Goods Supply Chain Research Articles

О НОВЫХ КРИТЕРИЯХ К ОЦЕНКЕ НАДЕЖНОСТИ ЦЕПЕЙ ПОСТАВОК ТОВАРОВ, СОДЕРЖАЩИХ ОБЪЕКТЫ ИНТЕЛЛЕКТУАЛЬНОЙ СОБСТВЕННОСТИ

At present, the issues of reliability of international supply chains are acquiring a crucial role - the sanctions of unfriendly countries, the exit from the market of large manufacturers and suppliers of goods, have identified new risks for business. The legalization of parallel imports in relation to a certain category of goods, on the one hand, had a positive effect on reducing the risks associated with a possible shortage of products on the domestic market, but on the other hand, it did not affect the building of a safe supply chain for such goods. In addition, there were expert statements about the increase in the volume of counterfeit products in connection with the legalization of parallel imports. At the same time, the Federal Customs Service gives a completely opposite assessment of the situation. The article considers emerging new risks in the supply chains of goods containing intellectual property. The existing criteria for assessing the reliability of supply chains of goods containing objects of intellectual property are analyzed and, based on a statistical assessment of probability, new specific reliability criteria for a specific category of goods containing objects of intellectual property are proposed.

Review of the Lockdown Regulations’ Impact on Informal Businesses during the COVID-19 Pandemic

Globally, the COVID-19 pandemic lockdown regulations caused enormous changes in all business sectors because many businesses were not allowed to operate. Only a few were regarded as essential businesses, such as pharmacies and grocery shops, and allowed to operate. Lockdown regulations negatively affected the South African informal sector. As a result, it is difficult to provide accurate statistics on the entrepreneurs affected by the COVID-19 pandemic. There are no official statistics from the informal sector. This paper aims to examine how the informal sector was affected by the lockdown down restrictions within South Africa. The paper adopts a systematic review methodology using Google Scholar and Web of Science or Scopes to search for articles on informal entrepreneurship, COVID-19, and South Africa to draw a conclusion from the analysed data. The findings indicated that most of the businesses in the informal sector were negatively affected, including workers because some of them lost their jobs and others did not receive their usual salaries due to limited working hours. There were disruptions in the supply chain and pricing of goods and services, and people could not have sustained their income during the lockdown in South Africa. In conclusion, the informal sector is one of the most vulnerable sectors that lacks access to appropriate risk management structures, and most people live on a hand to mouth basis. COVID-19 has negatively affected the informal sector, mainly through distribution and marketing systems.

Immediate impacts of COVID-19 lockdown on personal mobility and consumer behaviour of households in Sri Lanka

Lockdown measures adopted to contain the Coronavirus (COVID-19) pandemic resulted in severe disruptions to mobility, both in demand and supply of passenger and goods transport and supply chain activities globally. This research was designed to understand the immediate reactions of households and society during the curfew imposed in Sri Lanka, a developing country, to curb the spread of the pandemic. This paper investigates psychometric perceptions across different socio-economic characteristics of households using statistical techniques to explore the association between the sample and population parameters. Results prominently indicate that these immediate impacts of health advisories and lockdown on personal mobility and consumption patterns were short-term in nature and unlikely to continue beyond the curfew. These results would be useful in understanding how society would deal with a similar unforeseen event in the future if it were to arise.

An Online Platform in 3D Virtual Environment, a Tool in Entrepreneurship Empowerment for Goods and Services Supply Chain

This paper presents a virtual trade platform to promote entrepreneurial spirit and provide a systemic approach to support businesses and consumers to successfully promote their products and services in exhibitions through virtual reality, overcoming problems of transport, cost, and weakness for their participation due to insularity. Several activities were developed in the 3D Virtual World, involving the entrepreneurial spirit with innovative activities and procedures, increasing opportunities and putting theoretical knowledge into practice. The S.A.A.T. online expo platform uses 3D virtual reality (VR) to enhanced entrepreneurship focused on the agri-food domain and the tourism, since it is possible for SME’s to promote products and services by overcoming distance problems from potential customers and interested investors, easily. According to the above mentioned, the online S.A.A.T. expo platform provides some of the main functions of a modern virtual exhibition, in order to improve the applications of VR in those fields.

