Market Supply Research Articles

Assessing the price effects of African swine fever in the China market

Aim: African swine fever is a viral disease that has affected the pig business in several nations worldwide. One of the most serious diseases affecting the hog business significantly influences China’s meat sector, as the country is one of the biggest pork consumers. The main objective of the current study is to examine the impact of the breakdown on hog meat output and prices in the China region. Several factors, such as market supply and demand, disease outbreaks, and governmental policies, have caused fluctuations in the price of pigs in China since 2018. Methods: The acquired data was first evaluated using a descriptive technique. The price fluctuation caused by African swine disease during the studied time was then evaluated using a t-test, Pearson’s correlation coefficient system, and polynomial regression. Results: In the analyzed period from 2015 to 2021, African swine fever outbreak impacts were detected in pork supply and price distribution. The outbreak lowers the output of hog meat, raising the stock price and influencing other meat products’ prices. Polynomial regression analysis employs the correlation between the decreased level of pork supply and the increased price of live pigs. The price of live pigs ranged from 10.57 RMB/kg to 37.10 RMB/kg, with a median of 15.60 RMB/kg and a mean of 21.43 RMB/kg. This suggests a significant increase in prices in comparison to stock levels, which could be a sign of the impact of exogenous disruptions of African swine fever on market dynamics. Conclusions: Findings emphasize that such disruption has a negative effect on the supply and demand balance. Moreover, it negatively affects pork production and price distribution. The results highlight that prices are increasing significantly as a consequence of viral outbreaks and decreased pork production.

Price interactions between capture fisheries and aquaculture: Evidence from India

Fish is probably the only major food product in the modern human food system for which wild harvests are still important in the market supply despite the rapid growth in production of farmed fish/aquaculture. The issue of substitution, or competitive interaction, between capture fisheries and aquaculture is of immense interest due to its role in determining market prices, livelihoods, and welfare in the two sectors. This is particularly true for a developing country like India where fisheries and aquaculture play an important role in livelihood creation, export revenues, and food security. India has also witnessed a remarkable increase in inland aquaculture production which is now the largest contributor to the country’s total fish production. In this article, we employ recursive cointegration analysis and time-varying copula estimations to analyze a novel dataset to describe the evolution in the relationship between the prices of inland capture fisheries and aquaculture products in India over time. Our results suggest an increased degree of market integration for inland fish products in India over time, though the degree of integration is lower for the capture fisheries products compared to the aquaculture products.

Heterologous and High Production of Ergothioneine in Bacillus licheniformis by Using Genes from Anaerobic Bacteria

Purpose: This study aimed to utilize genetically engineered Bacillus licheniformis for the production of ergothioneine (EGT). Given the value of EGT and the application of Bacillus licheniformis in enzyme preparation production, we cloned the key enzymes (EanA and EanB) from Chlorbium limicola. Through gene alignment, new ergothioneine synthase genes (EanAN and EanBN) were identified and then expressed in Bacillus licheniformis to construct strains. Additionally, we investigated the factors influencing the yield of EGT and made a comparison with Escherichia coli. Methods: The relevant genes were cloned and transferred into Bacillus licheniformis. Fermentation experiments were conducted under different conditions for yield analysis, and the stability of this bacterium was also evaluated simultaneously. Results: The constructed strains were capable of producing EGT. Specifically, the yield of the EanANBN strain reached (643.8 ± 135) mg/L, and its stability was suitable for continuous production. Conclusions: Genetically engineered Bacillus licheniformis demonstrates potential in the industrial-scale production of EGT. Compared with Escherichia coli, it has advantages, thus opening up new possibilities for the application and market supply of EGT.

