Supply In Nigeria Research Articles

Privatization Policy and Rural Development: An Assessment of Power Holding Company of Nigeria in Ijumu Local Government of Kogi State

The state of electricity supply in Nigeria is nothing to write home about. The situation has resulted in the government adopting the privatization policy as the elixir to the affliction of inadequate power supply in the country. Thus, this paper investigated the privatization policy of the power sector and how it affects development in the rural areas of the Ijumu local government of Kogi State, Nigeria. The modernization theory was adopted in this paper. Data acquired from 120 respondents selected with the use of the three-stage sampling procedure, was analyzed with Statistical Packages for Social Sciences (SPSS/PC) Version 20. The study revealed that privatization of the power sector has not transformed into a significant improvement in electricity supply. Consequently, the study recommends that there is need for the government to ensure that the policy adopted should be of optimum form to achieve the desired results.

Disaggregated Energy Consumption and Industrial Output in Nigeria

Energy is fundamental to all human activities in every economy. Available findings on the relationship between disaggregated energy consumption and industrial output have been mixed and the previous studies failed to consider diesel and electricity which are important components of energy consumption. Hence, the study examined the nexus between disaggregated energy consumption and industrial output in Nigeria. The null hypothesis was that disaggregated energy consumption has no significant relationship with industrial output in Nigeria. The study applied the Fully Modified Ordinary Least Square method on data obtained from the Central Bank of Nigeria and International Energy Association Statistical Bulletin, 1986-2018, to examine the relationship between disaggregated energy consumption and industrial output in Nigeria. The findings showed a positive relationship between industrial output, premium motor spirit, diesel, coal and human capital. By implication therefore, the variables contributed significantly to increase industrial output within the study period. However, an inverse relationship existed between industrial output, consumption of gas, electricity, kerosene, and capital stock due to their inadequate, irregular and epileptic supply in Nigeria. The study concluded that industrial output is strongly influenced by premium motor spirit, diesel, electricity and gas consumption in Nigeria. The study, therefore, recommended that energy policies should be sector-specific, taking into cognizance the components of energy consumption that influence the industrial output in Nigeria.

Optimal Control of the Cascaded Kainji-Jebba Hydroelectric Power Station Based on Conjugate Gradient

Electricity supply in Nigeria has been far below the estimated demand and the installed capacity of the plants. Hence, there has been continuous research on improving the performance of the existing plants, but the government mainly focuses on increasing the installed capacity. This paper presents the determination of the optimal release of water to maximize the energy generation potential of the cascaded Kainji-Jebba hydroelectric power station in Nigeria. The problem was formulated as an optimal control problem with an objective of minimizing the deviation of the head of the Jebba reservoir within a set limit. A conjugate gradient algorithm was then used as a direct solution to the optimal control problem. The computed control law and the resulting state trajectories of 2% error affirm the solution to be genuine and reliable. The algorithm is recommended for use in the design of a real-time optimal controller for the system and a decision guide for the operators.

Modelling and analysis of a PV/wind/diesel hybrid standalone microgrid for rural electrification in Nigeria

The scarce electricity supply in Nigeria is a key factor to the low industrial development in a country well-known for having the least electrification in Africa per capita. Presently, Nigeria employs four different kinds of energy such as coal, natural gas, hydro, and oil. Three of the four resources mentioned above used for the production of energy in Nigeria is connected with increasing emissions of greenhouse gas: natural gas, oil, and coal, with coal releasing the worst. This paper presents a model and analysis of PV/Wind/Diesel hybrid system for rural electrification in Kaduna state, northern Nigeria. HOMER (Hybrid Optimization Model for Electric Renewable) software tool was used for optimization and modeling of this work. Simulation results show that the PV/Wind/Diesel system with Battery storage is the most cost-effective system since it recorded considerable cost of energy and reduces CO2 emissions significantly.

