Supply Of Grains Research Articles

Physical Model of Landslide‐Generated Impulse Waves: Experimental Investigation of the Wave‐Granular Flow Coupling

AbstractLarge amplitude and unexpected waves are a regular source of natural disasters. Among them, impulse waves generated by landslides can represent a significant threat. Therefore, predicting and measuring the generation of such waves is essential. In this study, the phenomenon is modeled by a 2D‐experimental setup using a steady non‐uniform granular flow along a slope as a forcing wave generator. The present device provides a continuous supply of grains to avoid finite volume effects, as the part of the landslide actually involved in the wave generation strongly depends on the configuration and is not necessarily available in geophysical events. This system consists of an energy transfer between the granular flow and the wave generation which is characterized by a Froude number. It is found that the latter cannot be defined only based on the dry flow properties to characterize the wave. In particular, the dynamics underwater influence wave generation during a finite time. Accordingly, the present study shows that the wave maximum amplitude is governed by a newly defined Froude number, based on both dry and underwater granular flow properties. Moreover, it is shown that the granular deposit, specifically its runout, can be thought as a proxy of the immersed granular dynamics as long as the impact properties are still considered.

Food Security Right and Food Policy in India

India’s food policy evolved in the wake of the Bengal Famine of 1943, which caused deaths of more than one million people. This famine was attributed partly to lack of adequate supplies of food grains and partly to lack of purchasing power of the victims. A Food grains Policy Committee was appointed in 1943 under the chairmanship Sir George Theodore. The Committee recommended rationing of food grains to overcome similar grave situations in future. Since then, successive governments have been trying to (i) increase the level of food grains production in the country through offering minimum support price (MSP) to the farmers and (ii) to create mechanism for supply of grains to consumers. Public Distribution System (PDS) has been evolved to safeguard the interests of the consumers, particularly the weaker and vulnerable sections of society. It is evident that since India’s Independence food and agricultural policies in the country have aimed at reducing hunger, food insecurity and poverty. At the same time attention has also been given to raise food grains production and maintaining adequate stocks of food grains as a measure of food security (Tyagi, 1990). Attainment of food security is, therefore, a big challenge for India. This research paper discusses the food security right and National food policy in India.

The Evolution of China’s Food Coupons from the Rise to the Exit of the Historical Stage

After the founding of New China, the food shortage situation remained severe. To ensure the production and supply of grain, food stamps were issued, which kicked off the use of food stamps in the era of planned economy. In developing and evolving, the controlled procurement and distribution system and the food coupon system once faced a crisis when the relationship between the state and farmers showed an “imbalance” anomaly. In this connection, the state made multiple adjustments to the controlled procurement and distribution policy, with an approach focusing on resolving the crisis while adhering to the controlled procurement and distribution system as the main direction of reform.

Application Research on Optimal Allocation of Drainage Rights Based on Computer Big Data in Anhui Province of Huai-River Basin

In this paper, a three-dimensional visualization model of river water body based on Vega is proposed. This system can not only display the water quality information of each monitoring point on the geographic information platform, but also carry out virtual reality roaming of the river. Then the mechanism of interactive allocation of initial water discharge rights is analyzed. According to the principle of interaction and negotiation between different regions and industries, a two-level diagnosis and optimization model is established. Secondly, the optimal equation and diagnostic criteria of comprehensive benefits based on regional economy and society are constructed based on the strict control of the maximum emission permit. The initial emission rights are interactively configured between the primary and secondary levels. Emission reduction targets for each region and industry were proposed. Considering the fairness and effectiveness of the allocation of water discharge rights between regions and industries, the comprehensive benefits of each region and the whole basin are maximized. The feasibility of the scheme is illustrated by an example analysis. It is urgent to carry out the research on the rational allocation of drainage rights in Huaihe River, and the relevant research results will contribute to the sustainable supply of grain in Anhui province, help avoid water disputes around the Huaihe River, and promote the sustainable economic and social development of Anhui province.

