Supply Scheme Research Articles

Advancing Sustainability in Rural Water Management: Insight from Chaurjahari Municipality, Nepal

This study delves into the major problems affecting the sustainability of community water supply schemes in Chaurjahari Municipality, Rukum (West) District, Nepal. Employing a combination of explanatory, descriptive, and qualitative research designs, the study utilized primary data collected via structured questionnaires from field observations and secondary data sourced from local government offices and existing publications. The selected study area included five water supply schemes representative of the municipality's diverse demographic and environmental contexts. The research uncovered several critical sustainability challenges such as management inefficiencies, inadequate community engagement, and insufficient maintenance practices. It also examined the functionality of water supply systems through various indicators, evaluated sustainability issues at different project phases (pre-construction, construction, and post-construction), and analyzed the socio-demographic profiles of the respondents. Ethical considerations focused on respecting local customs and maximizing participant benefits were strictly followed. The findings emphasize the need for robust community involvement, enhanced capacity building, and improved management practices to ensure the sustainability of water supply projects. By addressing these key issues, the study contributes to the broader discourse on sustainable development in rural water management and offers actionable recommendations for policymakers and stakeholders in similar contexts.

Design of smart home energy supply scheme based on wireless charging technology

Design of smart home energy supply scheme based on wireless charging technology

ALGORITHM FOR CALCULATING RELIABILITY OF ON-SITE POWER SUPPLY SCHEMES USING CONNECTION COEFFICIENTS

The article deals with the method of simplifying the forecasting of reliability parameters and assessing the technical condition of the most critical nodes of the power supply system by means of connection coefficients. The aim of the study is to develop a methodology to determine the probability of failure-free operation of the power supply scheme using connection coefficients. Materials and methods. The scheme of 10/0,4 kV power supply within the workshop is presented. Probabilistic methods of reliability determination and mathematical statistics were used. Research results. The probability of failure-free operation in time using the exponential distribution law has been calculated. Graphs of dependences of probability of system uptime on the number of load connections, as well as graphs of changes in the values of connection coefficients in time are presented. The formulas for the load connection factors depending on the number of connections are derived. The received analytical expressions allow to model values at possible additional load connections. The obtained dependences allow to determine the probability of failure-free operation time of low-voltage electrical equipment, as well as the schemes of the in-house power supply. Conclusions. The proposed methodology simplifies the forecasting of reliability parameters of the scheme of the internal shop power supply and the assessment of the technical condition of the most important and critical nodes. The modeled values of the load connection coefficients can be used in technical and economic calculations, namely for further increase of the number of outgoing lines from the switchboard and distribution point or increase of the load on the line taking into account the permissible probability of failure-free operation of the scheme. The results of the study are recommended to evaluate technical performance and determination of the main reliability parameters of the operating systems of in-plant power supply.

Financial Management Factor on the Performance of the Community-Based Water Supply Organisations in Katavi Region, Tanzania

This study assessed the financial management factors that affect the performance of Community-Based Water Supply Organizations (CBWSOs) in managing water supply schemes in Katavi’s rural areas. An inductive approach and exploratory design were employed in this study. The study population comprised 57 respondents, comprising the region's management team and supervisory board members of selected CBWSOs. Data was collected through one-on-one In-depth interviews, field observation and literature reviews. The findings revealed that financial management was a critical aspect, emphasizing the importance of community participation in the collection of funds. Community participation in the collection of funds fosters financial sustainability, a sense of ownership, responsible resource utilization, and transparency. Based on the findings, the study recommends future mechanisms and strategies to support financial sustainability, providing capacity building and implementing a monitoring and evaluation framework, that effectively enhance transparent and participatory governance structures within CBWSOs in the Katavi region.

Assessment of reliability parameters of in-plant power supply schemes with two-transformer substations

In the process of designing in-plant power supply systems, it is necessary to determine their rational redundancy. The reliability of the power supply system has been established for the following variants of the circuit of two-transformer 10/0.4 kV substations: without redundancy; with redundancy (when installing a sectional switch); with double redundancy (when installing a sectional switch and a backup jumper for 0.4 kV). The calculation data have shown that the reliability of the circuit without redundancy is 1.87 times lower compared to the circuit with redundancy and 3.17 times lower than with the circuit with double redundancy. Graphic dependencies of the mean time between failures of power supply circuits with two-transformer substations from different rated capacities of shop transformers have been obtained for three variants: without redundancy; with redundancy; with double redundancy. The optimal condition is to use a smaller number of transformer substations (respectively, transformers) while maintaining the load factor of 0.8. When comparing the graphs, it has been found that the longest mean time between failures is achieved with double redundancy, and the shortest – with no redundancy. The research results can be recommended for use in the process of designing in-plant power supply systems to assess and improve the reliability and efficiency of equipment operation

Going Short and Going Digital: How Do Consumers View the Impacts of Digitalizing Short Food Supply Chains?