Analysis of Eucalyptus Supply Chain Methods Based on Influencing Factors: A Review

The success of a supply chain is an important key in achieving the goals set by producers. The success of a supply chain has multiple objectives that are key to consumer satisfaction. These goals are high quality, low prices, on time delivery, and good customer service. This goal can be achieved if the management can design a good supply chain. In this study, an analysis will be carried out from the results of previous research, regarding the efforts made to increase supply chain productivity for Eucalyptus plants. Every scientific article goes through a rigorous selection process to get articles that are in accordance with the objectives of this research. The results show that the approach using simulation methods is the best way to analyze and evaluate a supply chain. Each simulation approach can provide actual information required for improvement of the supply chain. Improvements are generally carried out on an ongoing basis for each specified period.

Retailer‐to‐Individual Customer Product Supply Strategies Under a Semireal Demand Pattern

In the consumer goods supply chain, there are three different modes of demand: real, false, and semireal. It is an interesting topic to discuss the optimal profit of enterprises according to these three demand patterns. This paper develops three mathematical models that can be used to investigate the factors that affect retailers with respect to the design of product supply strategies for individual customers under a semireal demand pattern and thereby addresses the problem of retailers’ maximum profitability. The results of the present study show that these models may effectively help retailers develop appropriate supply strategies for individual customers under a semireal demand pattern; in turn, this may help retailers improve operational performance. The main contribution of the current study lies in the construction of mathematical models of product supply strategies for the individual customer in the off‐invoice mode, the scan‐back mode, and the unsold‐item processing mode under the semireal demand pattern. The effectiveness of the models has been verified through numerical calculations. In concrete management practice, the mathematical model given in this paper can be used to effectively adjust the quantity of goods purchased, correct retail prices, and optimize sales discounts to maximize profits.

Чинники грошово-кредитної політики: світ та Україна в умовах воєнної агресії

Starting with the global pandemic crisis, whose consequences included the disruption of logistics chains and the suspension in a number of economic sectors, the world economy is experiencing increasingly large losses. Full-scale Russian aggression against Ukraine and the imposition of sanctions against the Russian Federation by many countries have made the global economy even more unstable and problematic. Macroeconomic problems are accumulating in the world, which will be a long term trend. The article deals with Ukraine’s domestic financial and monetary sphere since the beginning of Russian aggression in 2014 and in the context of the post-pandemic global crisis. In the first months of the war, Ukraine – being a small open commodity based economy –managed to maintain the stability of money circulation and prevented panic in the financial markets, in contrast to 1998, 2008 and 2014. The full-scale war continued the economic crisis initiated by the COVID-19 pandemic. The interaction of the two crises deepens imbalances in both the global and Ukrainian economic and financial systems. As manifestations of the crisis, the article examines the disrupted supply chains of goods and raw materials, and the negative impact on the companies’ solvency due to reduced demand. On the other hand, with their financial injections, the governments prevent the rapid bankruptcy of unviable firms in order to preserve employment, which exposes the economy to new risks. The article outlines expected developments in Ukraine’s financial system due to long war and the ensuing macroeconomic losses and uncertainty. Recommendations are given on urgent measures to support the banking sector in order to increase its liquidity and solvency under the conditions shaped in 2022. The authors note that in the fight against inflation, it is necessary to take into account the increased energy prices, the disrupted logistics chains for commodity producers, the decreased export revenue, and the increased prices for critical imported goods. Anti-inflationary measures under such conditions could lead to stagnation and phase out domestic production.

