Supply-demand Framework Research Articles

POIs-based public preferences mapping on imbalanced supply-demand of recreation services can support sustainable coastal beach management

Cultural ecosystem services (CES) based on nature experiences substantially contribute to public health and human well-being. However, CES’s supply-demand methodology remains scarcely explored on the coastal beach, and the demand relating to public preferences has not been sufficiently unveiled in spatial assessment. Here, we selected recreation services as a lens of CES and applied the knowledge of multi-source big data to better reflect public preferences. Point of Interests (POIs) refer to particularly valuable or interesting places. We proposed to integrate POIs and social media data (Weibo check-in) to quantify the demand for beach recreation services (BRS). We also used socio-ecological indicators to quantify the BRS’s supply. The supply-demand balance of BRS was further identified by quadrant analysis and coupling coordination degree. Our methodology was applied to a typical coastal zone, Shenzhen Dapeng New District, in the Greater Bay Area of China. Over 80% of the beaches in the study area exhibited an imbalanced or barely balanced supply-demand of recreation services. We found that POIs density had a significant influence on a balanced supply-demand of BRS. Multi-source big data (POIs and Weibo check-in) provided an efficient, low-cost, and across-scale approach for public preference mapping than traditional questionnaire surveys. The proposed CES’s supply-demand framework can identify coastal beaches with imbalanced recreation and support sustainable coastal management. Coastal beach management prioritizes not only waste prevention and sufficient safety signs but also proper infrastructure development that contribute sustainably to the human well-being of nature experiences.

Estimation and attribution of water storage changes in regulated lakes based on Budyko’s supply–demand framework

Study regionLake Dianchi, southwest China Study focusUnderstanding changes in lake water storage (LWS) and its attribution to climate change and human activities is essential for adaptive management of water resources in regulated lakes. Although altimetric measurements, whether ground- or satellite-based, can reproduce LWS dynamics, they do not provide sufficient information on why LWS is changing. Neither the water balance method nor detailed hydrological modeling can capture exactly LWS change in most regulated lakes largely because of the scarcity of water output observations. Here, a simple water balance model, following Budyko’s supply–demand framework, was proposed to estimate LWS change in regulated lakes without the need for water output information. The elasticity of LWS was theoretically derived from the Budyko-type model to attribute LWS change to its main driving factors. New hydrological insights for the regionApplication of the proposed model to the Lake Dianchi for the period 1964–2022 indicated that the model accurately captured the variations of annual LWS in Lake Dianchi with a relative root mean square error of 4.23%, and correlation coefficient of 0.77. The attribution results suggested that lake regulation strategies were the chief determinant of LWS change in Lake Dianchi, while water transfer had a limited contribution. This study suggests that complex hydrological behavior in regulated lakes can be explored using Budyko's supply–demand framework with a low requirement for data.

Beyond Pigou: Externalities and Civil Society in the Supply-Demand Framework

Beyond Pigou: Externalities and Civil Society in the Supply-Demand Framework

Beyond Pigou: Externalities and Civil Society in the Supply-Demand Framework

Beyond Pigou: Externalities and Civil Society in the Supply-Demand Framework

A Supply-Demand Framework for Eco-Compensation Calculation and Allocation in China’s National Key Ecological Function Areas—A Case Study in the Yangtze River Economic Belt