Motives for solar photovoltaic (PV) adoption in urban Nigeria

Microgeneration technologies like residential solar photovoltaic (PV) systems have been shown to have immense potential for energy security and climate change mitigation. At over 50% private power systems ownership, the majority of urban Nigerian households rely on conventional self-generation utilising expensive petrol and diesel-powered generators. Despite the high upfront costs of a sizeable PV module, some households are choosing such sustainable alternative power. This paper investigates the motives for PV adoption in urban Nigeria following innovation diffusion and adoption theories. Using interviews, PV adopter data were collected on key drivers for uptake and results analysed. Field survey analysis established the key motives for uptake as power outages, energy cost-savings, including generator use fuel fraud, awareness and access to finance while key barriers include high capital costs and lack of finance. The results point to the need for regulatory and political intervention. Effective PV awareness creation campaigns and promotional strategies would also be necessary in the changing face of electricity supply in Nigeria.

Beyond Petroleum - Whither Nigeria?

Oil and Gas (Otherwise known as Petroleum) provide a vital contribution to the Global Energy mix. Economic development and progression are known to be symmetrically linked with increasing hydrocarbon consumption but there is increasing evidence of global demand with attendant impact on alleged global warming and carbon footprint. This has led to a clamour for reduction in hydrocarbon exploration and production operations. The question therefore is: Is there a future for Petroleum? In this paper the question is answered with an emphatic YES. The paper goes further to present appropriate facts and data to support the claim as well as forward-looking statements, particularly those regarding Global/African economic growth, population and productivity growth, energy consumption, energy mix, policy support for gas utilisation and renewable energies, sources of energy supply and growth of hydrocarbon supply. There is increasing gap between global demand and supply especially in developing economies of China, India and in particular Nigeria where increasing economic growth/development, inward consumption by growing modern population, manufacturing industries and energy consumption and current low hydrocarbon recovery factor are identified as the catalysts for the demand outstripping supply. There is evidence that there will be a gap of almost 5million barrels per day between demand and supply in Nigeria by the year 2030 which will inevitably turn Nigeria into an oil importing country if there is no urgent intervention. There is scope/opportunity for aggressive exploration into and production from Deepwater environment and existing mature assets using game changing fit-for-purpose technologies and skilled manpower development supported by forward looking strategic framework enabler policies by Government working with industry the details of which are presented in the paper.

Productive Efficiency of Fish Production as a Panacea for Economic Recession among Farming Household in South-West, Nigeria

This study investigates the level of production and cost efficiency as well as economic efficiency of fish farming. The study is based on primary cross sectional data collected from six local government area (LGAs) selected from the six( 6) states that make up the of South-western zone of Nigeria, on a representative basis of one local government per state. The farmer's economic efficiencies are estimated as the product of TE and AE. The production technology of the farmers is assumed to be specified by the Cobb-Douglas frontier production function. Findings from the results indicated that a unit increase in use of feed, high stock density, quantity of lime and organic fertilizer used will increase fish output. The study revealed that fish farming operation in the study area is yet to achieve its maximum possible efficiency level. The results indicate that involvement in fish farming under high level of productive efficiency will increase fish supply in Nigeria, thereby reducing fish importation with an attendant improvement in the value of foreign reserve and by extension stability in the foreign exchange value. . KEYWORD: Fish, Production efficiency, Cost efficiency, Economic Efficiency, Stochastic frontier

Productive Efficiency of Fish Production as a Panacea for Economic Recession among Farming Household in South-West, Nigeria

This study investigates the level of production and cost efficiency as well as economic efficiency of fish farming. The study is based on primary cross sectional data collected from six local government area (LGAs) selected from the six( 6) states that make up the of South-western zone of Nigeria, on a representative basis of one local government per state. The farmer's economic efficiencies are estimated as the product of TE and AE. The production technology of the farmers is assumed to be specified by the Cobb-Douglas frontier production function. Findings from the results indicated that a unit increase in use of feed, high stock density, quantity of lime and organic fertilizer used will increase fish output. The study revealed that fish farming operation in the study area is yet to achieve its maximum possible efficiency level. The results indicate that involvement in fish farming under high level of productive efficiency will increase fish supply in Nigeria, thereby reducing fish importation with an attendant improvement in the value of foreign reserve and by extension stability in the foreign exchange value. . KEYWORD: Fish, Production efficiency, Cost efficiency, Economic Efficiency, Stochastic frontier