REGULATION OF UKRAINE’S COMMODITY MARKETS IN CONDITIONS OF EMERGENCY AND MARTIAL LAW

The economy can function both under normal and extraordinary conditions, which include states of emergency and martial law. Emergency conditions arise from time to time and can be both relatively short and sufficiently long. The functioning of the economy in conditions of emergency and martial law can include overcoming the pandemic and repelling armed aggression. The functioning of the economy in conditions of emergency and martial law requires special methods of state regulation, including on commodity markets. The purpose of the article is to determine methodical approaches to the formation of regulatory policy on commodity markets under conditions of emergency and martial law. To achieve the goal, the following tasks were set: 1) to determine the peculiarities of the regulation of commodity markets in conditions of emergency and martial law; 2) assess the effectiveness of regulatory influence; and 3) substantiate recommendations for improvement of regulatory policy. Various methods of sampling and statistical processing of information were used during the research. Data from the State Statistics Service of Ukraine, the Ministry of Finance of Ukraine, and the State Service of Ukraine on Food Safety and Consumer Protection were used for the analysis. Special attention was paid to the methods of price regulation and increasing supply in commodity markets of consumer goods. One of the main features of the functioning of the economy in conditions of the COVID-19 pandemic and martial law is the disruption of the usual supply chains of goods. There is a commodity shortage in the markets, which accelerates the growth of prices. Therefore, the main task of regulatory policy in commodity markets is to encourage supply and curb inflation. To this end, during 2020-2022, a set of measures was introduced: the procedure for starting a business was simplified, the tax burden was reduced, pricing was deregulated, exports were limited, barriers to imports were lowered, a declaration of intent to increase prices was introduced, price limits were established, etc. As a result of the conducted research, it was found: 1) high efficiency of influence on the price dynamics on the part of export restrictions and tax benefits; 2) low effectiveness of the declaration of the intention to increase the price; 3) relatively high efficiency of setting ceiling prices during a pandemic and low efficiency of this measure under martial law; 3) high expediency of introducing free prices on the markets of goods of significant social importance with high competition between suppliers; 4) great importance of the competition between suppliers to overcome shortages and price stability. In order to improve the regulatory policy in the conditions of emergency and martial law, the following recommendations have been substantiated: 1) canceling the price limits in highly competitive markets; 2) simplifying the procedure for declaring the intention to increase the price and strengthening control over its implementation; 3) creating strategic stocks of goods of significant social importance in the event of a state of emergency and war.

Risk Analysis of Indonesian Mango Sustainable Supply Chain For Singapore Market

UD WN Mango Sultan, Gresik succeeded in exporting 1 ton of mangoes to Singapore in 2021. However, exports are still not sustainable because they are constrained by several risks faced in the mango supply chain. To support the development of mango sales, it is inseparable from good and sustainable supply chain management. Good supply chain management can reduce or anticipate the risks that are often faced by every supply chain actor. To reduce the impact of emerging risks, it is necessary to identify priority risks for further risk mitigation actions. This study aims to identify risks seen from the perception of each sustainable supply chain actor and evaluate the highest priority risk of each sustainable supply chain actor in mango commodities. The study uses primary data by conducting interviews and filling out questionnaires by informants from businessmen, farmers, and collector of mango commodity in Gresik District. Fuzzy Failure Mode and Effect Analysis (FFMEA) technique is used to determine the priority of risk mitigation efforts. The results show that there are 16 risk components for UD WN Mango Sultan and collectors, and 11 risk components for farmers. Meanwhile, the priority risks for farmers, collectors, and UD WN Mango Sultan are operational risk (5,355), social risk (7,414), and environmental risk (7,917).

The Impact of Corporate Digital Transformation on Supply Chain Management: The Mediating Role of Corporate Innovativeness and Risk Resilience

Supply chain management is one of the core aspects of an enterprise's integrated business processes. Based on the realistic needs of enterprises to optimise their supply chain management, this paper collects data from a sample of domestic listed enterprises' annual reports disclosed from 2007 to 2019 to empirically investigate the impact of digital transformation on supply chain management. It is tested that digital transformation can significantly optimise the supply chain management of enterprises, and this optimisation effect is heterogeneous according to the asset structure characteristics and industry technology attributes of enterprises. The analysis of the mechanism found that digital transformation helps companies achieve higher levels of innovation, while strengthening their risk resilience and thus achieving spillover benefits to supply chain management. In view of this, this paper suggests deepening the construction of enterprise digital ecology, enriching enterprise digital industry support, and further creating a good supply chain operation system for enterprises.

Challenges in the supply chain of cabbage in Nelson Mandela Bay Metropolitan municipality, Eastern Cape, South Africa

The main objective of the study was to advance good supply chain management practices for cabbage through improved shelf life, safety and produce quality, with a view to improving the sustainable supply of cabbage to the Nelson Mandela Bay Metropolitan Municipality. Twenty-nine (29) cabbage farmers were interviewed using a semi-structured questionnaire. The data obtained was analysed descriptively using the Statistical Package for Social Sciences (SPSS) software Version 22. Descriptive statistics identified the modes, means of variables, frequencies, and percentages. The results of the study showed that the majority respondents face cabbage losses due to poor management during transportation. Moreover, challenges experienced by the cabbage farmers included mould growth, poor transport services, poor temperature management, poor stock handling practices, and location of the farms in relation to the market. The findings further revealed that insect infestation in some cabbage consignments was also a contributing factor which led to a high rejection rate among the retailers. The researchers propose that extension advisers should train cabbage farmers to address the identified challenges and ensure a regular monitoring and evaluation process to ensure the success of farmers.