The Yield Estimation of Apple Trees Based on the Best Combination of Hyperspectral Sensitive Wavelengths Algorithm

The Yield Estimation of Apple Trees Based on the Best Combination of Hyperspectral Sensitive Wavelengths Algorithm

Impact of Militancy on the Trade of Pinus Gerardiana Nuts (Chilghoza) in District North Waziristan Agency (Ex FATA)

The trade of pinus gerardiana nuts (Chilghoza) is critical for the economy and livelihoods of communities in District North Waziristan Agency, formerly FATA. Its commercial value supports local economies and provides employment, highlighting the importance of sustainable management and market access for these valuable non-timber forest products. This research investigates the effects of militancy on non-timber forest products (NTFPs) trade, particularly Chalghoza nuts, in District North Waziristan Agency, previously known as Federally Administered Tribal Areas (FATA). NTFPs play a crucial role in the livelihoods and economies of many communities globally. However, regions affected by militancy often face challenges disrupting NTFP trade, impacting local populations' livelihoods. The study employs quantitative analysis and qualitative case studies to explore the relationship between militancy and NTFPs, focusing on Chalghoza nuts. Data were collected from key stakeholders, including NTFPs and Chalghoza nuts collectors, traders, and government officials, during and after periods affected by terrorism and military operations. Twenty-seven plant species were identified as commercially important NTFPs, with Chalghoza nuts being the most significant due to their commercial value and support to the local economy. Findings indicate that women and youth predominantly collect NTFPs and Chalghoza nuts, while the market trade is controlled by older men. Most respondents were illiterate and untrained, relying on personal experiences and traditional methods for collection, transportation, and packing. The study highlights significant impacts of terrorism and military operations on Chalghoza nuts trade in North Waziristan Agency, FATA. The presence of terrorism creates instability, fear, and insecurity, leading to 32% unemployment among Chalghoza collectors/traders, with 14% shifting to other sectors. An inequitable profit gap was recorded among local collectors, middlemen, and traders, sometimes exceeding 200%. Military operations and militancy disrupt production, transportation, and market access, resulting in decreased productivity, increased costs, and reduced profit. Additionally, military operations cause collateral damage, casualties, and destruction of Chalghoza market infrastructure and supply chains, exacerbating industry challenges. The study recommends conflict-sensitive resource management strategies prioritizing NTFP-dependent communities' security and welfare, ensuring safe access, sustainable harvesting, and equitable trade to uplift the rural economy.

The Driving Factors and Improvement Paths of CTI Integration: Based on the Spatial Dubin Model and fsQCA Method

Although previous studies have explored the factors influencing cultural and tourism industry (CTI) integration, few have investigated them from a spatial and configuration perspective. Based on the panel data of 31 provinces from 2012 to 2019, the article discusses the driving factors and enhancement paths of the level of CTI integration using the spatial Durbin model (SDM) and fuzzy set qualitative comparative analysis (fsQCA). The results show that: (1) Technological innovation, consumer demand, and policy support have significant direct driving effects on CTI integration, and transportation infrastructure has a significant inhibitory effect. Market supply, transportation infrastructure, and human capital show significant spillover effects. (2) There are four paths to improve the integration level of CTI. (3) Technological innovation, market supply, and policy support perform more critical parts in CTI integration. This paper not only expands the research perspective on the driving factors of CTI integration but also applies two complementary research methods.

Volatility dynamics of stock returns, liquidity and exchange rates in ASEAN Countries