China’s National Key Ecological Function Areas (NKEFAs) provide important ecosystem services but lose significant development opportunities. An NKEFA consists of a few National Key Ecological Function Counties (NKEFCs). China’s central government annually makes fiscal transfers to NKEFCs to compensate for their fiscal imbalance and ecosystem protection costs. The eco-compensation coefficient (ECC), together with the fiscal revenue and expenditure gap (FREG), determines the transfer payment, but the central government fails to provide practical methods for its estimation. This article proposes a framework for ECC estimation by integrating ecosystem service supply (ESS), ecosystem protection cost (EPC), and public service provision capability (PSC) of NKEFCs, and clarifies the criteria and indicators for ESS, EPC, and PSC evaluation. The framework was implemented in the Yangtze River Economic Belt (YZEB), and the results were compared with the payments in the current central-to-local fiscal transfer (CTLFT) system. The key findings and conclusions include: (1) The payment in the current CTLFT system mainly depends on the FREG rather than ESS and EPC of NKEFCs. (2) Some counties are notably under-compensated because their ESS or EPC are underestimated, or the province that administers them has a stronger fiscal capability. (3) The framework contributes to fair allocation and efficient use of eco-compensation payments by improving the ECC estimation method and identifying the main stressors and public service weaknesses in NKEFAs. This study gives the following policy implications: (1) Inner-provincial and cross-provincial watershed eco-compensation programs need to be developed to supplement the central-to-local eco-compensation program in the YZEB. (2) Environmental management strategies should be based on the characteristics of stressors and people’s livelihood in NKEFAs.

Mechanism analysis of ecosystem services (ES) changes under the proposed supply-demand framework: A case study of Jiangsu Province, China

Characterizing the structure, process, and function of ecosystems, ecosystem services (ES) closely impacts human well-being. It is significant to reveal the complex pathways of factors driving ES based on the supply–demand framework to supplement knowledge about ES change. Therefore, A conceptual framework of ES change from the supply–demand perspective was constructed first. Then, the structural equation model (SEM) method was employed to reveal the mechanism of ES changes driven by socioeconomic and natural ecological factors and to measure their direct and indirect effects. The main findings are: The social and economic factors indirectly affect ES, with effects of −0.549 and −0.154, respectively, from the demand side. Natural conditions, as the supply-side factors, directly and indirectly affect ES, with effects of 4.342 and −1.721. Land use directly acts on ES from the supply side as an intermediary that links the socioeconomic factors and natural conditions, with a direct effect of −2.735. The effect sizes of drivers on different ES are different, however generally conform to the proposed mechanism framework. This study follows the theory of Coupled Human and Natural Systems and contributes to the construction of resilient social-ecological system.

Aging and Wages of Older Workers in Japan

We first theoretically argue that labor force aging leads to a fall in the relative wage of older workers based on the Tinbergen's labor supply-demand framework. Using data from Japan's Basic Survey on Wage Structure and Population Census across 47 prefectures, we then estimate that a 10% increase in the relative number of workers aged 55 and older leads to a fall in their corresponding relative wage in a range of 3.5% to 4.3%. This equivalently implies that the older workers and their younger cohorts are gross substitutes with the estimated elasticity of substitution in the range of 2.33 to 2.86. Our estimations also suggest that since 2010 there exists a convergence in the relative wage of older workers across Japan's prefectures.

An Integrated Analysis of Tourism Seasonality in Prices and Quantities, with an Application to the Spanish Hotel Industry

Most research on tourism seasonality has focused on tourism flows and, to a much lesser extent, on tourism prices. However, up to now no research has been devoted to understanding the relationship between tourism seasonality in quantities and prices. We try to fill this gap with an application to the Spanish hotels during 2008–2017. Provincial data on the seasonality of night stays and prices of Spanish hotels is presented, compared, and correlated. This data analysis inspires a supply-demand framework to jointly explain both kinds of seasonality. We show the usefulness of this framework to first explain the role of hotels’ cost and price flexibility in determining the seasonality of night stays and second to encompass in a single framework most of the determinants of the changes of tourism seasonality in quantities and prices, including some determinants seldom considered in the literature.

Trends in fertility preference implementation among selected Eastern African countries