Privatization of Power Sector in Nigeria: An Evaluation of Ibadan and Ikeja Electricity Distribution Companies Performance (2005–2018)

ABSTRACT The challenge of stable electricity supply in Nigeria with its harrowing effects on socio-economic development accounted largely for government decision for privatization of the power sector. However, the extent to which this purpose has been achieved requires investigation, which necessitates this study. Survey research design was adopted, with questionnaire administered on both residential and commercial customers of Ibadan and Ikeja electricity Distribution companies selected as focus for the study. Multiple regression statistics was used for data analysis. The result shows that both distribution companies (DISCOs) have brought no significant improvement to electricity supply going by the quality, billing, coverage, metering, load shedding, and response to customers’ indicators. Thus we recommend that DISCOs should source for fund from the capital market in order engender customer satisfaction, inject fund for replacement or upgrade of dilapidated power equipments, provision of meters, especially, prepaid type while government make the business environment convenient for healthy competition and regulation.

Effect of Fiscal Deficit on Selected Macroeconomic Variables in Nigeria: A Time Series Analysis, 1986-2018

This study investigated the effect of fiscal deficit on selected macroeconomic variables in Nigeria. Specifically the study examined the effects of fiscal deficit on Nigeria’s gross domestic product, determine the impact of fiscal deficit on the level of Money Supply in Nigeria, and ascertain the relationship between fiscal deficit and Inflation Rate in Nigeria. To achieve these objectives, the study employed various econometric techniques such as unit root test, Johansen co-integration, ordinary least square and granger causality test in which variations in the independent variables were regressed on the dependent variable using time series data from 1986-2018. Secondary data casing the time frame were collected from Central Bank of Nigeria statistical bulletin. The results of the analysis indicates that (i) Fiscal Deficit (FD) has positive and no significant effect on Gross Domestic Product (GDP) (ii)Fiscal Deficit (FD) has negative and no significant impact on Money Supply (MS) (iii) Fiscal Deficit (FD) has negative and no significant relationship with Inflation Rate (INFR).The study recommended among others that government should set its priority rights, be more committed to budget implementation and to pay more attention to capital expenditure geared towards growth. Systemic corruption which is the main reason why fiscal deficit has not positively impacted on macroeconomic indicators should be dissuaded in Nigeria. The study further recommended that key government institutions should mount programs that are directed towards restoring the value system, norms and mind-set of Nigerians which corruption has destabilized and made weak to be strong again, otherwise, Nigeria will systematically drift into extinction.

Hybridization energy systems for a rural area in Nigeria

Mankind cannot live without one form of energy or another. Energy (Electrical) is needed to lighten our environment, power our homes, schools, hospitals, offices, businesses, and for industrialization. It is generally known that the economic growth of a nation depends on electricity. This paper is assessing the possibility of hybridizing the various renewable energy sources in Nigeria and evaluating its sustainability, challenges and benefits of hybridizing the combinations of the renewable energy sources (PVs and wind turbine) that are abundantly available in Nigeria. The evaluation of these combinations is to determine the best for the region (rural setting). We are also looking at efforts being put at utilizing these renewable sources for energy generation in Nigeria. The hybrid energy system of a mix of locally available abundant energy resources is a good solution to the persistent epileptic power supply in Nigeria. This will minimize atmospheric degradation as quality of life will be improved.

Utilization of renewable energy for improved power generation in Nigeria

The current condition of electrical power supply in Nigeria poses serious risks to the wellbeing of its citizenry, economic progress and overall growth of the nation. The low-level diversification of electricity production in the country has led to the necessity of deploying sustainable energy resources, particularly renewables into its generation mix so as to meet Nigeria’s ever-increasing power demand. The most significant renewable sources in the country - hydro, wind, biomass and solar, all have high potential for power generation in Nigeria. This study highlights the present state of electrical powerin Nigeria and suggests strategies to improve the situation, mainly by harnessing renewable energy resources within the country and then integrating their power output into the nation’s electricity grid.