In this study, we examined the volatility trend of stock return in eight ASEAN stock markets. These includes the Singapore Exchange (SGX), Bursa Malaysia Stock Exchange (YSX), the Stock Exchange of Thailand (SET), Indonesia stock exchange, the Vietnam Stock Exchange (VNX), the Cambodia Securities Exchange (CSX), the Lao Securities Exchange (LSX), and the Philippine Stock Exchange. Secondly, we evaluated the factors that influence the level of return in those stock markets with exchange rate volatility as a control variable. By employing FIGARCH-DCC and ARDL models, the study aimed to provide a more robust understanding of stock market dynamics. The findings reveal significant negative returns effect of market volatilities and liquidity crisis in all the stock exchanges of all sample countries in the study. In Singapore, money supply variation, market volatility, liquidity risks, and exchange rate volatility significantly influenced stock returns positively. The short-run model explains 52.26% of the variation in stock returns. Only in Malaysia, we had significant positive returns from exchange rate volatility. Nevertheless, the Russian model explains just 22.22% of the variation in stock returns. In Thailand and Indonesia alike, returns significantly and positively responded to variation in money supply, while the volatility in the market and currency rate exchange adversely impacted returns. The short-run models explain 53.66% and 65.21% of the variation in stock returns for Vietnam and Indonesia, respectively. The variation in money supply does not significantly affect stock returns and has no significant contribution to returns in Cambodia. The Cambodia model explains around 48.34% of the variation in returns. For Lao Stock Exchange, return effects of liquidity risk, and exchange rate instability were significant and negative. Market volatility had insignificantly impacted stock returns in Nigeria. The Lao model explains 50.38% of the variation in stock returns. In the Philippine Stock Exchange, the returns effect of exchange rate volatility and liquidity crisis are adverse and significant. Money supply variation and market volatility had insignificant influence on returns. The model explains 68.11% of the variation in returns. In the Philippines, market volatility, liquidity risks, and exchange rate volatility adversely impacted returns. Money supply variation had no such significant influence on returns. The panel model of the Philippines explains 62.9% of the variation in stock returns. The research accentuates the need for governments to stabilize exchange rates, boost liquidity, through targeted policies aimed at managing stock market dynamics especially as it relates to stock volatility in order to foster meaningful growth and development of the financial market.

Flow shop manufacturing layout as low carbon approach for application in bonding wire drawing industry

Modern manufacturing environments are yet to fulfil the evergrowing competitive supply and demand due to the limitation of conventional production approaches. A low-carbon approach incorporating the change from process to product-centric manufacturing systems could conserve energy while fulfilling supply and demand requirements in a competitive market. Current study had conducted a case study in a bonding wire factory that operates on process-oriented system with job shop layout. Preliminary data collection had assessed the existing practices on the factory's shop floor, and simulation model using WITNESS software was developed using this data. A job shop to flow shop conversion framework was developed with the integration of factors such as shop floor layout, order release, and dispatch rule play crucial roles in the conversion process of the production system. Based on the application of the conversion framework encompassing six future production system models, CL-SPT model which uses flow shop as layout, CONLOAD as order release and shortest processing time as the dispatch rule is selected as the best performing and economical production system. This model enhanced the output and average flow time by 2.7% and 27.7%, respectively, in tandem with low-carbon requisites while retaining machine utilization performance equivalent to the conventional system.

A Survey and Analysis of Youth Unemployment Rate in China

With the continuous restructuring of China’s industrial structure since the reform and opening up, China’s youth unemployment rate has shown a rapid growth trend in recent years, and the Chinese government has ceased to officially publish this data as of June 2023. Through the analysis of the data, it is found that the continuous rapid growth of unemployment rate in China in recent years is caused by a number of factors such as China’s economic transformation, imbalance between supply and demand in the labor market, epidemics, and brain drain. Among these reasons, the difficulty of young people with low educational attainment in finding suitable jobs should be the direct cause of the increase in unemployment, while the imbalance between supply and demand in the labour market should be the root cause. Combined with the analysis of data and special cases, the author predicts that China’s youth unemployment rate will continue to rise in the next five years, and at the same time puts forward a number of feasible solutions to solve the problem from different perspectives.

