Central Supply Research Articles

Bridging the humanitarian-development divide in a protracted crisis: a case study of the use of a central plant to supply oxygen for COVID-19 case management in South Sudan.

The rising demand for medicinal oxygen due to the COVID-19 pandemic exacerbated an underlying chronic shortage of the commodity in Africa. This situation is particularly dire in protracted crises where insecurity, dysfunctional health facilities, poor infrastructure and prohibitive costs hinder equitable access to the commodity. Against this backdrop, the Ministry of Health of South Sudan, with the guidance of its partners, procured and installed a pressure swing adsorption central oxygen supply plant to address the shortfall. The plant aimed to ensure a more sustainable and technologically appropriate medicinal oxygen supply system for the country and to bridge the humanitarian and development divide, which had always been challenging. This article discusses the key issues, challenges and lessons associated with the procurement and installation of this plant. The major challenges encountered during the procurement and installation of the plant were the time it took to procure and install in the face of urgent needs for medicinal oxygen and its short and long-term sustainability. Lessons learnt include the need for exhaustive and evidence-based considerations in deciding on which source of medicinal oxygen to deploy in protracted crisis settings. The successful installation and operationalization of the plant demonstrated that it is possible to bridge the humanitarian-development divide amidst the complexities of a protracted crisis and an ongoing pandemic. The Ministries of Health, with the support of its partners, should assess and document the impact of this and other similar central oxygen production plants in protracted crisis settings regarding their sustainability, cost, and effectiveness on medicinal oxygen supply. The Ministry of Health of South Sudan should expedite the finalization and operationalization of the longer-term public-private partnership and continue to monitor the quality of oxygen produced by this plant.

Abstract 19115: In-situ Resuscitation Training in Cardiology Procedural Suites

Background: Critical Care Advanced Resuscitation Training (CC-ART) prepares critical care teams for emergency situations through training that occurs in a simulated clinical space. Simulated environments do not always accurately mirror the actual clinical environments. Simulations conducted in the actual clinical environment, also known as in-situ simulation, may overcome some of these challenges. Goal: To explored the impact of in situ, ART simulation in a Cardiac Catheterization Lab (CCL) and an Electrophysiology Lab (EPL) on the staff’s experience, confidence, and communication skills. Method: Key leadership and educator team members collaborated on the in-situ simulation set up. Coordination with Simulation Center and Central Supply Department was completed to arrange for delivery of high-fidelity manikins and training crash cart to the site. A team of physicians and nurse educators created CCL and EPL scenarios for the simulations and wrote a simulation evaluation survey for CCL and EPL nurses and technologists who attended. Results: . Simulations were run by both critical care anesthesiologist and clinical nurse educator. Pre-simulation and post-simulation surveys were collected immediately prior to and after the in-situ simulation. 38 staff completed pre and post surveys. Pre-simulation, 50.00% of staff strongly agreed that they were confident in their ability to care for a decompensated patient based on the prior CC-ART training versus, post-simulation, 84.21% strongly agreed. Pre-simulation, 26.32% strongly agreed that the simulation center training was similar to their actual work experience versus post-simulation, 78.95% agreed the in-situ simulation matched their actual work experience. Pre-simulation, 52.63% strongly agreed that they were confident in their ability to communicate their needs during emergencies or code blue situations versus post-simulation 86.84% agreed. Conclusion: This quality improvement project highlights the effectiveness of in situ resuscitation simulation in improving healthcare professionals' confidence, training realism, and communication skills . Analysis of patient outcomes is needed to determine the effectiveness and duration of impact of in situ training for clinical practice.