Exploring blockchain-supported authentication based on online and offline business in organic agricultural supply chain

The rise of blockchain technology has disrupted the traditional traceability method of organic agricultural products supply chain (OASC) by emerging authentication or certification. For an offline business scenario, a blockchain certification traceability model (BTM) is popular, in which consumers check the product information before purchasing by convenience scanning bar-code. Similarly, for an online business scenario, a blockchain-based e-commerce model (BEM) is popular, in which consumers verify and book the product while surfing the web. However, few studies have an insight into the potential OASCs business model and employ quantitative methods to confirm the benefits of the adoption of blockchain. According to a current real-world online and offline business, we first conceptualize two models in this paper. We employ the Stackelberg game to compare the supply chain profit and consumer surplus. Furthermore, we extend the analysis by using the case of Red Beauty orange, which proves that the blockchain e-commerce model is a good supply chain model under the condition of high shopping convenience and low operating cost of the blockchain platform. Our findings are probably generalizable to apply to other industrial products that require such services.

РЕГУЛЮВАННЯ ТОВАРНИХ РИНКІВ УКРАЇНИ В УМОВАХ НАДЗВИЧАЙНОГО І ВОЄННОГО СТАНУ

The economy can function both under normal and extraordinary conditions, which include states of emergency and martial law. Emergency conditions arise from time to time and can be both relatively short and sufficiently long. The functioning of the economy in conditions of emergency and martial law can include overcoming the pandemic and repelling armed aggression. The functioning of the economy in conditions of emergency and martial law requires special methods of state regulation, including on commodity markets. The purpose of the article is to determine methodical approaches to the formation of regulatory policy on commodity markets under conditions of emergency and martial law. To achieve the goal, the following tasks were set: 1) to determine the peculiarities of the regulation of commodity markets in conditions of emergency and martial law; 2) assess the effectiveness of regulatory influence; and 3) substantiate recommendations for improvement of regulatory policy. Various methods of sampling and statistical processing of information were used during the research. Data from the State Statistics Service of Ukraine, the Ministry of Finance of Ukraine, and the State Service of Ukraine on Food Safety and Consumer Protection were used for the analysis. Special attention was paid to the methods of price regulation and increasing supply in commodity markets of consumer goods. One of the main features of the functioning of the economy in conditions of the COVID-19 pandemic and martial law is the disruption of the usual supply chains of goods. There is a commodity shortage in the markets, which accelerates the growth of prices. Therefore, the main task of regulatory policy in commodity markets is to encourage supply and curb inflation. To this end, during 2020-2022, a set of measures was introduced: the procedure for starting a business was simplified, the tax burden was reduced, pricing was deregulated, exports were limited, barriers to imports were lowered, a declaration of intent to increase prices was introduced, price limits were established, etc. As a result of the conducted research, it was found: 1) high efficiency of influence on the price dynamics on the part of export restrictions and tax benefits; 2) low effectiveness of the declaration of the intention to increase the price; 3) relatively high efficiency of setting ceiling prices during a pandemic and low efficiency of this measure under martial law; 3) high expediency of introducing free prices on the markets of goods of significant social importance with high competition between suppliers; 4) great importance of the competition between suppliers to overcome shortages and price stability. In order to improve the regulatory policy in the conditions of emergency and martial law, the following recommendations have been substantiated: 1) canceling the price limits in highly competitive markets; 2) simplifying the procedure for declaring the intention to increase the price and strengthening control over its implementation; 3) creating strategic stocks of goods of significant social importance in the event of a state of emergency and war.