Background: There has been continuous debate among scholars regarding fertility transition in Africa. Two conclusions emerge: slow pace of decline because of weak facilitating social programs and high demand for large families amidst weak family planning programs. Accelerated fertility decline is expected to occur if there is both substantial decline in desired fertility and increased level of preference implementation. Despite these conclusions, there are also emergent exceptions in Africa, even among the Eastern African countries. Our motivation for the study of this region therefore lies in this context. First, the East African countries share some similarities in policy framework. Secondly, Rwanda and Kenya appear as exceptional in the drive towards accelerating further fertility decline. Fertility change therefore in any one country may have implications in the neighbouring country due to the commonalities especially in language, cultural traits, diffusion and spread new models of behaviour. Methods: With the utilization of DHS data, we analyse trends overtime in two specific features that scholars have indicated to slow or increase fertility decline. Using Bongaarts supply-demand framework, we first deduce trends in fertility preferences among women of reproductive age (15-49 years) and second, the extent to which women have been able to implement their fertility preferences during the course of fertility decline and subsequently decomposing these trends. Results: We found that with the rising aggregate of the degree of fertility preference implementation index, continuous declining trends in demand for births and subsequent increases in the contribution made by either or both the wanted fertility and the degree of fertility preference implementation index across categories that fertility transition is certainly on course in all countries albeit at different levels, thanks to the family planning. Conclusions: Family planning programs must therefore be accompanied by rigorous, consistent sensitization and public education.

Higher Education Expansion, Selections Based on Non-Cognitive Abilities and Gender Differences: The Case of China

We assess how implicit selections based on non-cognitive abilities may have changed in the context of the great higher education expansion in China, applying the classic supply-demand framework and utilizing the Big Five personality model. Using the Chinese General Social Survey (CGSS) data from 2012, difference-in-difference (DID), difference-in-difference-in-difference (DDD) and descriptive analyses establish the following three major findings. First, from the generation entering college before the expansion—post-70s—to the generation entering college after the expansion—post-80s and post-90s—implicit selections in higher education based on personality have weakened with the increased supply of higher education opportunities. Second, selections have significantly weakened in terms of the openness dimension of personality, yet there is some evidence that selections have strengthened in terms of conscientiousness. This reflects that open-mindedness has become a relatively higher supply trait and conscientiousness has become a relatively lower supply trait among members of the post-90s generation. Third, selections have weakened only on the openness dimension for males, but on multiple dimensions beginning with agreeableness for females, reflecting a greatly increased supply of higher education opportunities for females with this dominant trait. The finding on strengthened selections based on conscientiousness has important implications for what and how to educate today’s college students.

HESS Opinions: Beyond the long-term water balance: evolving Budyko's supply–demand framework for the Anthropocene towards a global synthesis of land-surface fluxes under natural and human-altered watersheds

Abstract. Global hydroclimatic conditions have been substantially altered over the past century by anthropogenic influences that arise from the warming global climate and from local/regional anthropogenic disturbances. Traditionally, studies have used coupling of multiple models to understand how land-surface water fluxes vary due to changes in global climatic patterns and local land-use changes. We argue that because the basis of the Budyko framework relies on the supply and demand concept, the framework could be effectively adapted and extended to quantify the role of drivers – both changing climate and local human disturbances – in altering the land-surface response across the globe. We review the Budyko framework, along with these potential extensions, with the intent of furthering the applicability of the framework to emerging hydrologic questions. Challenges in extending the Budyko framework over various spatio-temporal scales and the use of global datasets to evaluate the water balance at these various scales are also discussed.

Trends in fertility preference implementation among selected Eastern African countries.

Background: There has been continuous debate among scholars regarding fertility transition in Africa. Two conclusions emerge: slow pace of decline because of weak facilitating social programs and high demand for large families amidst weak family planning programs. Accelerated fertility decline is expected to occur if there is both substantial decline in desired fertility and increased level of preference implementation. Despite these conclusions, there are also emergent exceptions in Africa, even among the Eastern African countries. Our motivation for the study of this region therefore lies in this context. First, the East African countries share some similarities in policy framework. Secondly, Rwanda and Kenya appear as exceptional in the drive towards accelerating further fertility decline. Fertility change therefore in any one country may have implications in the neighbouring country due to the commonalities especially in language, cultural traits, diffusion and spread new models of behaviour. Methods: With the utilization of DHS data, we analyse trends overtime in two specific features that scholars have indicated to slow or increase fertility decline. Using Bongaarts supply-demand framework, we first deduce trends in fertility preferences among women of reproductive age (15-49 years) and second, the extent to which women have been able to implement their fertility preferences during the course of fertility decline and subsequently decomposing these trends. Results: We found that with the rising aggregate of the degree of fertility preference implementation index, continuous declining trends in demand for births and subsequent increases in the contribution made by either or both the wanted fertility and the degree of fertility preference implementation index across categories that fertility transition is certainly on course in all countries albeit at different levels, thanks to the family planning. Conclusions: Family planning programs must therefore be accompanied by rigorous, consistent sensitization and public education.