Energy–poverty–inequality SDGs: A large-scale household analysis and forecasting in China

Affordable and clean energy, eliminating poverty, and reducing inequality are important goals of the United Nations Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs). This paper examines the role of access to clean cooking fuels in promoting income growth and reducing income inequality. Using data from Chinese households, we show that a 10% increase in the adoption of clean cooking fuels would result in an increase in total annual household income of US$37 billion nationwide. Income growth from access to clean cooking fuels is greater for lower-income groups due to a shift to higher household income and reduced downward household income mobility, which contributes to a reduction in income inequality. The effect of access to clean cooking fuels on household income growth is primarily driven by improved health and increased labor supply. The use of clean cooking fuels also saves fuel collection time and cooking time, reducing time spent on household chores by about 0.4 h per day, thereby increasing labor supply in the job market and improving wage income. Improvements in income due to clean cooking fuels are influenced by external conditions, urbanization, education, employment opportunities, and good market conditions. With further promotion of clean cooking fuels, household income and inequality in China are expected to improve further by 2030 and contribute more widely to human well-being and achievement of the SDGs.

Inventory costing: a multiplicative-based average for crude oil and petroleum products

Crude oil prices have been fluctuating nonlinearly in recent times due to various factors, such as market expectations, supply disruptions, and geopolitical conflicts like the Russia-Ukraine and Israel-Palestine crises. However, conventional methods like weighted averages and moving averages are inadequate for accurately capturing these nonlinear changes especially in crude oil prices. This study, therefore, aims to combine multiplicative calculus with weighted and moving average methods to enable accurate calculation of crude oil inventory costing, particularly during times of financial crisis. A comparative study is conducted to highlight the differences between conventional and multiplicative-based average methods. The findings show that the multiplicative-based average yield more accurate results for cost of goods (crude oil or petroleum products) sold, cost of goods inventoried, and gross margins, especially when the change is nonlinear. This paper, which is the first study to combine weighted and moving averages with a new calculus, is unique in the sense that it contributes to the literature by providing an accurate costing framework to respond to the global financial crises associated with the unprecedented increase in the prices of metals, crude oil, and petroleum products.

Oil palm FFB supply chain for wetland and dryland plantations: Case Study in Banyuasin Regency

This research aims to identify the optimal marketing supply chain strategy for palm oil FFB in Banyuasin Regency using the SWOT method. It evaluates strengths, weaknesses, opportunities, and threats in the supply chain, prioritizing the best strategies. Data was collected through questionnaires and interviews, combining quantitative and qualitative insights. The findings place the smallholder palm oil industry in Quadrant 1 of the IFAS (3.28) and EFAS (2.69) matrix, indicating strong internal strengths and external opportunities. The proposed Strength-Opportunity (SO) strategy includes production efficiency, continuous training, adoption of best practices and technologies, and leveraging regulatory support such as subsidies and incentives. This approach aims to optimize distribution, improve FFB quality, and enhance the competitiveness of the smallholder palm oil industry in Banyuasin Regency.

Unravelling the Constraints Associated with Groundnut Marketing: A Comprehensive Review

This review identifies and analyzes constraints in groundnut marketing systems, particularly for smallholder farmers in developing regions. It proposes strategies to enhance efficiency, profitability, and sustainability, thereby improving farmers' livelihoods. A comprehensive literature review of academic journals, policy reports, and case studies identifies key constraints in groundnut marketing. The review utilizes a structured conceptual framework that encompasses supply chain structure, market dynamics, institutional and policy environments, socioeconomic factors and draws on theoretical foundations such as Transaction Cost Economics, Value Chain Analysis, Market Structure-Conduct-Performance Paradigm, Rural Livelihoods Framework, and Supply Chain Risk Management. The study also applied economic and supply chain management theories to groundnut marketing, emphasizing the relevance of Transaction Cost Economics, Value Chain Analysis, and the Market Structure-Conduct-Performance Paradigm. This theoretical framework can be adapted for other agricultural commodities facing similar constraints. The review identifies critical constraints in groundnut marketing, including fluctuating market prices, inadequate storage facilities, limited access to credit, lack of market information, and high transaction costs. These are exacerbated by poor infrastructure, fragmented supply chains, and socioeconomic barriers, indicating the need for holistic, context-specific interventions. The review suggests practical interventions including investment in infrastructure development, enhancing market information accessibility through digital platforms, fostering farmer cooperatives, and implementing price stabilization mechanisms. These measures can empower smallholder farmers, improve market access, and increase profitability. Policymakers, development agencies, and private sector stakeholders can leverage these insights to formulate targeted support programs for groundnut farmers.

