Supply Of Fuels Research Articles

Transport Fuel Supply and Demand of the Passenger Car Sector in China up to 2030: A Modeling Approach

China’s consumption of transport fuels, mainly gasoline and diesel, has increased in the past decade, but at rather different rates. It is expected that the increase rates will differ further due to slow down of the economy, mainly affecting diesel demand, and fast development of the private car sector, leading to fast increase in gasoline demand. On the supply side, a certain degree of uncertainty and flexibility also exists, mainly resulting from potential changes in oil import amount and quality, development of alternative liquid fuels, retrofitting refineries and building new ones, and others. In this paper, a virtual refinery model is established to analyze the productivity of gasoline and diesel in China up to 2030. This model is at a national level where all possible physical flows, oil products, and the primary and secondary processing routes are taken into consideration. On the demand side, we present a model to analyze gasoline demand from the passenger car sector in various scenarios, covering ...

Effects of different water percentages in non-surfactant emulsion fuel on performance and exhaust emissions of a light-duty truck

The interest in emulsion fuel grows worldwide because it is potentially more environment friendly than its base fuel. Nonetheless, it has yet to be widely used as it is pricier than conventional diesel fuel due to its dependency on surfactant. This paper highlights the application of non-surfactant emulsion fuel in a light-duty truck (1 ton). The fuel is produced on demand with the so-called Real-Time Non-Surfactant Emulsion Fuel Supply System (RTES) just before being transferred into the engine. The emission characteristics and performance of the truck were then evaluated. To identify the optimum water percentage, the RTES is controlled to produce an emulsion with various water percentages during the testing. The experiment was performed on a chassis dynamometer using the West Virginia University (WVU) 5-Peak Cycle. The variants of fuel used throughout this experiment are Euro 5 diesel (D) and emulsion fuel based from it with varying water percentage of 5% (E5), 6.5% (E6.5), 10.8% (E10.8), and 30% (E30). The smoke number and nitrogen oxides, NOx emission of the truck are reduced with the use of emulsion fuel. E6.5 shows the highest average reduction of NOx at 45%. E30 emits higher carbon monoxide, CO than D while its carbon dioxide, CO2 is reduced by about 0.13%. E6.5's fuel consumption is the lowest; it is around 8.56% lower than D, followed by E10.8, E5 and E30. Overall, the concept of non-surfactant emulsion fuel appears to have the potential for application in diesel-powered vehicles to reduce harmful emissions.

On the Influence of External Disturbing Influences on the Parameters of the Electromagnetic Actuators of Valves of Air and Gas Exchange Systems and Fuel Supply of Internal Combustion Engines

In the article the questions of investigation of influence of external disturbing factors on characteristics and parameters of electromagnetic actuators of valves of fuel supply systems and air and gas exchange of internal combustion engines on the example of the actuator of gas distribution mechanism valve are considered. A feature of the electromagnetic actuator of resonant type, studied in the work, is a polarized magnetic system with high-coercivity permanent magnets. A complex mathematical model that takes into account the parameters of the electromagnetic mechanism in the operating modes of the valve operation is proposed and implemented. As a result of the research it was established that the influence of vibration in the low frequency range leads to insignificant changes in the values of the motion time and the disengaging time of the electromagnet armature. When the control system is operating, the change in the spring stiffness, temperature and active resistance of the windings does not have a significant effect on the motion time, the disengaging time and the speed of the valve at the end of the stroke. The speed of the valve at the end of the stroke, under the influence of external factors, is in the range not exceeding the pre-set, which allows one to conclude that there is no need to generate additional control actions to the changing parameters of electromagnetic actuator.

Effect of organic ligand-decorated ZnO nanoparticles as a cathode buffer layer on electricity conversion efficiency of an inverted solar cell.