Development of A Newton Raphson Symmetrical Component Based Technique for Fault Analysis on Nigerian 330 KV Transmission Lines

Fault analysis is one of the basic problems of power system engineering. It plays a significant role in the power system security for supply of stable and economical operations of power systems. This study carried out fault analysis on Nigerian 330 kV, 28 bus system using Newton-Raphson analysis and symmetrical components method to determine the voltage magnitude and fault magnitude in the system. Newton-Raphson method was used to calculate the short circuit pre-fault voltages and currents on power system. This was used to check the weak buses that are out of acceptable voltage limit of ± 10%. After identifying the buses with problems, a three-phase fault on the power network was then calculated using symmetrical component analysis and was simulated using MATLAB to determine the post-fault voltage magnitudes, angles and fault magnitudes of the power network. The pre-fault result showed that buses 13 (New-Haven), 14 (Onitsha) 19 (Jos), 22 (Kano) and 25 (Markurdi) were the buses that fell out of tolerance range of ± 10% and were termed as weak buses. These buses with low voltage values were examined and post-fault calculations were carried out and the results of voltage magnitude and voltage angle were reduced to zeros.The results of pre-fault current magnitude showed that the selected weak buses namely; Makurdi, New-Haven, Kano, Onitsha and Jos have the current magnitude values of 10.4200 p.u, 9.4350 p.u, 8.4501 p.u, 7.5440 p.u and 5.3320 p.u respectively. The results also showed that Makurdi, had the highest fault magnitudes with a value of 25.1006 p.u followed by New-Haven with value of 23.9455, Kano with value of 22.4917, Jos with value of 21.4686 and Onitsha had the least fault magnitude value of 19.8765 p.u under post-fault condition. More so, it was observed that the voltage on the affected buses was reduced however current magnitudes of these buses when fault occurred were excessively high compared to the pre-fault currents.The result confirmed that symmetrical three phase fault is the most severe kind at the transmission lines. The result also revealed the abnormally high magnitude of current that flows through the Nigerian power network to the point of fault. Therefore, the Nigeria power regulator and policies are required to determine the flow of current regularly during faults occurrences in the power system so as to ensuring improvements in the country power sector. The study therefore recommendations that additional lines should be introduced into the network to assist in the strengthening and reduction of long lines to improve the voltage profile of the network, especially New-Haven, Kano, Onitsha and Markurdi lines. The study will assist the power regulators for selection of circuit breakers and rating of protective switchgears installed in power system to enhance the efficiency of the power supply in Nigeria. Keywords: Fault Analysis, Nigerian Power Network, Newton-Raphson, Symmetrical Components, Three-Phase Fault, Voltage Magnitude, Fault Magnitude. DOI : 10.7176/JNSR/9-16-02 Publication date : August 31 st 2019

Private for-profit rural water supply in Nigeria: Policy constraints and options for improved performance

Abstract Water scarcity is a major and growing problem in Nigerian rural areas, leading to the emergence of private for-profit water services providers (PPWSPs). This paper characterizes the landscape of PPWSPs in Nigerian rural communities using information collected from field observations, in-depth interviews, questionnaire surveys, and from published water resources literature. The data collected were analysed through the use of descriptive statistical tools. The results revealed the characteristics, categories, contributions and concerns of water users regarding water supplies by PPWSPs. Responses show that PPWSPs are helping to engender development, guarantee end-users with access to sufficient and reliable supplies and reduce water shortages in the study communities. Sixty four percent of sampled households depend on PPWSPs for their water requirements. Many PPWSPs operate outside the purview of government regulations and have differentiated service modes and prizes to gain wider acceptability. Despite the progress made by PPWSPs, however, the strategy can neither guarantee universal access nor the supply of safe drinking water. Significant barriers to the operations of PPWSPs, how to close the policy-gaps that constrain services delivery by PPWSPs and improve performances through setting of standards and regulatory reforms are discussed.