358 The Effects of Varying Levels of Cotton Gin Byproduct and Wet brewers’ Grains on Growth Performance of Growing and Finishing Steers

Abstract The abundance of craft breweries provides widespread availability of wet brewers grains (WBG) to be used by beef cattle producers as a potential feedstuff. Cotton gin byproduct (CGB) is a feedstuff typically reserved for mature beef cows due to its low and variable feed value. Both WBG and CGB have high cost of transportation but are sometimes used by producers near supply centers due to their low price. The objective of this study was to analyze animal performance of growing Angus steers fed total mixed rations with varying amounts of CGB and WBG. Sixty-four Angus steers (365 ± 26 kg) were allotted and blocked by initial body weight (BW) in a randomized complete block design to 8 dietary treatments and fed in 2 phases, growing phase (GP) and finishing phase (FP) (84-d and 69-d, respectively). Dietary treatments were arranged in a 2 x 4 factorial with two levels of CGB (0 or 25% of DM) and 4 levels of WBG (0, 10, 20 or 30% of DM). The control and base of all treatments were corn, corn silage and soybean meal. Body weights were recorded on two consecutive days at the beginning and end of GP and FP. Feed samples were collected, and refusals were weighed weekly. Data were analyzed using the MIXED procedure of SAS 9.4 with main effects of CGB, WBG, and the interaction. The linear, quadratic, and cubic effects of increasing levels of WBG and CGB were tested with polynomial contrasts. Average daily gain (ADG) did not differ among dietary treatments (0, 25% CGB and 0, 10, 20, 30% WBG) for GP, (1.67, 1.61, and 1.67, 1.57, 1.74, and 1.60 kg/d, respectively) (P > 0.3031), FP (1.53, 1.61 and 1.56, 1.53, 1.61, and 1.58 kg/d) or the overall trial (1.61, 1.62 and 1.62, 1.55, 1.68, and 1.60 kg/d). The addition of CGB increased GP dry matter intake (DMI; 11.06 vs 11.99 kg/d; P = 0.0011), while the addition of WBG linearly decreased GP DMI (11.81, 11.69. 11.81, and 10.81 kg/d; P = 0.0292). There was an interaction between CGB and WBG (P = 0.0206), with increasing levels of WBG at 0% CGB exhibiting a cubic effect (P = 0.0127), but no effect at 25% CGB. Inclusion of CGB decreased feed efficiency (FE) in the GP (6.77 vs. 7.69; P = 0.0008) but had no carry-over effect in the FP. There was no effect of WBG on FE in GP or FP. In conclusion, CGB increased DMI, reduced FE, and maintained ADG. Increasing quantities of WBG did not reduce ADG or FE, but decreased DMI with increasing feeding level. Therefore, WBG and CGB can be considered viable options for cattle producers seeking to lower input costs.

A quinolinium-based dual-functional NIR fluorescent probe for the imaging of Aβ aggregation and mitochondrial pH

Mitochondria are the most important energy supply centers in the cell, the changes in function and structure are implicated in many diseases. Among them, Aβ peptide, one of the targets of Alzheimer's disease, is closely related to mitochondrial autophagy, during the process of mitochondrial autophagy, the mitochondrial matrix will undergo acidification and the pH will be obviously reduced. Herein, a quinolinium-based NIR fluorescent probe QM12 was rationally designed and synthesized for the simultaneous imaging of Aβ aggregates and mitochondrial pH with different emission readout. The probe QM12 exhibited excellent selective toward Aβ aggregates, and can also trace the real-time changes of mitochondrial pH, which could serve as a promising tool for the pathological study of Alzheimer's disease, especially the cross talk between different biomarkers of Alzheimer's disease.

Decontamination of a robot used to reprocess reusable surgical instruments

Using robots to handle medical devices in the decontamination area of the Central Sterile Supply Department (CSSD) can reduce risks and address staff shortages. The gripper design must allow reliable cleaning using standard CSSD procedures to avoid build-up of biofilms and possible cross-contamination between different instrument trays and the gripper's functionality. This study explores the design of the robot's gripper regarding cleanability, aiming to determine whether successful cleaning can be achieved even after prolonged drying for a working shift of 8h. We optimized a gripper for cleanability and used it to assess the spread of different test soils depending on different forms of motion. Subsequently, we analysed the cleanability using sheep's blood as test soil, reprocessing the gripper in different assembly configurations after 4 and 8h of drying, and measuring residual protein. Based on our investigations, we documented the spread of contamination depending on the type of motion of the gripper's components. Sheep's blood exhibited the highest dispersion among the test soils, permeating through thin crevices. Importantly, all samples displayed residual protein levels below the warning threshold, irrespective of drying time and gripper disassembly or cleaning position. Cleaning in a device-specific optimized position achieved results comparable to cleaning the disassembled individual components. These findings indicate that cleaning even after one working shift of 8h and without the labour-intensive disassembly of the gripper is feasible, supporting the future use of robots to handle contaminated medical devices in the CSSD decontamination area.