Understanding seasonal influence on sorghum productivity traits

AbstractChanging climate and the need for continuous supply of grain to establish sorghum [Sorghum bicolor (L.) Moench] as an industrial crop encourage for developing season neutral high‐yielding genotypes for wider cultivation. This study was aimed to understand the effect of varied growing seasons on productivity and morphological traits. Thirty‐two sorghum genotypes, including rainy season hybrids, parental lines, and rainy and post‐rainy varieties, were evaluated over five seasons for six traits. Seasons significantly affected days to physiological maturity, grain filling period (GFP), plant height (PH), and 100‐grain weight. The PH was reduced during summer by 35.4% over rainy and 16.5% over post‐rainy values, while reduction in GFP was 10% over rainy and 17.8% over post‐rainy values. Though variation for grain yield (GY) was found to be non‐significant across seasons, group analysis indicated that GY of rainy hybrids was high across all seasons (57–71 g per plant), while GY of post‐rainy varieties was reduced by 70% in rainy season and by 42% in summer compared to their performance during post‐rainy season. Rainy hybrids were more stable and adaptable to all seasons, while post‐rainy varieties had season specific adaptability. Additive main‐effects and multiplicative interactions, genotype + genotype × environment, and multi‐trait stability index analyses suggested that the rainy hybrids, namely, CSH 13, CSH 16, and CSH 25, were the best based on performance and stability over seasons. Exploiting rainy season genetic material may be fruitful in developing high‐yielding season neutral sorghum genotypes for cultivation across seasons, so that the future demand of sorghum as an industrial crop can be addressed effectively.

Romanian Grain for Entrepôts in the Netherlands (1883–1914): Productive Structures, Transport Infrastructure and Market Integration

ABSTRACT This article presents a unique chapter in the history of Romanian-Dutch relations. During the 19th century, the hinterland at the mouth of the Danube was an important centre for the supply of grain to European warehouses, and from the 1880s onwards, international trading houses became increasingly interested in placing the main commodity of Moldo-Wallachian production structures on the markets of Amsterdam and Rotterdam. Due to its entrepreneurial and infrastructural connections with Germany, the port of Rotterdam became a transit and temporary storage point for grain dedicated to the Rhine-Ruhr industrial region. This study is based on unpublished documents from archives, databases, and statistical yearbooks in the Netherlands and Romania.

Study on physiobiological features of grain and contemporary storage methods

Grains are an important food that provides important nutrients. Due to the seasonality of grain crops, humanity has always looked for options for preserving grain. Proper grain storage is critical to maintaining grain quality, preventing spoilage and ensuring food security. The centuries-old experience of farmers shows that grain storage is a complex process that requires careful planning and management. Proper grain storage has several benefits. First, it helps prevent crop losses due to spoilage, pests and diseases. Secondly, it preserves the quality of the grain, ensuring its suitability for human and animal consumption. Thirdly, it allows you to regulate the supply of grain throughout the year, ensuring its availability even during periods of low harvest. As science and technology have advanced, new, efficient, and cost-effective techniques for storing grains have been put forth. Nevertheless, the issue of product quantity and quality safety during storage remains pertinent. This page gives a general overview of the different ways that grains can be stored, such as in warehouses, silos, and polyethylene sleeves. Each approach is discussed together with its benefits and drawbacks. Gaining an understanding of these procedures would enable stakeholders to design efficient storage plans and make well-informed decisions to guarantee grain supply and quality.

Российско-китайская торговля сельскохозяйственной продукцией: анализ сравнительных преимуществ

Agricultural trade between Russia and China has been growing at an unprecedented pace in recent years. The recently announced agreement on the supply of grain from Russia to China within the New Land Grain Corridor lays a solid foundation for long-term cooperation between the two countries in the agricultural sector. However, the persistent trade imbalances do not allow Russian and Chinese agricultural enterprises to unlock their com-petitive advantages and radically increase mutual trade turnover. The paper calculates the indicators of con-centration, diversification, and structural changes in foreign trade, as well as the Revealed Comparative Ad-vantages index for 29 categories of food and agricultural products traded between Russia and China. Based the 2000–2022 data, commodity items are identified where the comparative disadvantages of one country can be compensated by the comparative advantages of another, in particular, grains and oilseeds, fish and crusta-ceans, and processed vegetables and fruits. The findings of the study can be taken into account by the gov-ernment bodies and businesses of both countries when developing trade and economic cooperation programs.