Barriers and motivations for solar photovoltaic (PV) adoption in urban Nigeria

For decades, Nigerian households have endured unreliable national electricity supply which have stifled economic growth and socio-economic development. As nations shift to green electricity adoption and a commitment to lowering their carbon footprint, opportunities arise for developing countries like Nigeria to improve supply using solar PV for power generation. At over 50% private power systems ownership, the majority of urban Nigerian households rely on self-generation using expensive petrol and diesel-powered generators. With PV generated electricity increasingly becoming more cost-competitive with conventional sources due to technological learning and support policies, this paper investigates the barriers to and motivations for PV adoption in urban Nigeria. Using interviews, data were gathered on key barriers to and motivations for PV adoption and results analysed. Findings indicate that the major barriers are high capital costs and lack of finance. The key motivation for PV adoption was power outages, energy cost-savings including generator use fuel fraud, awareness and access to finance. The results point to the need for regulatory and political intervention. Effective PV awareness creation campaigns and promotional strategies would also be necessary in the changing face of electricity supply in Nigeria.

Power Devolution and Electricity Transmission in Nigeria: A Study in Resources Mobilization for Economic Development

The 1979 and 1999 constitutions of Nigeria created anti-development frameworks that unhealthily endowed the federal government with excessive powers in direct contravention of the most basic tenets of federalism. One of the items that has remained subtly contrived in the exclusive list is power generation. The 2005 Electric Power Sector Reform Act through Sections 8, 65 and 66 established and licensed Transmission Company of Nigeria (TCN) to take charge of transmission and system operation of high voltage network of the Nigerian electricity supply industry. Thus, the Nigerian energy policy structure continues to be top-down involving huge investments in large electricity mega plants, generating electricity into mega grids for mega distribution. Based mainly on secondary sources of data, this paper is a descriptive and analytical clarification of issues on power sharing as key impediment to poor electricity generation, transmission and distribution in Nigeria. The study examines the implications of power behemoth federal government that stifles autonomy of federating units in Nigeria. It observes that the exclusive right to electricity transmission by the federal government negates sustainable electric power supply in Nigeria. It therefore recommended devolution of powers and streamlining of Second Schedule of 1999 Constitution to reflect a true federal system

Health Hazards Associated with Operations of Medium-Scale Dual Purpose Kerosene Vendors Using Motorized Pumps with Aboveground Storage Tanks in Ilorin Metropolis, Kwara State, Nigeria

Introduction: The use of Dual Purpose Kerosene (DPK) as a means of cooking and power supply in Nigeria cannot be overemphasized especially among the over 70% of Nigerians living in poverty. It is a highly hazardous product and the adverse environmental health effects from the use of this product remain widespread. Thus, due to the scarcity of epidemiological studies, potential harm and risks of kerosene, the present study was carried out.
 Aim and Objectives: This study aimed at evaluating the environmental health hazards associated with operations of medium-scale DPK vendors using motorized pumps with aboveground storage tanks (ASTs) in Ilorin metropolis and as such estimate the numbers of medium-scale DPK vendors, identify their locations using the Geographic Information System (GIS) tool and assess the likely environmental health hazards associated with the operations of these DPK vendors.
 Methodology: Purposive sampling technique was deployed in this study and data was collected using a structured questionnaire and handheld Germin (GPSmap® 78) GPS.
 Results: The study revealed that about 76 medium-scale DPK vendors with ASTs are found in Ilorin metropolis with 48(63.2%) found in Ilorin West LGA, 18(23.6%) in Ilorin South and 10(13.2%) in Ilorin East. Over 80% of the DPK vendors have their ASTs in close proximity to major roads, 68.4% in close proximity to residential buildings, 30.3% in close proximity to a water source and 7% reported the incidence of kerosene spillage. The test of association between the operations of medium-scale DPK vendors and associated environmental health hazards was found to be significant at (p<0.05); while ArcGIS 10.4 software was employed in showing the spatial distribution of the DPK vendors within Ilorin metropolis.
 Conclusion: Conclusively, this study shows the activities of the DPK vendors causes high environmental health hazards which directly impact both environmental health and health of the population
 Recommendations: Stringent enforcement activities by the Environmental Health Officers (EHO's) on adherence to stipulated setbacks from buildings and major roads; massive enlightenment on the various health hazards associated with DPK vendors operations; and government, through the state assembly, should enact laws to curb the uncontrolled proliferation of medium-scale DPK vendors in Ilorin metropolis and storage of toxic and flammable substances.