Application of New Nursing Concepts in Disinfection Supply Center and its Impact on Disinfection and Sterilization Qualification Rate

Purpose: To explore the practical effects of applying new nursing concepts in the disinfection supply center. Methods: A retrospective analysis was conducted based on the nursing management work situation of our hospital’s disinfection supply center from December 2022 to June 2023. The work situation of the routine nursing management model from December 2022 to March 2023 was included into the control group, while the nursing management work that applied a variety of new nursing concepts from April 2023 to June 2023 was included in the observation group. The two groups randomly selected 400 medical devices each as research objects to compare the medical devices under the two nursing management models. To deal with the qualifications, at the same time, a self-made questionnaire was issued to the 18 staff members involved during the study to compare the nursing management quality scores of the two groups. Results: The timely rate of recovery and distribution of medical devices, the qualified rate of cleaning, the qualified rate of disinfection and sterilization, the qualified rate of packaging, and the nursing management quality score of the observation group were all higher than those of the control group (P < 0.05). Conclusion: The application of new nursing concepts can help disinfection supply centers to further improve the disinfection and sterilization qualification rate of medical devices, and promote the improvement of the overall nursing management quality level, which is worthy of promotion.

GPU-accelerated transportation simplex algorithm

Transportation Problem (TP) is a popular linear program for optimally matching several supply centers to several demand centers at the smallest transportation cost. Recent disruptions in the physical supply chains and the growth of internet marketplaces such as ride-sharing, doorstep delivery, and expedited shipping have engendered a need for efficient algorithms to solve large-scale TPs in near real-time. The Transportation Simplex Algorithm (TSA) is a traditional method to solve TP to optimality. However, TSA is unsuitable for these new applications because of its long run time. The evolution of accelerated computing using Graphics Processing Units (GPUs) has recently attracted some interest in solving optimization problems. In this paper, we develop a GPU-accelerated TSA for large-dimensions. The underlying parallelism in the iterative steps of TSA has been uncovered and exploited. The results show that the accelerated algorithm performs up to 8 times faster on average compared to the known sequential algorithm and up to 4 times faster on average compared to the state-of-the-art commercial Linear Programming solver.

Analysis and prediction of older adult sports participation in South Korea using artificial neural networks and logistic regression models

BackgroundKorea’s aging population and the lack of older adult participation in sports are increasing medical expenses.AimsThis study aimed to segment older adult sports participants based on their demographic characteristics and exercise practice behavior and applied artificial neural network and logistic regression models to these segments to best predict the effect of medical cost reduction. It presents strategies for older adult sports participation.MethodsA sample comprising data on 1,770 older adults aged 50 years and above was drawn from the 2019 National Sports Survey. The data were analyzed through frequency analysis, hierarchical and K-means clustering, artificial neural network, logistic regression, cross-tabulation analyses, and one-way ANOVA using SPSS 23 and Modeler 14.2.ResultsThe participants were divided into five clusters. The artificial neural network and logistic analysis models showed that the cluster comprising married women in their 60s who participated in active exercise had the highest possibility of reducing medical expenses.DiscussionTargeting women in their 60s who actively participate in sports, the government should expand the supply of local gymnasiums, community centers, and sports programs. If local gymnasiums and community centers run sports programs and appoint appropriate sports instructors, the most effective medical cost reduction effect can be obtained.ConclusionsThis study contributes to the field by providing insights into the specific demographic segments to focus on for measures to reduce medical costs through sports participation.