Efficiency improvement of the industrial scale solar cells to capture sunlight as an important renewable energy source is attracting significant attention to prevent the consumption of a finite supply of unsustainable fossil fuels. ZnO nanoparticles decorated with an imine-linked receptor have been used in the fabrication of a photocathode based on dye-sensitized solar cells for the purpose of photovoltaic efficiency enhancement. Various characterization techniques have been employed to investigate the structural, morphological, and optical behaviors of the solar cell having ZnO nanoparticles and ZnO nanoparticles decorated with an organic ligand as a photocathode layer. The decorated nanoparticles have a stable wurtzite structure and an average grain size of ∼45 nm, confirmed by the TEM image and XRD through the Scherrer equation. The ZnO sample emits wide peaks in the visible range, and the emission intensity of the ZnO-DOL sample increases along with a red-shift (0.38 eV) in the band gap. This shift can be explained using deep level transition, surface plasmon energy of a surfactant, and coupling of ZnO with local surface plasmon energy. UV-vis absorption spectra together with photoluminescence spectra confirm the higher absorption rate due to organic ligand decoration on ZnO nanoparticles. The greatest solar power-to-electricity conversion efficiency (η) of 3.48% is achieved for the ZnO-DOL sample. It is enhanced by 3.13% as compared to that of the ZnO-based solar cell. The ZnO-DOL device exhibits a higher external quantum efficiency (EQE), responsivity (Rλ), and photocurrent-to-dark current ratio; this confirms the improvement in the solar cell performance.

Livelihood of Two Local Communities and Their Dependence on Forest Resources: A Case Study from Western Himalaya, Dachigam National Park, Jammu & Kashmir, India

We examined the livelihood of two local communities (Kashmiri & Gujjar) and their dependence on forest resources. New Theed and Mulnar are two villages situated at the northern-west boundary of Dachigam National Park (DNP). The population of New Theed is mainly belonging to the Kashmiri community while the Mulnar residents are from Gujjar community. Data were collected through random questionnaire survey from New Theed 101 and Mulnar 32 households (33% and 46%). It was found that about 21 % and 93.75% of households from Kashmiri and Gujjar communities were totally or partially dependent on DNP for their subsistence. With per capita fuel wood consumption of 1.09 and 4.04 kg/day, the average annual fuel wood consumption was found to be 0.39 and 3.92 metric ton per household of respective communities. According to household questionnaire survey, the average annual fuel wood collection was found to be lower (0.21 & 1.57 metric tons/household) compared to the measured quantity (5.19 & 7.32 metric tons/household) calculated on the basis of head loads being taken out of DNP. Moreover, 22% of Kashmiri community and 65% of Gujjar community collected green fodder from the forest for their livestock. Other resources collected from DNP were medicinal plants, honey, vegetables and fish, as well as timber. The harsh climatic conditions of the area, inappropriate supply of alternative fuels and bad condition of roads are the driving forces of higher fuel wood consumption for Gujjar community. Moreover, dependence on forest resources for subsistence is high among the Gujjar community due to high illiteracy rate and unemployment.

The Gas Transport as an Attempt to Solve the Problem of Fuel Supply of Besieged Leningrad

The article was prepared with the financial support of the Russian Humanitarian Science Foundation in the framework of project N 17-01-00346 “Blockade in the decisions of the leading party bodies of Leningrad. 1941–1944”.

Risk Assessment Technique for Gas Fuel Supply System of Combined Cycle Power Plants (II) : Based on Piping System Stress Analysis

Risk Assessment Technique for Gas Fuel Supply System of Combined Cycle Power Plants (II) : Based on Piping System Stress Analysis

Material Compatibility of Fatty Acid Methyl Esters on Fuel Supply System of CI Engines

The interaction of fuel supply system materials with fatty acid methyl esters needs to be evaluated as the chemical characteristics of biodiesel are different than fossil diesel. The unfavourable properties like oxidation stability, acidity and corrosiveness of biodiesel fuels needs to be analysed for their application with automotive fuel systems. Materials including ferrous and non-ferrous alloys and elastomers are directly in contact with the fuels in the supply system. Further, the automobile manufacturers do not provide warranty for the higher blends of biodiesel (B50 to B100) in the existing diesel engines. Also biodiesel are hygroscopic in nature and the impurities like excess methanol, moisture and glycerine particles from trans-esterification process contribute to the higher corrosion rate. The increased water content, due to improper washing also induces microbial growth which causes adverse effect on the automotive parts. The current paper discusses an overview about the material compatibility of biodiesel fuels with the components like fuel tank, filter, injector, fuel lines and also recommends a feasible production process called hydrogenation to overcome some of these issues.

