutrient and lime supply was relatively low for Sandhills wells and relatively high for wells in river valleys of <30.5 m (100 ft) depth. No wells had excessive Na levels but 0.3% of the wells had high salinity levels. A grouping of wells into 11 aquifer–geology–depth categories accounted for >20% of the variation for most water properties but much variation occurred within categories. Sampling of the well water is needed for optimized nutrient and soil management. Information on nutrients supplied through irrigation should be complemented by regular soil testing and the use of recommended nutrient management guidelines.

Lime application in marshlands of Northern Germany—Influence of liming on the physicochemical and hydraulic properties of clayey soils

Liming is a well-established practice to ameliorate acidic soils worldwide. However, 42 % of the arable soils in Germany are classified in a low pH-range (A/B). We hypothesize that the surface application and incorporation of lime will affect the structure and thus the physicochemical and hydraulic properties of two marshland soils with different clay content. Water holding capacity, total porosity, bulk density, hydraulic conductivity, and aeration parameters were quantified in the topsoil of two study sites located in the marshlands of Schleswig-Holstein, Germany. The soil at the first study site is a Haplic Gleysol, the most representative soil type in the region, with a clay content of 28 %, and the second is a Haplic Gleysol with a clay content of 40 %. The field experiments were arranged in a randomized block design with three different treatments: a control with no lime application (Lime0), lime application according to the soil-specific recommendations by VDLUFA (2000) to achieve an optimized soil pH (Lime1), and soil-specific recommendations x 1.5 (Lime1.5). Liming significantly increased the pH, cation exchange capacity, plant available water capacity, and aeration parameters, decreased bulk density in the soils already 12 months after application, and the effects remained stable during the surveyed three years after lime application. The results underline the importance of sufficient lime supply and the potentials of elevated lime doses to ameliorate soil structure, plant water supply and yields in undersupplied, clay-rich soils.

Lime Treatment of a Soft Sensitive Clay: A Sustainable Reuse Option

This paper presents the results of research aimed at studying the hydraulic and mechanical behavior of Finnish soft clays treated by quicklime. This research investigated the effect of water content and curing time on the characteristics of the compacted soil treated with 7% lime, with the aim of verifying the effectiveness of lime treatment and evaluating its possible re-use, thus avoiding landfill disposal. A laboratory-testing program was carried out both on treated and untreated soil, supported by microstructural investigation. Results have shown a general increase of the hydraulic conductivity due to the addition of lime, reduction of compressibility, and increase in the soil shear strength for a wide range of water contents (10%–40%), proving the effectiveness of the lime treatment. Lime addition to the compacted clay at high water contents (90%–130%) turned out to improve the mechanical characteristics to a lesser extent, while fractionated lime supply did not significantly improve the mechanical performance. The results of this research demonstrate that the re-use of sensitive clays, typically of high water contents, by lime addition require a drying process. Different drying procedures can be adopted (proposed in the paper) depending on the specific site conditions. However, the soil treatment is generally economically convenient in comparison to the disposal in waste landfills, which would represent the only alternative solution.

Routes of thaumasite formation and ways for its prevention

The thaumasite was obtained using two routes: 1) from the exposure of Portland limestone cement pastes, with 30% limestone, to 4% magnesium sulfate solution for 3 months at 7°C, 2) through the carbonation of an ettringite–sodium silicate mix at 7°C, followed by the rise of pH with lime. The phases formed were examined by XRD, infrared spectroscopy, and scanning electron microscopy. The thaumasite after 2 months of exposure of the limestone cement to sulfate solution was formed. It is prevented by the addition of specific chemicals that reduce calcium and sulfate ions. The prevention is confirmed by microstructure analysis and compressive strength measurement. The mechanism of thaumasite formation is explained by the formation of an intermediate phase composed of a carbonated silica gel, which incorporates relicts of the decomposed ettringite. This phase transforms to thaumasite through the liquid phase pH rise by lime. The results support previous literature published as early as 2003 and suggested the formation of an intermediate phase which was the thaumasite, the product of sulfate attack. The present work was defi ning the nature of this phase. This phase was not detected in the fi rst route of the Portland limestone cement system because of the rapid rate of lime supply, from the alite hydrolysis.

Utilization of Water Utility Lime Sludge for Flue Gas Desulfurization in Coal-Fired Power Plants: Part I. Supply-Demand Evaluation and Life Cycle Assessment.

The feasibility of lime-softening sludge utilization for flue gas desulfurization in coal-fired power plants was evaluated through a supply-demand analysis and a life cycle assessment (LCA). To evaluate the demand and supply of lime sludge to replace limestone on a national scale, the annual amount of lime sludge generated by water treatment utilities in the United States was estimated and compared with the annual amount of limestone used by coal-fired power utilities. To evaluate the environmental sustainability of reusing lime sludge in power plants, an LCA study was performed in which the environmental impact and water footprint of the proposed approach were quantified and these results were compared with the conventional approaches for limestone mining, grinding, and transportation to power plants and lime sludge disposal in landfills. Water utilities across the United States are currently generating approximately 3.2 million tons of lime sludge per year at an estimated disposal cost of approximately US$90 million, whereas power utilities are using approximately 6.3 million tons of limestone per year. The potential savings that would result from partial replacement of limestone with lime sludge was estimated to be approximately US$97 million per year. The LCA study showed that the environmental impact of lime sludge utilization in power plants under different scenarios was 2 orders of magnitude lower than that of the landfill disposal option. Furthermore, the water footprint for lime sludge reuse in power plants was almost negligible compared with that of the conventional approaches of disposing of lime sludge at water utilities or using limestone at power utilities.