THE IMPORTANCE OF THE LARGEST PUBLIC SUPPLY CENTER IN THE FRUITS AND VEGETABLES CHAIN IN THE BRAZILIAN PRODUCTION SYSTEM: AN ANALYSIS USING THE BUSINESS MODEL CANVAS

Brazil is the third largest fruit producer in the world, with about 45 million tons per year. An important piece in this production chain is the Supply Centers, as a large part of the sale of vegetables, fruits and flowers in Brazil has been carried out through the Supply Centers. The purpose of this article is to present the importance of the fruit and vegetable production chain in Brazil and to analyze the value proposition of the largest supply center through the Canvas Business Model. This work can be classified as exploratory research of a qualitative nature. Exploratory research aims to provide greater familiarity with the problem, with a view to making it more explicit. The case study methodology is adopted because it is appropriate for such exploratory research. Based on the results and analysis it was verified that CEAGESP SP is the largest distribution center in Brazil, its main function is to facilitate the commercialization, distribution and storage of horticultural products, guaranteeing in a sustainable way the adequate and necessary infrastructure so that merchants to carry out their activities with guaranteed security.

Обеспеченность услугами водоснабжения и водоотведения в Карагандинской области

В статье проведен анализ охвата услугами водоснабжения и водоотведения среди сельского и городского населения Карагандинской области, представлены данные по протяженности сетей и их техническом состоянии, также о эффективной работе сооружений системы водоотведения. Цель работы — изучить степень охвата услугами водоснабжения и водоотведения и их технического состояния среди сельского и городского населения Карагандинской области за период 2010–2020 годов. Ретроспективный анализ вторичных данных за10 лет, а именно формы «О работе водопроводных и канализационных сооружений в Республике Казахстан». Из 421 сельских населенных пунктов области 245 обеспечены централизованным водоснабжением (89,9 %), 166 — децентрализованным (9,9 %) и 8 — привозным (0,2 %). Охват централизованным водоснабжением в городских местностях области составляет 98 %, охват централизованным водоотведением 78,43 %. Протяженность водопроводных сетей в сельской местности имеет тенденцию к увеличению и составляет 80,5 %, система водоотведения также увеличилась на 81,2 %. В городской местности протяженность сетей осталась неизменной. Охват сельского населения центральным водоснабжением и водоотведением за исследуемый период значительно увеличился. Полученные результаты исследований указывают на то, что в настоящее время имеется значительная диспропорция между обеспеченностью населения централизованным водоснабжением и централизованным водоотведением. Техническое состояние сетей водоснабжения и канализации в сельской местности остается на неудовлетворительном уровне, что приводит к высоким потерям и ухудшению качества питьевой воды.

Изучение биологических и функциональных свойств микроорганизмов с высокой устойчивостью к марганцу (II)

The issue of water treatment of the central water supply, as well as wastewater, from excessive content of heavy metals (HMs) remains relevant at the present time. The presence of heavy metals, even in trace amounts, has a negative impact not only on the environment, but also on all human organic systems. At the moment, iron and manganese are among the main pollutants entering the human body via drinking water. Studies were carried out on the biological and functional properties of microorganisms isolated from highly magnetic soil, which previously demonstrated high resistance to manganese (II). Microbial strains with maximum resistance to Mn (II) were identified as: Bacillus simplex 55.2, B. simplex 13.2 and Listeria murrayi 13.4. The growth dynamics of B. simplex 55.2 and B. megaterium 69.5 was studied under conditions of periodic cultivation in a liquid medium containing 2 mmol/L Mn (II). It was shown that after 7 day’s cultivation, the weight of the biomass of B. megaterium 69.5 increased by 5.5 times, B. simplex 55.2 increased by 3.7 times relative to the values after 1 day cultivation, the optical density of the culture medium B. megaterium 69.5 increased 4 times, B. simplex 55.2 increased 2 times compared with the initial sowing dose. The specific growth rate of B. megaterium 69.5 after 7 days cultivation was higher than that of B. simplex 55.2 by about 2 times, and the degree of removal of Mn (II) from the aquatic environment was less. B. simplex 55.2 reduced the content of Mn (II) by 66%, B. megaterium 69.5 reduced by 50%. It was established that B. megaterium 69.5, B. simplex 55.2, B. simplex 13.2 and L. murrayi 13.4 are able to grow in conditions of high alkalinity and mineralization of the medium (pH 7–10; 10% NaCl). Taking into account that these microorganisms are able to remove high concentrations of Mn (II) from the aquatic environment, they are promising for their use in water treatment biotechnology.