Моделирование процесса подачи топлив для дизелей наземной техники в условиях низких температур

Моделирование процесса подачи топлив для дизелей наземной техники в условиях низких температур

Risk Assessment Technique for Gas Fuel Supply System of Combined Cycle Power Plants (I) : Based on API RBI Procedures

Risk Assessment Technique for Gas Fuel Supply System of Combined Cycle Power Plants (I) : Based on API RBI Procedures

Template-Assisted Wet-Combustion Synthesis of Fibrous Nickel-Based Catalyst for Carbon Dioxide Methanation and Methane Steam Reforming.

Efficient capture and recycling of CO2 enable not only prevention of global warming but also the supply of useful low-carbon fuels. The catalytic conversion of CO2 into an organic compound is a promising recycling approach which opens new concepts and opportunities for catalytic and industrial development. Here we report about template-assisted wet-combustion synthesis of a one-dimensional nickel-based catalyst for carbon dioxide methanation and methane steam reforming. Because of a high temperature achieved in a short time during reaction and a large amount of evolved gases, the wet-combustion synthesis yields homogeneously precipitated nanoparticles of NiO with average particle size of 4 nm on alumina nanofibers covered with a NiAl2O4 nanolayer. The as-synthesized core-shell structured fibers exhibit outstanding activity in steam reforming of methane and sufficient activity in carbon dioxide methanation with 100% selectivity toward methane formation. The as-synthesized catalyst shows stable operation under the reaction conditions for at least 50 h.

Analysis of Carbon Tax on Selected European Countries: Does Carbon Tax Reduce Emissions?

Since the first days of its existence, the humanity had been using natural resources to meet its needs. Especially along with the globalization period as a result of the Industrial Revolution and the rapid development of communication technologies within the last fifty years, the production has increased significantly in the world and has created negative effects on the environment. The leading adverse effects involve the emission of greenhouse gases and the global warming, which stem from the energy supply of fossil fuels as the main inputs of production. The global warming can be described as an increase in temperature worldwide. Irreversibility is the most important feature of the global warming. Therefore, in the absence of objective measures, the future costs would be much higher than the current ones. For this reason, governments need to take various measures to reduce the volume of emissions. The most important of these measures is carbon taxes. Carbon taxation encourages individuals to use fewer fossil fuels and to find new sources of energy by increasing the cost of using fossil fuels that cause carbon dioxide emissions through the price mechanism. To this end, the impacts of carbon tax levied in 18 selected European countries on economic growth, urbanization, natural gas and petroleum usage, and CO2 emissions are examined by panel data analysis for the 1995-2015 period. The analysis results indicate that a 1% increase in environmental taxes reduces carbon dioxide emissions by 0.9%. Furthermore, it is reported that a 1% increase in natural gas and petroleum consumption among the variables included in the analysis increased carbon dioxide emissions by 0.1% and 0.7%, respectively; while a 1% increase in urbanization reduced carbon dioxide emissions by 0.9%.

Corrosion Behaviour of Bare and NiCrAlY Coated Alloy 214 in Supercritical Water at 700 °C

Concerns with greenhouse gas emissions and the uncertainty of long-term supply of fossil fuels have resulted in renewed interest in nuclear energy as an essential part of the energy mix for the future. Many countries worldwide including Canada, China, and EU are currently undertaking the design of generation IV supercritical water-cooled reactor (SCWR) with higher thermodynamic efficiency and considerable plant simplification. The identification of appropriate materials for in-core and out-of-core components to contain the supercritical water (SCW) coolant is one of the major challenges for the design of SCWR. This study is carried out to evaluate the oxidation/corrosion behaviors of bare alloy 214 and NiCrAlY coated 214 under SCW at a temperature of 700 °C/25 MPa for 1000 h. The results show that chromium and nickel based oxide forms on the bare surface after exposure in SCW for 1000 h. A dense and adhered oxide layer, consisting of Cr2O3 with spinel (Ni(Cr, Al)2O4), was observed on NiCrAlY surface after 1000 h in SCW.