Determinant of Private Sector Credit and Its Implication on Economic Growth in Nigeria: 2000-2017

The study examined the determinant of private sector credit and its implication on economic growth in Nigeria. The fluctuation in the supply of money and credit is the basic causal factor at work in cyclical process; when money supply falls, prices decrease, profit decrease, production activities become sluggish and production falls and when money supply expands, price rise, profit increase and the total output increases and finally growth takes place. The main objective of this study is to examine the relationship between Private Sector Credit and Gross Domestic Product. Data were obtained from Central Bank of Nigeria statistical bulletin. Simple regression analysis was used to achieve the stated objective. It was revealed in the determinant of credit supply equation 1 that there was significant relationship between Total credits to private sector and money supply in Nigeria. It was also discovered in the Private Sector Credit and Economic Growth Equation 2 that there was significant relationship between private sector credit and economic growth in Nigeria. The study therefore recommends that there should be persistence increase of money supply to Nigerian economy in order to increase the flow of credit to the real sector of the Nigerian economy, financial institutions should distribute more credit to the real sector for productive purposes in order to increase Gross domestic product.

REVENUE DISTRIBUTION FROM FEDERATION ACCOUNT AND MONEY SUPPLY: EVIDENCE FROM NIGERIA

AbstractMoney supply in every economy is very vital for economic growth and stability. However, the role of revenue distribution in ensuring the success of monetary policies revolving around money supply in Nigeria cannot be over-estimated. The study examines the impact of revenue distribution to the three tiers of government on money supply (MSS) in Nigeria. Time series data used for the study estimation span from 1981-2016 and were obtained from CBN statistical bulletin, 2016 edition and World Bank website. The specific purpose of the study is to establish the extent to which revenue allocation to federal, state, local governments and derivation allowance to the mineral producing states affect money circulating in the Nigerian economy. Ordinary least square method (OLS) was employed with the aid of SPSS version 20 to test the impact of revenue distribution on money supply. The findings reveal that revenue allocation to federal government has a significant positive impact on money supply. Allocation to local government councils has insignificant positive impact on money supply. On the contrary, allocation to states and the derivation allowance to Niger Delta States exert significant negative influence on MSS in Nigeria. The study concludes that, revenue allocation to states and derivation allowance contribute to inflation in the country and recommended stringent monetary policies that will determine the percentage of allocated revenue usage by all tiers of government in a particular period to avoid too much money in circulation. Keywords: Revenue distribution, allocation, money supply, economic stability, derivation.JEL CODE: E51, E64.

Independent Generated Revenue of Three Tiers of Government and Money Supply in Nigeria

<p><strong><em>Aim/Purpose:</em></strong><em> The purpose of this study is to provide empirical evidence on the impact of independent generated revenue of the three tiers of government on money supply in Nigeria.</em></p><p><strong><em>Design/methodology/approach:</em></strong><em> The study employs ex post facto research design and makes use of annual time series data spanning from 1981 to 2017. The data have been sourced from CBN Statistical Bulletin 2017 edition and CBN Annual Reports while Ordinary Least Squares method is used to carry out the analysis with the aid of Statistical Package for Social Sciences (SPSS) version 20.</em></p><p><strong><em>Findings:</em></strong><em> The results of the study indicate that Federal Government Independent Revenue (FGIR) and State government Independent Revenue (SGIR) influence money supply positively and significantly. On the contrary, the Local Government Independent Revenue has an insignificant negative impact on money supply.</em></p><p><strong><em>Research implications/Limitations:</em></strong><em> The implication of this finding is that if independent generated revenue under the jurisdiction of Local Government Councils in Nigeria is not properly regulated by the Monetary Authority in the country through a well-structured monetary policy measures, it will adversely affect the money supply. </em></p><p><strong><em>Originality/value/contribution:</em></strong><em> this study has been able to establish the influence of independent revenue of each tier of government in Nigeria on money supply. Most importantly, the study finds evidence that independent generated revenue of local government councils in Nigeria does not have positive influence on money supply in the country. Therefore, the study suggests that monetary policies in the country should incorporate local government optimal management of revenue to avoid unfavorable economic situations such as inflation which is prompted by too much money circulating in an economy.</em></p>