Histological study of liver in guinea pig Cavia porcellus ( Linnaeus , 1758) in Iraq.

The liver is one of the most prominent glands in the digestive system. It crosses vital organs with multiple functions, including the secretion of enzymes, digestion of fats, and secretion of bile. Through histological studies and those interested in them, the tissue structure of the liver is of interest to researchers, and the four samples of Guinea pig Cavia porcellus were taken in this study to know the histological structure and compare it with rodents in particular. and other animals in general. The results of the liver parenchyma were comparable to those of the studied mammals in periods of hepatocytes, Kupffer cells, and sinusoids surrounding the central vein, blood supply, and bile ducts. He did not record differences, even if they were minor, commensurate with the size of the animal and the environment in which it lives. Key word : Guinea pig, Cavia porcellus, Liver, Hepatocyte , Kupffer cell, Iraq

Does geographical exposure to language learning centres affect language skills and labour market outcomes in a bilingual city?

In this paper, we investigate the effects of geographical exposure to local language training centres in a bilingual urban labour market, the Metropolitan Area of Barcelona, exploiting the implementation of a language policy that provided publicly subsidized language courses for adults. Our variable of interest consists in a measure of spatial availability of language schools that captures potential exposure and its expansion over time. First, we focus on the formation of local language skills, adopting a reduced-form approach. Our results indicate that exposure to language learning opportunities has a positive but quantitatively modest effect on local language skills, since individuals residing in neighbourhoods with a higher supply of language centres are more likely to be able to speak and write in Catalan. The effect is very robust to falsification exercises and several sensitivity checks and is driven by younger individuals, and especially by those who were born in Catalonia. Second, we analyse whether accessibility to language centres also affects employment, working hours, employment sector, and occupation. Our results indicate that, although skills in Catalan are positively and significantly associated with improved labour market outcomes, spatial accessibility to language centres is not directly related to any of them. This lack of effect is possibly due to the fact that the impact of geographical exposure on language skills is too small in size to improve performance in the local labour market.

Identifying the Potential Reasons Behind the Price-increasing Issues in Vegetable Supply Chain in Bangladesh and Proposing Possible Solutions

Agriculture is one of the largest employment sectors in Bangladesh, contributing 11.61% of GDP in the fiscal year 2021-22. This sector is contributing significantly even in the toughest situation of COVID-19. Farmers are the main actors behind this contribution. But we have seen farmers not getting a fair price for the vegetables they produce. On the contrary, when the same vegetables are coming to large cities, they are sold at higher prices. Our research tries to identify the potential causes behind the price-increasing issues of vegetables in the existing vegetable supply chain in Bangladesh. We also tried to recommend a solution to reduce the problem so that the farmers can get a better and fair price for the vegetables they produce. In this study, we tried to mention the reasons behind the price-increasing issues after conducting surveys. To conduct our research, we spoke with farmers and middlemen who are actively involved in the vegetable supply chain. Through our survey and after having conversations with them, we found out that both parties (farmers & middlemen) are dissatisfied with the current state. We came to know that the farmers feel the necessity of having a central supply chain system, and the middlemen are talking about the government's involvement in the whole process. When it comes to recommending a solution, we can't do a practical solution regarding the government's involvement. So, we proposed a central supply chain model that will help to minimize the price-increasing issues of vegetables in the vegetable supply chain in Bangladesh.