On the durability of Portland limestone cement: Effect of pH on the thaumasite formation

The mechanism of thaumasite formation is studied in a solution of sodium silicate and ettringite stored for 12months at 7°C. After 7months, the mix was carbonated by bubbling CO2 gas and the pH decreased from 11 to 9.5; at the 9th month the pH was raised again to 12.5 by adding lime water. The phases formed at the different pH ranges were identified by means of X-ray diffraction and infrared spectroscopy.The results indicate that a certain reaction occurred in the mix stored for 7months at pH 11: A shoulder appeared at frequency of 1030cm−1 in the infrared spectrogram of the mix and the band in the frequency region ∼500–400cm−1 broadened; the X-ray patterns show, however, unchanged ettringite patterns with weak calcite phase. The ettringite phase disappears by lowering the pH to 9.5, and an amorphous phase forms instead. Diffraction lines of aragonite and calcite are identified in this sample, and its IR spectra indicate the transformation of the shoulder at 1030cm−1 to a strong broad band at 1027cm−1 and the appearance of infrared frequencies characteristic of the carbonate phases. The amorphous phase formed is a carbonated complex of hydrated silicate and of decomposed ettringite. It converts to thaumasite with the supply of lime and the rise of pH to 12.5.

Assessment of Citrus Key Lime Production Supply, Exports and Domestic Demand in Mexico before and through the Threat of Citrus Greening (HLB)

This project looks for the relationship among variables influencing Mexican key lime supply and demand in the domestic and US market under the scenario of using a higher quantity of fertilizers as a strategy for responding against the threat of citrus greening (HLB). With the help of domestic and international databases from 2000 to 2012, a simultaneous equations model was built capturing behavioral and technical variables influencing supply and demand. The most important relationships among variables were price of the product and disposable income for the demand and use of fertilizers and exchange rate for the supply. This work gives the insight, from the economic point of view, that building a model including the right key variables will give a sense of the general structure of a market and the changes in stability due to a sanitary threat

Comparison of different binders in sintering

The production of iron-ore sinter using lime and polymer binder is experimentally studied. The supply of lime to the batch (in doses of 30 kg/t) is comparable in efficiency with the use of polymer binder (in doses of 150 g/t). Better results are obtained when lime is supplied to wet concentrate, with subsequent storage, than when polymer is employed.

An expert system for predicting orchard yield and fruit quality and its impact on the Persian lime supply chain

In recent years academics and industrials have shown an interest in agricultural systems and their complex and non-linear nature, aiming to improve production yield in the agricultural field. Innovative strategies and methodological frameworks are thus required to assist farmers in decision making for an efficient and effective resource management. In particular, this research concerns the structural problem of the Persian lime supply chain in Mexico, which still leads to low production yield over short time periods with heterogeneous fruit quality and also to the emergence of excessive middleman businesses arising from a fragmentation between orchard and exporting companies that constitute the first two links in the associated supply chain. Based on the Persian lime production cycle, an Expert System (ES) using Fuzzy Logic involving an inference engine with IF—THEN type rules is presented in this paper. A Mamdani model codifies the decision criteria related to agricultural practices for growing Persian lime in non-irrigated orchards. The ES allows the farmer to boost production in orchards by modeling application scenarios for agricultural practices. A case study based on an exporting company׳s fruit supply is discussed, in which the ES proves to be a useful tool to aid the decision making involved in the application of agricultural practices in the orchard. Results show an increase in production yield and fruit quality in the orchard, as well as a better synchronization between orchard and exporting companies, with a significant impact on inventory levels of fresh fruit in the link Persian lime exporting company.

Modeling results for the preheating of scrap by means of coal pieces in a converter

One of the best and least expensive means of improv� ing the thermal balance in converter smelting and conse� quently reducing the hotmetal consumption is preheat� ing of the metal scrap by means of carbon fuels (1-5). The difficulty of using fuel pieces for preheating is pri� marily associated with the organization of rational gas� dynamic conditions in the converter's working space, by heating the coal in the converter to the ignition point. In these conditions, the supply of solid fuel to the bot� tom of the unit in constant industrial operation increases the lining wear, while the supply of lime to the bottom of the converter, like the charging of lime with scrap, considerably reduces the efficiency of heating. Therefore, an effective means of preheating scrap in the converter is to load the solid fuel on top of the scrap, under an oxygen jet (5). Hightemperature modeling of scrap heating in nearproduction conditions may be based on modern� ized equipment (6). Coal (grades TOM and SSO; 10- 15 mm fraction) is charged on top of the scrap (25 × 40 mm pieces). Oxygen is supplied through an upper fournozzle tuyere, at a rate of 0.10 m 3 /min; the inten� sity of the blast is boosted to 0.15-0.17 m 3 /min. The ignition and combustion of the coal under oxygen jets poses no particular difficulties (Fig. 1). When the coal is in contact with the hot lining, we observe the intense liberation of igniting products of coal pyrolysis. This results in rapid ignition of all the solid fuel. Overall, with regulation of the rate of oxy� gen supply, stable heating of the scrap pieces to red heat is ensured within 4-7 min, without melting of the scrap to form an oxidized slag-metal melt (Fig. 2). No