Using PLS-SEM for assessing negative impact and cooperation as antecedents of gray market in FMCG supply chains: an analysis on Spanish wholesale distributors

PurposeWithin the fast-moving consumer goods (FMCG) supply chain, one of the problems facing the distribution channel strategy is the presence of the gray market. The article shows two novel antecedents of the participation of official distributors in this gray channel: Negative impact on distributor performance and the relationship with their supplier. Knowledge of this background helps to preserve the strategy outlined for the official distribution channel.Design/methodology/approachData were collected from 172 Spanish wholesale distributors and analyzed using PLS-SEM.FindingsThe authors found that the damage through negative affectation in the official distributor's performance and the cooperation provided by the manufacturer, have different effects. While affectation is shown to be a powerful antecedent of participation in the gray market, the effect of perceived manufacturer cooperation does not show strong results.Practical implicationsIn business practice, these findings lead the manufacturer to keep transactions carried out in the gray market at low levels and provide cooperation to official distributors to guarantee the official channel strategy aimed at efficiency in the distribution of branded goods.Originality/valueThe background of the gray market discussed in the study has not been previously analyzed in the literature. In this way, the authors contribute to the knowledge of such a common problem as the presence of the gray market in the segmentation of distribution channels of high-demand products.

Penerapan Supply Chain Management (SCM) Dalam Pemantauan Stok Barang Berbasis Web

Umi Nala Shop store is engaged in selling toys, such as floats, laptop screens, construction sets, ambulance cars, small cars, jeep cars, and many more. The problem is that this store does not know the amount of inventory of goods in the warehouse. This store purchases goods from suppliers for the inventory of goods to be sold without knowing the available stock. This makes the inventory of goods to be sold by the store uncontrollable. The store records incoming and outgoing goods and transactions manually using paper so that data can be lost. The Umi Nala Shop has more than 200 resellers but is inactive and has ten suppliers to supply the goods sold. The sale of goods at the Umi Nala Shop is still offline, where customers come directly to the Umi Nala Shop. Marketing is carried out through social media networks such as Facebook, WhatsApp, and Instagram. In carrying out its business, it is necessary to pay attention to inventory management to provide for consumer needs and control inventory when there is a high demand for goods. For the store to compete, it is necessary to implement Supply Chain Management (SCM) to integrate suppliers, warehouse manufacturing, and storage so that goods are distributed in the correct quantity at the right time, to minimize costs and provide satisfaction to consumers. The purpose of this study is to build an SCM application that can make it easier for stores to find out the amount of inventory to ensure the availability of goods. The results of this study with the implementation of Supply Chain Management at the Umi Nala Shop store can help and make it easier for store owners to manage the supply chain of goods.

State and Development of Transport Logistics under Current Conditions

The pandemic and the sanctions imposed on the Russian Federation have completely changed the way transport logistics functions. In this regard, it is relevant to study the current state and development of transport logistics under these conditions. The article is aimed at studying goods transportation and destinations both around Russia, in general, and around the Irkutsk region, in particular. The article analyzes the state of transport logistics in the Russian Federation and in the Irkutsk region, outlines the main trends in transport logistics observed in the current situation. The study showed that the functional issues of transport logistics in the country are as follows: delays in delivery of goods, additional customs control of goods, increased time for clearance of goods, rising fee rates for container transportation, a lack of transportation capacity, rising tariffs. All of these ultimately result in disruptions in the supply chains of goods. The following ways of solving the identified problems are proposed: spreading regional centers in the European part of Russia across regions of the country; providing outsourcing of logistics services; applying electronic consignment note and improving digital services; increasing the share of the Russian railways in the Eurasian international transport market; strengthening competitive advantages of railway transport in relation to other means of transport and foreign carriers; attracting transit cargo flows to the Russian railway network.

The impacts of the COVID-19 pandemic on micro, small, and medium enterprises in Asia and their digitalization responses

Soon after the outbreak of the COVID-19 pandemic, many governments began extending financial and other forms of support to micro, small, and medium enterprises (MSMEs) and their workers because smaller firms are more vulnerable to negative shocks to their supply chain, labor supply, and final demand for goods and services than larger firms. Since MSMEs are diverse, however, the severity of the pandemic’s impact on them varies considerably depending on their characteristics. Using online survey data of MSMEs from eight developing economies in South, Southeast, and Northeast Asia, this paper attempts to deepen our understanding of the impact of the pandemic on MSMEs, especially their employment, sales revenue, and cash flow. It also characterizes those firms that began participating in online commerce and tries to determine how their use of online commerce and their employment are related in this difficult time. This paper also examines the government support that MSMEs have received and the extent to which it has satisfied their support needs.