A Review on Chlorination of Harvested Rainwater

The supply of safe drinking water to rural communities has always been challenging, unlike in most large cities where government authorities have constructed central water supply systems. In many rural areas, primary water sources such as surface water and groundwater are at risk of contamination with rapid agricultural and industrial growth and climate change-related issues. Rainwater harvesting is an ancient practice for rural communities, and the momentum around its use is continually growing in recent years. However, the lack of sustainable treatment facilities on a small scale encourages dwellers to consume harvested rainwater (HRW) without any treatment even though drinking untreated HRW may have multiple health impacts in many cases. There are several methods of treating HRW. While chlorination is extensively used to disinfect water in large volumes, e.g., central drinking water supply systems), it has not been widely adopted for treating water on a small scale. We present a scoping review to explore whether chlorination could be a viable option for disinfecting HRW at a domestic level. It is found that inadequate treatment prior to chlorine disinfection could produce chlorine disinfection byproducts (DBPs). Limited data on DBP concentrations in HRW are available to assess its health implications. Based on this review, it is argued that chlorination could be an option for treating HRW at a domestic level when limitations associated with this method (such as safe storage, appropriate sustainable technology, and lessening DBPs by lowering total organic carbon before chlorination through other treatment methods) are resolved.

Incidence of Adverse Events in Central Sterile Supply Department: A Single-Center Retrospective Study.

Adverse events bring pain to patients, prolong hospitalization, and may even endanger life, it is necessary to effectively identify and manage adverse events. However, in Chinese mainland, there are few studies on adverse events in Central Sterile Supply Department. The purpose of this study was to investigate the prevalence of adverse events in Central Sterile Supply Department and offer suggestions for enhanced quality management. A retrospective study was conducted to assess the prevalence of adverse events in a tertiary hospital from January 2020 to December 2022, employing a convenient sampling approach. The occurrence of adverse events of CSSD shall be collected for the basic information of the principal person of adverse events and the information of the adverse event. Descriptive statistics are described by frequency (percentage) and are analyzed by using X2 test. A total of 101 adverse events were reported, with the majority being attributed to substandard cleaning quality (34, 33.66%), followed by faulty instrument assembly (25, 24.75%) and defective marking (7, 6.93%). Additionally, incorrectly sterilized items (6, 5.94%), occupational exposures (3, 2.97%) and late distribution (5, 4.95%) were also observed, accidents (8, 7.92%) and other types of adverse events (13, 12.87%). The highest risk chain for adverse events was identified as inspection and packaging (49, 48.51%) and device cleaning (32, 31.68%), with the majority of adverse events occurring on a scale of three (30, 29.7%) and four (70, 69.31%), respectively. Furthermore, it was determined that the type of person responsible, education, years of work and the structure of the device, the number of instruments in the operating kit, and the size of the kit may be factors in the occurrence of adverse events (P < 0.05). Adverse events occur frequently in central sterile supply department, thus necessitating strict supervision during cleaning and inspection of packaging. Managers should pay special attention to staff with low working life and education. Furthermore, a grading system, in line with the central sterile supply department, should be implemented to ensure the management of adverse events and the quality of services provided is harmonized.

Application of business model canvas to merchandising sterile supplies from a hub hospital to smaller hospitals in India

BackgroundOutsourcing and regionalization of Central Sterile Supply Department (CSSD) could mutually benefit both smaller and bigger hospitals. Larger hospitals with established CSSDs have an opportunity to extend their services to maximize the utilization of their equipment. For outsourcing the sterile supplies department to smaller hospitals, extra capital investment is not required. This study highlights the application of merchandizing sterile supplies from hub hospital with a large CSSD to smaller hospitals. MethodsA prospective observational study is conducted at a hub hospital with return on investment observations as the study tool. Business Model Canvas was used to identify spoke hospitals. Two business options, known as the processing model and the rental model, were proposed to the owners of spoke hospitals. ResultIn both models, the infrastructure of CSSD is owned by the hub hospital. In the processing model, the smaller hospital owns the instruments, and in the rental model, hub hospital supplies instruments, and spoke hospitals pay rent for the instruments. The cost of CSSD building and equipment, sterilizing cost, manpower costs, and transporting costs were considered. In the processing model, the profit to the hub hospital will be 60%, 44%, and 28% annually. In the rental model, we see diminished profit margins of 50%–35%. ConclusionThe smaller hospitals can benefit by avoiding investing in infrastructure, skilled workforce, and space. The bigger hospitals can use their vast existing infrastructure more efficiently and break-even quicker on the initial capital investment.