Effects of Rhizobium innoculation, lime and molybdenum on nitrogen fixation of nodulated Phaseolus vulgaris L

A field and glass house experiment was conducted with the aim of evaluatingRhizobium inoculation, molybdenum (Mo) and lime supply on growth and nitrogen fixation of nodulated Phaseolus vulgaris. The experiment was laid in a split-split plot design. The experimental treatments consisted of 2 levels ofRhizobium inoculation (with rhizobia and without rhizobia) 3 levels of Mo (0, 6 and 12 g kg-1 of seeds) and 3 levels of lime (0, 2 and 3 t ha-1). Rhizobiuminoculation showed significant increase in dry matter yield of different organs and decreased δ15N values in all organs assessed, thus resulting to improved % nitrogen derived from atmosphere (%Ndfa) in all organs and the amount of N derived from fixation. Molybdenum and lime were significantly effective in promoting plant growth in most organs and decreased δ15N values in all organs for glasshouse and field experiment. Lowest δ15N values were recorded in Mo and lime supplied at the highest rates of 6 and 12 g kg-1 of seeds and 2 and 3 t lime per ha, respectively. Molybdenum and lime application also significantly improved %Ndfa in all organs and N derived from N-fixation in most organs. Significant responses in N nutrition were also reported in treatments involving the combination of Rhizobium x Mo x lime with better result being recorded in treatments involving Rhizobium inoculation and higher levels of Mo and lime. Key words: Nodulated root, δ15N, %Ndfa, total N.

Changes in selected soil chemical properties in the rhizosphere of Phaseolus vulgaris L. supplied with Rhizobium inoculants, molybdenum and lime

Selected rhizosphere soil chemical properties were studied to establish changes in soil fertility status in response to Rhizobium inoculation in Phaseolus vulgaris L., molybdenum and lime supply after the growing season. The experiment was laid in a split-split plot and consisted of 2 levels of Rhizobium inoculation (with and without rhizobia), 3 levels of Mo (0, 6 and 12 g kg-1 of seeds) and 3 levels of lime (0, 2 and 3 t ha-1). Rhizobium inoculation showed significant increase in the soil pH, Ca and Na. The available micronutrients Fe, Cu, Zn and Mn were also significantly increased in the Rhizobium inoculated treatments compared with the uninoculated controls. Molybdenum and lime supplied individually significantly increased the soil pH. Furthermore, Ca and Mg levels in the soil were significantly increased with lime. Interactive effects were found between Rhizobium and Mo on pH changes in the rhizosphere. Rhizobium inoculation, liming and Mo application are the strategies used to appropriately supply nutrients to the plants. In this study, inoculation significantly increased the soil pH and the availability of Ca, Na, Fe, Cu, Zn and Mn in the rhizosphere. The increased available nutrients due Rhizobiuminoculation could be due to increased soil pH condition to near neutral values. Additions of lime resulted in increased soil pH and exchangeable Ca and Mg.Repeated applications of these inputs in the study area is recommended because soils are acidic in nature. Key words: Calcium, copper, iron, magnesium, manganese, potassium, phosphorous, sodium, soil pH, zinc.

生石灰の特性に及ぼす焼成条件等の影響

The fact has been known that lime is one of the most important materials as flux in steelmaking. The last decade, the average supply of lime for flux is up to 5.5 million tons/year. Fluorspar is convenient material for making flux as dropping of melting point of slag, a number of steel making plants didn't pay attention to the standards of lime but for chemical compound and reactivity. But nowadays, because the solution of fluorine in soil is becoming serious, and the use of fluorspar has been restricted as flux. So, the characteristic of lime, such as surface area and microstructure are drawing the attention for making slag.In this paper, it is reviewed that improving of characteristics of quick lime by various calcination methods.

Effect of alkalinity of a pulp on selective flotation of sulfide and oxide copper minerals from the Udokan deposition ore

We study the effect of one of the main parameters of flotation ore-dressing, specifically, alkalinity of the pulp, on the selective flotation of sulfide and oxide minerals of copper from the Udokan deposition ores (Chita oblast). It is found that the optimum values are pH = 9 for sulfide minerals of copper and pH = 10 for the oxide ones. A supply of lime at the stage of pounding and sodium sulfide into the oxide cycle of flotation increases pH of the pulp from 7 to 9 in the first case and from 8 to 10 in the second case, which is favorable for an increase in total extraction of copper from 84.2 to 89.0% and selectivity of flotation from 126.2 to 161.3%.