Assessing Barriers in Humanitarian Supply Chains for Cyclone in Coastal Areas of Bangladesh: An Interpretive Structural Modeling (ISM) Approach

Bangladesh has frequently been affected by natural hazards, notably, cyclones in coastal areas. Humanitarian organizations are always active in helping affected communities through effective humanitarian supply-chain management by providing humanitarian goods and services, which is crucial to aiding vulnerable people after a natural catastrophe. However, some factors cause significant difficulties in achieving feasible humanitarian supply-chain (HSC) management that eventually ends up as a disfunctional and ineffective system to support to the community in need. Therefore, a lack of standard logistics support complicates horizontal cooperation between humanitarian organizations at various stages, along with relief aid. The motive of the paper is to identify and understand the barriers of HSC during the disaster preparedness and immediate response phase, particularly for cyclones in the coastal areas of Bangladesh. Through an extensive literature review and consultation with experts from different humanitarian organizations, 10 barriers were identified. To illustrate the structural relationships among the selected barriers, an interpretive structural modeling (ISM) approach with additional MICMAC (Matriced’ Impacts Croisés Multiplication Appliquée á unClassement) analysis is used for data analysis. This aids in evaluating relative dependencies and driving power among the selected barriers. Findings show that a lack of an integrated approach and coordination among government and other humanitarian stakeholders, the inefficacy of multilateral information sharing among them, and a shortage of experienced logisticians are the barriers with the highest driving powers in HSC. The findings of this study will help humanitarian experts, aid agencies who distribute humanitarian aid, and organizations, to set up a good supply chain for helping people in the coastal area of Bangladesh following cyclones.

ANALISIS KINERJA RANTAI PASOK (SUPPLY CHAIN) KOPI ROBUSTA DI KECAMATAN ULUBELU, KABUPATEN TANGGAMUS

Coffee was a commodity that had good prospects for commerce. The high demand for coffee must be accompanied by a good supply chain in order for the trade to run effectively. The study aims to know the flow of products, information streams, and financial streams, as well as the performance of robusta coffee supply chain in Ulubelu district of Tanggamus regency. This site has been purposely chosen (purpossive) on the basis of ulubelu district's main producer of robusta coffee in the Tanggamus regency. The type of data collected is the primary data obtained through the methods of interviews and secondary data obtained from relevant libraries or literature. In addition, PT Ulubelu Cofco Abadi, the director for production and acquisition of goods, the Karya Taruna Gapoktan, and the research institute. Data is analyzed using a descriptive analysis to describe the flow of products, financial streams, and information streams. Supply Chain Operation Reference (SCOR) is used to account for the performance of the perpetual supply chain in PT Ulubelu Cofco Abadi that was agroindustry of robusta coffee. Research shows that three streams in robusta coffee supply chain in Ulubelu district of Tanggamus regency has not been optimal. The flow of information that goes on in the supply chain regarding daily price changes. The flow of products flows from farmers to middlemen, gatherers, traders, exporters/powdered coffee industry in the form of ose or green bean. A cash flow between marketing agencies flows from downstream to upstream and smoothly. The results of the robusta coffee supply chain performance in PT Ulubelu Cofco Abadi immortality were 82.31% of those included in the good classes.

A Community Impact Scale for Regional Disaster Planning with Transportation Disruption

This paper proposes a simple analytical scheme and associated qualitative impact scales that capture the spatially varying effects of a regional disaster. Large-scale disasters that affect many towns and cities pose particular challenges for emergency response planning. For example, disruption to transportation systems can impede regional supply chains of critical goods, thereby exacerbating the impacts suffered locally in communities. Conventional metrics of disaster severity, such as number of casualties or intensity of ground shaking, do not adequately capture how community impacts and needs may vary across the affected region, and they do not typically consider regional transportation disruption. Using a series of impact scales, the approach in this paper captures essential attributes of three broad components related to community impacts from a regional disaster—local disaster impacts in a community, regional transportation disruption to the community, and the community’s coping capacity—and aggregates them to an overall metric of community impact. The approach can be implemented with widely varying degrees of data availability, as demonstrated in two case applications. Both cases involve an M9 Cascadia subduction zone earthquake affecting a broad region of coastal British Columbia, Canada. The first application illustrates how in a pre-event planning situation, modeled results can be used to anticipate which communities are at greatest risk, and to help prioritize mitigation and emergency response planning. The second case demonstrates how in the immediate aftermath of a disaster, the approach can be used with limited information to help prioritize response and recovery activities.