Co-Evolution vs. Co-existence: The effect of accretion modelling on the evolution of black holes and host galaxies

ABSTRACT We append two additional black hole (BH) accretion models, namely viscous disc and gravitational torque-driven accretion, into the Numerical Investigation of a Hundred Astrophysical Objects (NIHAO) project of galaxy simulations. We show that these accretion models, characterized by a weaker dependence on the BH mass compared to the commonly used Bondi-Hoyle accretion, naturally create a common evolutionary track (co-existence) between the mass of the BH and the stellar mass of the galaxy, even without any direct coupling via feedback (FB). While FB is indeed required to control the final BH and stellar mass of the galaxies, our results suggest that FB might not be the leading driver of the cosmic co-evolution between these two quantities; in these models, co-evolution is simply determined by the shared central gas supply. Conversely, simulations using Bondi-Hoyle accretion show a two-step evolution, with an early growth of stellar mass followed by exponential growth of the central supermassive black hole (SMBH). Our results show that the modelling of BH accretion (sometimes overlooked) is an extremely important part of BH evolution and can improve our understanding of how scaling relations emerge and evolve, and whether SMBH and stellar mass co-exist or co-evolve through cosmic time.

Molecular therapy of cardiac ischemia-reperfusion injury based on mitochondria and ferroptosis.

Excessive death of myocardial cells can lead to various cardiovascular diseases and even develop into heart failure, so developing ideal treatment plans based on pathogenesis is of great significance for cardiopathy. After the heart undergoes ischemia‒reperfusion (I/R), myocardial cells accumulate a large amount of peroxides, leading to mitochondrial dysfunction and inducing ferroptosis. Ferroptosis is a form of iron-dependent regulatory cell death (RCD) caused by imbalanced redox and iron metabolism that leads to severe cell damage through the accumulation of peroxides. The mechanism of ferroptosis is highly correlated with mitochondrial metabolism. Myocardial cells are rich in a large number of mitochondria, which serve as energy supply centers and are prone to producing reactive oxygen species (ROS), providing opportunities for oxidative stress caused by ferroptosis. Ferroptosis is related to various cardiovascular diseases, and potential treatment methods designed around ferroptosis may alter the pathological progression of cardiovascular diseases. Therefore, this review investigates the regulatory mechanisms of ferroptosis, exploring the close pathological and physiological connections between ferroptosis and mitochondrial and cardiac I/R injury. Targeting ferroptosis and mitochondria for intervention may be an effective plan for preventing and treating cardiac I/R injury.

Evaluating the Microbial Quality of Raw Hamburgers and Koobideh Kebabs in Sanandaj City

Introduction: In recent years, interest in consumption of ready-food products has increased in many countries. Due to the fact that hamburgers and kebabs are the most popular meat products in Iran, this study is conducted with the aim of investigating the microbial quality of raw hamburgers and koobideh kebabs in Sanandaj city.&#x0D; Methods: In this study, 100 samples of frozen raw hamburgers with 60% meat and koobideh kebabs (50 samples each) were randomly obtained from the supply centers of meat products and traditional barbecue shops from September to December 2021. Then the samples were sent to food microbiology laboratory and evaluated for microbial contamination.&#x0D; Results: Results showed that the rates of contamination of raw hamburger and koobideh kebab for total bacterial count were 24% and 40%, Escherichia coli 6% and 12%, Salmonella 0%, mold and yeast 36% and 82%, and Staphylococcus aureus 20% and 76%, respectively. These results showed that mold, yeast, and Staphylococcus aureus were the most contaminating organisms (p&lt;0/001).&#x0D; Conclusion: According to the results of the present study, the raw hamburger has better microbial quality than koobideh kebab; therefore, compliance with all health standards in food factories and the correct application of personal and environmental hygiene points in the production and preparation of food will have a great effect in reducing the cases of foodborne diseases.