The big food view and human health from the prospect of bio-manufacturing and future food.

The "big food view" has attracted widespread attention due to the view of sustainable nutrition and human health as part of sustainable development. The "big food view" starts from better meeting the people's needs for a better life. While ensuring the supply of grain, the effective supply of meat, vegetables, fruits, aquatic products and other foods also should be guaranteed. Using cell factories to replace the traditional food acquisition methods, establishing a new model of sustainable food manufacturing, will greatly reduce the demand for resources in food production, and improve the controllability of food production and manufacturing, and effectively avoid potential food safety and health risks. Cell factories can provide key technologies and supporting methods for the biological manufacturing of important food components, functional food ingredients and important functional nutritional factors, realizing a safer, nutritious, healthy and sustainable way of food acquisition. The combination of cell factory technology and other technologies meets the people's new dietary demand, and also supports that sustainable nutrition and human health as part of sustainable development. This paper focuses on the big food view and human health from the prospect of bio-manufacturing and future food, which aims to better meet people's dietary needs for increasingly diversified, refined, nutritious and ecological food through diversified food manufacturing.

A Crossed Analysis of Participations in Labor and Grain Markets: Evidence from Malawi

Abstract This study contributes to the literature on the identification of factors shaping the decision to participate in the grain market in Africa. Unlike previous studies, we introduce labor market participation into the farm household model to highlight heterogeneities in decision making. Empirically, we rely on an extension of Heckman's approach and introduce control functions to mitigate endogeneity issues related to the adoption of agricultural technologies. We find that limited access to transportation infrastructure, by discouraging the supply of grain, constrains households to experience an excess of labor; price incentives may have a reverse effect on the choice of market regimes, even though the effect on production may be positive for households that are already participants. We also show that farmers' responses to grain prices are not sensitive to their labor market position. The use of agricultural technologies encourages cereal production and employment of external agricultural labor. This study thus provides a better targeting when designing policies promoting marketing and rural employment.

Famine and Russia’s war against Ukraine

ABSTRACT The risk of famine is one of the many consequences of Russia’s war against Ukraine. Statistical data indicate the risk of famine in various countries and links between the disruption of the Ukrainian supply of grain and the increase in food prices in third countries. Several countries in the Middle East and Africa depend on Ukraine’s exports. The tripartite grain agreement unblocking of the ports of Ukraine and allowing resumption of the export of grain is significant but does not compensate for the big cut in Ukraine’s export capacity in the face of a global shortage. These conclusions should be followed up by historians, sociologists, lawyers and environmental scientists scrutinising the multidimensional impact of this war.

Регулирование рынка зерна: зерновой демпфер

Growth of grain exports is one of the priority tasks of the domestic agro-industrial complex. In recent years Russia has been consistently increasing production and supply of grain to the foreign market. Along with the growth of grain supplies to the external market there is a growing dependence of domestic prices on the rising prices of the world market. A number of measures have been taken to curb rising food prices in Russia. In particular, because of substantial growth of prices and necessity to stabilize food market on February 6, 2021 there was accepted the governmental decree 117 about export duties on grain. The article analyzes this Decree and the situation on the domestic grain market. The mechanism of the «grain dampener», its positive and negative impact on the domestic food market is considered. The conclusion is made that this tool needs to be improved and synchronized with other instruments of state regulation of the grain market. The relevant recommendations are given.