Rice bran oil based biodiesel production using calcium oxide catalyst derived from Chicoreus brunneus shell

Environmental pollution and the declining global supply of accessible fossil fuels are the key drivers of the search for alternative sources of energy. Biodiesel, a renewable liquid transport fuel, is commercially-produced using heterogeneous catalysts. Heterogeneous catalysts obtained from seashells appeared as promising alternatives thanks to their low preparation cost and increased efficiency in transesterification. In this study, shells from Chicoreus brunneus (known as Adusta murex) were calcined, hydrated, and dehydrated to produce CaO heterogeneous nanocatalyst for the transesterification of rice bran oil into biodiesel. Field emission scanning electron microscopy, Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, transmission electron microscopy, surface area measurement (Brunauer-Emmett-Teller method), and X-ray diffraction were used to characterise the seashell-derived catalyst. The properties of the rice bran oil-derived biodiesel (acid value, calorific value, density, oxidation stability, and flash point) conformed to the American Society of Testing and Materials (ASTM) D6751 and European EN 14214 biodiesel standards, except for kinematic viscosity. Therefore, the impact of the parameters used for production of the CaO heterogeneous nanocatalyst (calcination temperature and time) and the transesterification reaction (catalyst loading and methanol to rice bran oil ratio) on the kinematic viscosity of RBO-derived biodiesel were determined. A model for the transesterification process was developed using a combination of artificial neural networking with ant colony optimisation. The model predicted that C. brunneus-derived CaO catalyst prepared at 1100 °C for 72 min could be used to produce biodiesel from rice bran oil with a minimum kinematic viscosity (4.42 mm2 s−1) confirming to both the ASTM D6751 and EN 14214 biodiesel standards in a transesterification reaction operating with a 35:1 methanol to rice bran oil molar ratio and 0.5 wt% catalyst mass.

Importance of hard coal in electricity generation in Poland

Polish energy sector is facing a number of challenges, in particular as regards the reconstruction of production potential, diversification of energy sources, environmental issues, adequate fuels supplies and other. Mandatory implementation of Europe 2020 strategy in terms of “3x20” targets (20% reduction of greenhouse gases, 20% of energy from renewable sources, and 20% increase of efficiency in energy production) requires fast decision, which have to be coordinated with energetic safety issues, increasing demands for electric energy, and other factors. In Poland almost 80% of power is installed in coal fired power plants and energy from hard coals is relatively less expensive than from other sources, especially renewable. The most of renewable energy sources power plants are unable to generate power in amounts which can be competitive with coal fires power stations and are highly expensive, what leads o high prices of electric energy. Alternatively, new generation of coal fired coal power plants is able to significantly increase efficiency, reduce carbon dioxide emission, and generate less expensive electric power in amounts adequate to the demands of a country.

Effect of temperature and times by hydrothermal carbonization process from sawdust and bagasse for carbon materials supporter

Carbon supporter from biomass has been fabricated by hydrothermal carbonization due to this process changes the structure of lignocellulose including cellulose, hemicellulose and lignin. The applications from carbon support are gaining in importance due to decreasing supply of fossil fuels and growing environmental concerns. Hydrothermal carbonization process was used to upgrade biomass such as sawdust and bagasse varying temperature at 160 to 200 oC and varying times at 4 to 24 hr with deionized water 120 ml and 60 ml, respectively. The biochars from sawdust and bagasse under hydrothermal carbonization conditions were characterized by Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FT-IR). It showed that the most hydroxyl group from this samples was decreased due to cellulose and hemicellulose from biochars were decomposed over than 200oC. The Biochars yield from sawdust and bagasse by hydrothermal carbonization conditions was determined from weight loss after hydrothermal carbonization process, which is Biochars yield were decreased with increasing hydrothermal carbonization temperature because lignocellulose was decomposed at high temperature and time. The morphology of Biochars were investigated by scanning electron microscope (SEM). It represented the porous structure was inflated to increasing hydrothermal carbonization temperature.