A Monographic Study of Mathematical Thinking in the Field of Early Education from the Perspective of Subject Quality

This paper analyzes the current circumstances of the mathematical thinking training industry in the field of preschool education in China under the supply-demand theoretical framework in the first place. On the demand side, the author summarizes how elements such as policy guidance, upgraded distribution of public consumption, upgraded parents’ attitudes toward children’s education drive the thriving period of mathematical thinking. On the supply side, this paper finds through statistics that after ten years of development, now mathematical thinking training institutions in the market can be divided into online and offline institutions, traditional tycoons and emerging enterprises. In addition, the author discusses the present teaching system of mathematical thinking training in China and makes a summary from two aspects --- teaching mode and curriculum setting. Last, based on the analyses above, this paper identifies the future trends of this area in terms of technological convergence and regional distribution.

Supply and Demand Analysis of Autophagy.

Autophagy is an intracellular protein degradation pathway that plays a vital role in cellular homeostasis. It maintains cellular function through proteostasis and the removal of unused and harmful proteins and organelles. Moreover, it also serves as an adaptive response to metabolic perturbations. Deviation in autophagy activity has been linked to the progression of several pathologies, including neurodegenerative diseases. Preclinical trials have shown that modulating autophagy holds great promise in treating neurodegenerative diseases by clearing toxic protein aggregates. The success of autophagy modulating therapies requires extensive knowledge of the molecular machinery and, importantly, an in-depth understanding of the underlying systems properties of the autophagy system. A computational approach provides a powerful platform to interrogate and analyze the regulation, control, and behavior of reaction networks. However, the complexity of interactions involved in the autophagy pathway makes it challenging to isolate and characterize individual components. By reducing the autophagy process to a supply-demand system in which autophagosome synthesis (supply) and autophagosome degradation (demand) are linked by the autophagosomes, it is possible to determine the control of the supply and demand over the steady-state autophagosome flux and autophagosome concentration. In this chapter, we describe a methodology to perform supply and demand analysis of the autophagy system, the experimental procedure to measure the autophagy variables, and the use of the supply-demand framework to determine the distribution of flux and concentration control.

A Spatial Price Determination Model for Multi‐Market Heterogeneously Distributed Resources: An Application to Forestry Markets in Sweden

The spatial dimension is a key paradigm in price determination, as attested by recent studies in the literature that highlighted the differential in market behavior between spatial and non‐spatial pricing settings. In this paper, we develop a model of spatial pricing for multi‐market heterogeneously distributed resources, with an application to the Swedish forestry sector. The focus of the model is to estimate the impact of spatial interaction on the demand for resources in terms of resource allocation, competition, and pricing. In its core, the pricing mechanism relies on a supply–demand framework. Using disaggregated data at the gridcell level for forest feedstock supply and harvesting costs in Sweden, we construct regional supply curves for each gridcell assuming a maximum transportation distance to delimit the potential market. Demand nodes are exogenously determined and are adjusted using a distance‐decay model to assess demand pressure across locations. We apply the model empirically to assess the impact on forest feedstock prices of a 20 TWh increase in biofuel production.

The role of ethnic diversity in sustainable environmental growth: new evidence across different income regions

ABSTRACTWe examine the relationship between ethnic diversity and environmental quality, proxied by carbon dioxide () emissions. Ethnic diversity is captured using indices of ethnic fractionalization. Adopting a supply-demand framework which introduces a model for economic growth, we find that ethnic fractionalization reduces emissions. The negative effect of ethnic diversity on emissions is also consistent across middle and low-income countries as well as high-income countries. However, results suggest that ethnic diversity has a negative effect on growth in middle and low-income countries, but a positive effect on growth in high-income countries. Our findings prove robust to alternative estimation methods.