Regulation of trade and supply by the government of general Denikin during the Russian Civil War

The article examines the little-studied problem of state regulation of trade and supply in the territory of the South of Russia in historical and legal science. It is revealed that until the summer of 1919, the Denikin government regulated the commodity distribution sphere based on pre-revolutionary legislation on the grain monopoly and the distribution of grain and fodder in the provinces. In the summer, the legislator abolished the grain monopoly, but introduced compulsory military service for the supply of food and fodder to the army. It is established that the government's hopes for the procurement of agricultural products through cooperatives did not justify themselves due to unsuccessful administration to establish low and unprofitable purchase prices for peasants at a high cost of the industrial goods they need, as well as due to delays in payment for the deliveries made and unsatisfactory organization of commercial transportation. It is revealed that the involvement of large private traders and firms in the supply of grain and fodder after the abolition of the grain monopoly led to the corruption of the state apparatus, rampant speculation and the formation of a black market, which the government failed to cope with, despite the adoption of a rather harsh law on speculation. It is stated that the legislative and administrative activities of the government in the field of trade and supply were not able to provide the army with food, fodder and equipment. Because of which the commanders of the units were forced, in violation of the law, to engage in self-sufficiency of their troops by conducting requisitions that caused outrage among peasants or exchanging captured trophies for food.

PRODUCTION AND EXPORT OF CEREALS AND LEGUMES UNDER THE CONDITIONS OF THE MILITARY

The full-scale war that the russian federation has unleashed against Ukraine has caused a humanitarian and economic catastrophe that is spreading beyond our country. One of the most tragic consequences of this war is the strengthening of the global problem of hunger. The article examines the state and prospects of grain export from Ukraine to foreign markets according to the data of the Ministry of Agrarian Policy and Food of Ukraine during martial law. The main volume of supplies of grain and leguminous crops during the 2022 marketing year has been determined. Based on the analysis of the received data, it was established that the war in Ukraine caused the stoppage or damage of many domestic agricultural enterprises. It was determined that significant negatives were created in the logistics of their supply, both within the country and abroad. The impact of russian aggression on the prospects of supplying Ukrainian grain to the global and domestic food market is proven. A well-founded assumption is made that, as a result of military actions, the reduction of the export of Ukrainian grain products causes an unprecedented increase in food prices on the world market and the aggravation of the global problem of hunger in the world. However, the actual food reserves and planned volumes of agricultural production of our state are sufficient to provide the population with grain. It is noted that the restoration of domestic exports, as in pre-war times, in the proper volume is possible only under the condition of a complete cessation of hostilities, since the possibilities of logistics of transport communications on land routes are insignificant. The relevance of the researched data is reinforced by the implementation of an applied study carried out at the Faculty of Agronomy and Forestry of the Vinnytsia National Agrarian University at the expense of the state budget on the topic: «Development of methods for improving the technology of growing legumes using biofertilizers, bacterial preparations, foliar feeding and physiologically active substances» (state registration number 0120U102034). A system for the purchase of alternative fertilizers is proposed, which will stimulate income to local budgets due to the additional expansion of the production of recommended biological preparations by regional farms. This, in turn, will stimulate the creation of additional jobs in the field of biological support, increase the overall ecological orientation of cultivation technologies and ensure the ecological stability of agricultural territories. This event will contribute to the effective European integration of Ukraine and the general improvement of the quality of the grown products, which will meet world standards in the field of organic and biological agriculture. Ultimately, this will contribute to the successful processes of stabilization of agricultural production in the post-war period and will guarantee obtaining appropriate levels of production at significantly lower levels of costs.

The Ukrainian War’s Impact on Food Security

The war in Ukraine is causing problematic disruptions far beyond the country’s national borders. Black Sea shipping routes have been disrupted to the extent the Ukrainian grain exports are being kept from global markets, thereby jeopardizing food security in some regions of the world. Introduction. As the war in Ukraine approaches its sixth month, the conflict appears to be threatening the supply of grain to several other nations, thereby endangering international food supplies. The disruption to Black Sea shipping routes as a result of the armed conflict not only hinders Ukrainian grain exports to other nations, but also impedes storage capacity for harvested grains since lack of exporting capability means silos remain full and unable to accept newer harvests. Discussion. Antonio Guterres, UN Secretary-General, has warned that the war in Ukraine will worsen food, energy and economic crises in poor countries (Bankova et al, 2022). “It threatens to tip tens of millions of people over the edge into food insecurity followed by malnutrition, mass hunger and famine, in a crisis that could last for years (ibid)” Guterres said.