A Study on the Market Competition and Positioning Between Membership Supermarkets and Ordinary Supermarkets in China

By comparing the competition and positioning of Costco and Yonghui Supermarket in the Chinese market, this paper discusses the operation mode, target customer group and competitive strategy of membership supermarket and ordinary supermarket. The paper first introduces the development history of membership supermarkets and the development of ordinary supermarkets in China, then analyzes the market positioning, competitive strategy and supply chain management of Costco and Yonghui supermarkets in detail, and puts forward optimization suggestions for future development.

Integrated Marketing Chain Pattern of Smallholder Rubber Commodities in The Southern Region of Papua Province, Indonesia

Smallholder plantations drive economic growth, provide livelihoods, and support conservation, such as rubber, coffee, and cocoa widely cultivated, including rubber in Papua since the colonial era. This research aims to analyze rubber cultivation's history, development, and challenges in Southern Papua and identify strategies to optimize rubber commodities' supply chain and marketing. The study used qualitative and quantitative approaches, including historical data analysis, interviews with farmers and traders, and analysis of rubber prices from 2009 to 2016. The data are analyzed using the QSPM method to determine strategic priorities based on internal and external factors. The results show that since 1969, rubber development in the region has been facilitated by Catholic missionaries, who played a key role in education and the distribution of rubber seedlings. However, the global decline in rubber prices since 2013 has reduced farmer incomes, with many halting rubber sheet production. Supply chain barriers, such as difficult transportation and a lack of partnerships between farmers and traders, further exacerbate the situation. To address these challenges, the research recommends several strategies. In the short term, rubber plantation rejuvenation and strengthening partnerships between farmers and traders are needed. In the medium term, strengthening cooperatives and financial institutions and supporting production and marketing should be prioritized. In the long term, new processing machinery should be introduced, and medium-scale rubber processing factories should be established—rubber plantations in Merauke face price fluctuations, transportation issues, and weak partnerships. The research suggests rejuvenating plantations, strengthening cooperatives, and building processing factories to improve sustainability.

How does the digital economy impact green manufacturing: A new perspective from the construction of a unified large market in China

In the context of the global move into the digital economy (DEC) era and the accelerated development of the green industry, constructing a unified large market provides a powerful accelerating effect for the green transformation and upgrading of the manufacturing industry (GTUM) empowered by DEC. This study employs panel data combining China’s provincial level with the level of manufacturing subsectors from 2011 to 2020. It examines the impact of DEC and the construction of a unified large market on GTUM and its action mechanism at the theoretical and empirical levels by combining the traditional econometric models with geographic information systems, machine learning models, and other advanced technologies. Results indicate that DEC significantly enhances GTUM. Relative to the efficiency aspects of GTUM, the impact of DEC is more pronounced on energy consumption and environmental protection. Mechanism tests reveal that DEC primarily facilitates GTUM by reducing market segmentation effects, stimulating market potential effects, and matching market supply and demand effects. Heterogeneity analysis finds that in regions with higher levels of trade openness, technological innovation, and public environmental awareness, DEC more effectively promotes GTUM. Analyzing the temporal dynamics of this influence, the impact of DEC on GTUM aligns with Metcalfe’s Law, which posits a non-linear characteristic. Furthermore, the construction of a unified large market amplifies the effect of DEC empowering GTUM. This study offers a novel pathway for China to fully leverage DEC and the advantages of an ultra-large market to enhance the level of GTUM. It also provides valuable insights for the green development of industries globally.