Changing wage structure in India in the post-reform era: 1993\u20132011

This paper documents the changing structure of wages in India over the post-reform era, the roughly two-decade period since 1993. To investigate the factors underlying these changes, a supply-demand framework is applied at the level of the Indian state. While real wages have risen across India over the past two decades, the increase has been greater in rural areas and, especially, for unskilled workers. The analysis finds that, in rural areas, the changing wage structure has been driven largely by relative supply factors, such as increased overall education levels and falling female labor force participation. Relative wage changes between rural and urban areas have been driven largely by shifts in employment, notably into unskilled-intensive sectors like construction.JEL Classification: J21, J23, J24, J31

Toward a unified model of human information behavior: an equilibrium perspective

PurposeThe purpose of this paper is to build a unified model of human information behavior (HIB) for integrating classical constructs and reformulating the structure of HIB theory.Design/methodology/approachThis paper employs equilibrium perspective from partial equilibrium theory to conceptualization and deduction, starting from four basic assumptions.FindingsThis paper develops two models to incorporate previous HIB research approaches into an equilibrium-analysis-oriented information supply-demand (ISD) framework: first, the immediate-task/problem-based and everyday life information-seeking (ELIS)-sense-making approaches are incorporated into the short-term ISD model; second, the knowledge-construction-oriented and ability-based HIB research approaches are elaborated by the long-term ISD model. Relations among HIB theories are illustrated via the method of graphical reasoning. Moreover, these two models jointly reveal the connection between information seeking in immediate problematic situations and long-term ability improvement.Originality/valueThe equilibrium framework enables future research to explore HIB from three perspectives: stages: group the classical concepts (e.g. anomalous state of knowledge, uncertainty) into different stages (i.e. start state, process, goal state) and see how they interact with each other within and across different stages; forces: explore information behaviors and information-related abilities as information supply and demand forces, and see how different forces influence each other and jointly motivate people to pursue the equilibriums between outside world and mental model; and short term and long term: study the connections between short-term information seeking and long-term ability improvement at both theoretical and empirical levels.

Constructing and contesting City of London power: NGOs and the emergence of noisier financial politics

Existing literature on the City of London has tended to focus on its ‘structural power’, while neglecting political and narrative agency. This paper acts as a corrective by presenting evidence to show that since the financial crash of 2008 the political terrain the City operates on has become more contested, crowded and noisier. The contribution develops a middle course between a positive assessment of the role of civil society in relation to global finance, and a more pessimistic reading. We demonstrate how macro-narratives and public story-telling both construct and contest City and financial sector power. In a new pattern since the financial crash, NGOs have moved from campaigns of limited duration and narrow focus, to a more sustained presence on macro-structural issues. Adopting a supply–demand framework for assessing governance and regulatory change, we look at the emergence of TheCityUK as a new advocacy arm and the strategies of three of the more prominent and focused NGOs that have mobilized in the aftermath of the crash: the Tax Justice Network’s (TJN) use of the ‘finance curse’; Positive Money on private endogenous money creation; and Finance Watch counterweight strategies at the level of the European Union. We suggest these mobilizations highlight the need for a more concerted and orchestrated construction of a global institutional civil society infrastructure in finance (a global financial public sphere) to achieve greater access, resources, scrutiny and oversight for a range of specialist expert NGOs.

The Origin and Consistency of the Ton–Mile Metric in the Shipping Economics

The aim of this paper is to investigate an underpinning of the conventional maritime economics, supply-demand framework, and measurement of shipping services in particular. The ton–mile metric is frequently employed as a measure of demand in both academia and professional readings. On the other hand, the ton–mile measurement approach has various drawbacks and inconsistencies that are thought to be negligible or simply ignored. The incompleteness of the ton–mile metric approach, which is usually taken as granted, is discussed in terms of its origin and historical presence in the literature. Assumptions behind the approach are investigated, and practical limitations are revisited.