An Analysis of the Spatiotemporal Characteristics and Diversity of Grain Production Resource Utilization Efficiency under the Constraint of Carbon Emissions: Evidence from Major Grain-Producing Areas in China.

As the most important driving force for ensuring the effective supply of grain in the country, the production stability of the major grain-producing areas directly concerns the national security of China. In this paper, considering the “water–soil–energy–carbon” correlation, water, soil and energy resource factors, and carbon emission constraints were included in an index system, and the global common frontier boundary three-stage super-efficient EBM–GML model was used to measure the grain production resource utilization efficiency of the major grain-producing areas in China from 2000 to 2019. This paper also analyzed the static and dynamic spatiotemporal characteristics and the restrictions of utilization efficiency. The results showed that, under the measurement of the traditional data envelopment analysis model, the grain production resource utilization efficiency in the major producing areas is relatively high, but there is still room to improve by more than 20%, and grain production still has enormous growth potential. After excluding external environmental and random factors, it was found that the utilization efficiency of grain production resources in the major producing areas decreased, and the efficiency and ranking of provinces changed significantly. External factors inhibit pure technical efficiency and expand the scale efficiency. The utilization efficiency of Northeast China was much higher than that of the Huang-Huai-Hai region and the middle and upper reaches of the Yangtze River region, and its grain production resource allocation management had obvious advantages. The total factor productivity index of food production resources showed an upward trend as a whole, and its change was affected by both technological efficiency and technological progress, of which technological progress had the greater impact. Therefore, reducing the differences in the external environment of different regions while making adjustments in accordance with their own potential is an effective way to further improve the utilization efficiency of food production resources.

The importance of parameter selection in studies of detrital zircon provenance: An example from Mesozoic deposits of the Bohemian Massif foreland (Poland)

Detrital zircons are commonly used to identify sediment provenance, but usually only their ages are employed for interpretation. We here test the combination of four data types: crystallization ages, Th/U values, cathodoluminescence-induced internal textures, and grain shapes. Six samples of zircons from Triassic and Cretaceous deposits from the northeastern foreland of the Bohemian Massif (Poland) were used to identify as accurately as possible source rocks and their paleolocations, changes in erosional levels of source areas, and transport directions. The samples contain ten age populations, among which Carboniferous and Neoproterozoic zircons dominate, but the use of four parameters allowed subtle differences between the samples to be recognized; this makes interpretation more accurate and more reliable. A comparative analysis based on over 20,000 data points collected from ~200 contributions allowed us to identify the equivalents of crystalline source rocks, which were high-grade and medium-grade metamorphic rocks of the Bohemian Massif (mostly granulites) in the case of complex-textured zircons, and Bohemian magmatic rocks along with pyroclastics in the case of oscillatory-zoned grains. The source rocks were located in the northeastern and eastern parts of the massif, where the proportions of the specific rocks exposed to erosion have changed significantly from the Mesozoic to the present. We found distinct changes in the erosional levels of source areas caused by removal of sedimentary cover and the erosion of crystalline rocks, combined with tectonic movements, particularly in the Olenekian and Coniacian. The transport of debris from the southwest and west during the Induan–Anisian, as well as from the south and north during the Norian, were largely controlled by paleogeography. The Cretaceous transgression resulted in the supply of grains mainly from the nearest units during the Cenomanian and Coniacian. We strongly recommend using a combination of at least these four parameters in provenance studies.