The Influence of Information Technology on Firm Performance; The mediating and Moderating Role of Supply Chain Collaboration and Market Turbulence among Food Processing Industries in Ghana

The Influence of Information Technology on Firm Performance; The mediating and Moderating Role of Supply Chain Collaboration and Market Turbulence among Food Processing Industries in Ghana

Analysis of the Impact of Government Policies on Supply and Demand in China's Real Estate Markets in First-tier and Second-tier Cities

Due to changes in demographics, urbanization, and economic development, the Chinese real estate market has intrigued many analysts in the last three decades. To begin with, it is necessary to know more about the nature of this market since it plays an essential role in the country's economic development and in improving the standard of living of its population. The importance of the real estate industry cannot be overemphasized in the context of China, specifically in terms of the financial structure, urbanization, and social welfare. Hence, evaluating government policies in this regard is crucial to understand further, how and why they work or fail, along with the impact on the growth of cities. Thus, this paper aims to provide an overview and qualitative analysis of the Chinese real estate market's government policies between first- and second-tier cities, focusing on supply and demand. The actual policies include purchase restrictions, availability of land, and monetary policies, and the effects of actual policies are discussed for various tiers of cities. The study establishes that first-tier cities are highly priced and competitive due to high supply and demand, while second-tier cities are variably priced and could be oversupplied. These issues need more profound and local policy suggestions to understand specific heterogeneities of various Chinese urban property markets and strive for the mutual and relatively balanced growth of different city clusters.

Palestinian-Israeli Conflict on International Trade in the Suez Canal

The Suez Canal has played a significant role in assisting and expediting the delivery of heavy goods on cargo ships from Asia to Europe, accommodating 12 percent of total global trade. The Suez Canal is a very important source of foreign currency for Egypt, a country that is still grappling with a variety of long-standing economic problems. Since October 2023, Yemen's Houthi group has been targeting ships in the Red Sea that it claims are connected to Israel in solidarity with Palestinians facing Israeli attacks in the Gaza Strip. This ongoing tension in the Red Sea not only impacts the Suez Canal, but also the maritime transportation market, trade movements, and international supply chains, as taking alternative routes means increasing shipping time and operating costs. Despite its important role as an international shipping lane, The Suez Canal has experienced a decline in status on the global stage due to various geopolitical events and economic crises that have occurred. This study aims to analyze the reciprocal relationship between international market dynamics and the strategic role of the Suez Canal. The chapter begins with an analysis of the impact of the Palestinian-Israeli conflict on international trade flows through the Suez Canal, followed by a discussion of the impact of the global economic crisis and conflict mitigation efforts on maritime security of shipping traffic. Finally, this chapter provides solutions that can be offered from the perspective of maritime security theory and international conflict theory.

What Is the Effect of China’s Renewable Energy Market-Based Coupling Policy?—A System Dynamics Analysis Based on the Coupling of Electricity Market, Green Certificate Market and Carbon Market

In the context of China’s electricity market reform, green certificate trading and carbon trading, as important policy tools to promote the development of renewable energy and energy conservation and emission reduction in the power industry, will inevitably be coupled with the electricity market. In order to study whether the coupled market can successfully achieve the goals of power supply structure adjustment and carbon emission reduction, this paper establishes a system dynamics (SD) model, analyzes the correlation and coordination mechanism among the green certificate market (TGC), carbon market (ET) and electricity market, including generation right trading, and simulates the changes of market price and power supply structure. The results show that (1) the power price under the coupling of three markets includes the TGC price and the ET price, so it is influenced by the ratio of renewable portfolio standards (RPS) and carbon reduction policy; (2) the combination of the TGC mechanism and the ET mechanism will be conducive to the optimization of long-term market power supply structure, so as to promote the realization of emission reduction targets; and (3) power generation rights trading, as a carbon reduction policy, will reduce the power generation of fossil energy in the short-term market, but in the long run, it will lead to the loss of momentum for the development of renewable energy. Therefore, regulators need to reasonably adjust different policies in order to give full play to the comprehensive regulatory role and help the energy and power industry and the low-carbon transformation of society.