Research on Fuel Supply Intelligent Monitoring System Design Based on PLC

Research on Fuel Supply Intelligent Monitoring System Design Based on PLC

A review of physical supply and EROI of fossil fuels in China

This paper reviews China’s future fossil fuel supply from the perspectives of physical output and net energy output. Comprehensive analyses of physical output of fossil fuels suggest that China’s total oil production will likely reach its peak, at about 230 Mt/year (or 9.6 EJ/year), in 2018; its total gas production will peak at around 350 Bcm/year (or 13.6 EJ/year) in 2040, while coal production will peak at about 4400 Mt/year (or 91.9 EJ/year) around 2020 or so. In terms of the forecast production of these fuels, there are significant differences among current studies. These differences can be mainly explained by different ultimately recoverable resources assumptions, the nature of the models used, and differences in the historical production data. Due to the future constraints on fossil fuels production, a large gap is projected to grow between domestic supply and demand, which will need to be met by increasing imports. Net energy analyses show that both coal and oil and gas production show a steady declining trend of EROI (energy return on investment) due to the depletion of shallow-buried coal resources and conventional oil and gas resources, which is generally consistent with the approaching peaks of physical production of fossil fuels. The peaks of fossil fuels production, coupled with the decline in EROI ratios, are likely to challenge the sustainable development of Chinese society unless new abundant energy resources with high EROI values can be found.

Gold Aerogel As a Novel Catalyst for Hydrogen Generation Reaction from a Hydrogen Feedstock Material

With the limited supply of fossil fuels becoming more of a concern, there has been an increased focus in finding alternative sources of energy. One source of clean energy is hydrogen gas. Studies have been done examining the generation of hydrogen gas from water, which is an energy intensive process. There has been less effort in generating hydrogen gas from a solid feedstock, such as sodium borohydride. In the presence of water, sodium borohydride releases hydrogen gas slowly. In order to be used as an efficient source of energy, this reaction needs to be catalyzed so the reaction happens at a sufficient rate. One area of catalysis is the noble metals such as gold at the nanoscale. Using metal nanoparticles is a cost-effective way to use these metals as a catalyst, because much less of the bulk precursor is needed. Without a support, the nanoparticles will not be as effective, so aerogels of gold nanoparticles were synthesized and tested to determine its effectiveness as a catalyst [1]. The evolution of hydrogen was measured using a previously described water displacement system [2,3]. The data show an increase in the efficiency of the generation of hydrogen gas with the addition of gold aerogels when compared to the un-catalyzed reaction. The gold aerogel catalyzed reaction has a rate constant of 15.8 L mol-1 hr-1, compared to the un-catalyzed reaction which produced hydrogen at rate of 6.42 L mol-1 hr-1, and was determined to be a second order reaction. This catalyzed process produced 92% more moles of hydrogen gas than the un-catalyzed reaction in the same time period. References D. Wen, W. Liu, D. Haubold, C. Zhu, M. Oschatz, M. Holzschuh, A. Wolf, F. Simon, S. Kaskel, and A. Eychmüller, ACS Nano, 2559–2567, Feb. 2016.T. Dushatinski, C. Huff, and T. Abdel-Fattah, Applied Surface Science, 385, 282 (2016).C. Huff, T. Dushatinski, A. Barzanji, N. Abdel-Fattah, K. Barzanji, and T. Abdel-Fattah, ECS J Solid State, 6, M69-M71 (2017).

Self-Regulated and Temporal Control of a "Breathing" Microgel Mediated by Enzymatic Reaction.

Naturally occurring systems have the ability to self‐regulate, which plays a key role in their structural and functional adaptation. The autonomous behavior in living systems is biocatalytically controlled by the continuous consumption of energy to remain in a non‐equilibrium condition. In this work, we show the construction of a self‐regulated “breathing” microgel that uses chemical fuels to keep the system in the out‐of‐equilibrium state. The enzyme urease is utilized to program a feedback‐induced pH change, which in turn tunes the size switch and fluorescence intensity of the microgel. A continuous supply of chemical fuels to the system allows the process to be reversible. This microgel with tunable autonomous properties provides insights into the design of artificial systems and dynamic soft materials.