Development of the pneumatic system with an annular aspiration channel for vibrating and rotation grain separator

The pneumatic system with a vertical annular aspiration channel for vibration-centered grain separators been developed. The rational values of the disk grain distributor are the length of the sectors 0.15 m, the angle of inclination of the sectors 60°. The rotation speed of the distributor in the seed mode (grain supply 5…15 t/h) should be 100…200 min-1 and in the food mode (grain supply 15…25 t/h) must be 100…150 min-1. The effect of the release of light impurities in the developed aspiration system decreases from 45% to 20% with an increase in the supply of grain G from 5 to 25 t/h, herewith at the same time the loss of a full-fledged grain to waste decreases from 0.6...0.8% to 0.3...0.4%, while the effect of the release of light impurities in the aspiration system of the mass-produced vibration centrifugal grain separator decreases from 11% to 4% with the same losses of grain to waste.

ВПЛИВ ВІЙНИ НА РОЗВИТОК ТРАНСПОРТНОГО ПЕРЕВЕЗЕННЯ В УКРАЇНІ

The modern problems and prospects for the development of international transportation in our country during the period of active war are analyzed in the article. The events of February 24, 2022 changed not only the social sphere of the population’s life, but also significantly affected international economic relations, which is especially felt in the field of international logistics. An analysis of the concept of “international transportation” as the transportation of goods or passengers between several countries, characterized by the forced crossing of the borders of at least two neighboring countries, was made. It is worth noting the important place of Ukraine in the system of the world economy. Key international organizations expect negative consequences in Europe and Africa in the future due to problems with the supply of grain, sunflower oil and other crops that are the basis of human nutrition. Important attention in the article is given to problematic logistical issues – in particular, rail, sea and cargo transportation. The closure of the sea coast led to a temporary collapse and delay in freight transport and the authorities took important steps to resolve the collapse in favor of using and simplifying the land transport system. This, in particular, concerns the simplification of the system of obtaining transport licenses. Therefore, in the article we analyzed the current state of freight transportation in Ukraine, the main changes, problems and the nearest prospects for the development of this industry. The article contains important remarks and the current state of the logistics industry in a country where there is a war. Information was provided on the current state of negotiations between Ukraine and the Republic of Poland, regarding the expansion of the ability to cross the border by freight transport and the simplification of obtaining permits for logistics services. The prospects for the development of such negotiation processes with other countries of Eastern Europe have been assessed. Ukraine is an important supplier of many grain crops, on which the countries of Africa, Europe and other continents depend. Therefore, the G7 states provide comprehensive support to the logistics transportation of Ukraine in order to preserve peace and provide food to some countries.

IMPACT OF GOVERNMENT PURCHASE PRICE POLICY ON GRAIN REQUESTS AND OFFERS IN RIAS VILLAGE, TOBOALI SUBDISTRICT, SOUTH BANGKA REGENCY

Rias Village is one of the villages in the South Bangka Toboali Subdistrict which wasestablished by the Bangka Belitung Provincial Government as a rice barn. The governmentthrough the South Bangka Regent chose Rias Village as an area of food security and plannedto build an agricultural market as an effort to increase the welfare of citizens. This study aimsto analyze the impact of the government's purchase price policy on grain demand and supplyin Rias Village, Toboali Subdistrict, South Bangka Regency and analyze the effectiveness ofgovernment purchase price policies compared to government purchase price policies thatpreviously applied to grain sales at farm level. This research was conducted in September2018 until July 2019 in Rias Village, Toboali Subdistrict, South Bangka Regency. The researchmethod used is the survey method. The sampling method used is quota sampling withsamples of lowland rice farmers. The number of samples of paddy rice farmers is 98 people.Data analysis method uses qualitative analysis (Paired Sample t Test). The results of the studyshow the policy of purchasing government grain before 2015 and after 2015 throughPresidential Regulation No.5 of 2015 did not have a significant impact or difference on thedemand and supply of grain in the Rias Village of Toboali Sub-District. The policy ofpurchasing government grain through Presidential Regulation No.5 of 2015 gives a differenceto the selling value of farmers despite a decline in production levels after 2015 due to pest anddisease attacks on rice farmers so that the policy can be said to be effective and useful forfarmers to guarantee prices grain at the farmer level.