Agricultural digitalization and short food supply chains (SFSCs) are considered to be different avenues for transitioning to more sustainable agrifood systems. Can these avenues be put together, or are they parallel and, hence, not compatible? The answer to that question largely depends on the potential effects of digitalization on SFSCs. Going digital is a transformative process, accompanied by desirable and undesirable economic, social, environmental, and cultural impacts on short supply schemes. In this cross-sectional quantitative study, based on data from 211 individuals who frequently buy from SFSCs, we examined how consumers evaluate these impacts. We also investigated how participants’ perceptions of these impacts influence their acceptance of agricultural digitalization and their willingness to buy food products from digitalized SFSCs. Our results revealed that consumers view digitalization as a source of positive environmental but adverse social, cultural, and economic impacts on short supply schemes. In addition, we found that acceptance of digitalization and willingness to buy from digitalized SFSCs received moderate-to-low scores. Two regressions showed that buyers’ perceptions of the social impacts that follow digitalization shape both acceptance and willingness. These findings uncovered consumers’ skepticism toward digitalization, suggesting that their commitment to short supply chains and the values that these schemes represent cultivate the belief that digitalization can negatively transform SFSCs, leading to an unwelcome industrialization.

Analysis of the Operational Characteristics and Performance Comparison of Steam Screw Pressure Matcher Based on Twin‐Screw Expander

ABSTRACTTo address the discrepancy between the steam parameters extracted by pure condensing units/combined heat and power units and those required by users, this paper introduces the design of a steam screw pressure matcher(SSPM) and determines its optimal steam supply scheme. The SSPM primarily comprises a twin‐screw expander (TSE), twin‐screw compressor(TSC), electric motor, and generator. Initially, models were developed for a 300‐MW subcritical intermediate reheat condensing steam turbine unit, an SSPM, and a desuperheater and pressure reducer(DPR). Subsequently, these models are incorporated into the Ebsilon Professional software to simulate the operational characteristics of the SSPM. The performance parameters of the two options are then compared and analyzed. Simulation results reveal that the operational characteristics of the SSPM closely correlate with the mass flow rate of the TSE. As the TSE mass flow rate varies from 47 to 91 t/h, the efficiency of the TSE declines from 66.3% to 65.3%, while the power performed by the SSPM increases from −2457.978 to 1558.469 kW. Under identical operating conditions, the SSPM scheme exhibits a 6.2%–12.4% improvement in efficiency compared to the DPR scheme. Building upon the aforementioned analysis, the SSPM demonstrates effective cascade utilization of heat steam energy and exhibits favorable regulation characteristics under variable operating conditions. Contrasted with traditional DPR, the SSPM notably mitigates constraints on steam extraction by boilers and enhances the maximum generation efficiency of a single unit.

Challenges in Tea Plantation-Based Small Community Water Safety Plan Implementation – A Sri Lankan Experience

This paper presents the challenges and scientific approach adopted to overcome those challenges for Rural WSP (RWSP) implementation for the water supply schemes (WSS) in the Sri Lankan Tea Plantation sector. Factors positively and negatively impacting WSP implementation were identified through a SWOT analysis. Pooled response of the Likert scale survey of WSP team members to evaluate the impact of each contributing factor. A Spearman correlation was conducted to evaluate the correlations. Survey results confirmed that top management engagement, availability of financial resources, organizational structure, clustered community, government regulations, quality certifications, and similar cultural practices positively impact the success of WSP implementation. Poor community awareness, learning culture, communication barriers, poor sanitation and hygiene practices, inadequate stakeholder relationships, inadequate resources, skills, and lack of accountability were the factors hindering the WSP implementation. Correlation analysis showed specific relationships namely, lack of accountability with inadequate resources and skills, availability of financial support with inadequate resources and skills, and lack of awareness with a lack of resources and skills. Converting the negative factors to positive ones will make the WSP application successful in another similar plantation-based WSS. The major lesson from this intrinsic research study is that socioeconomic and cultural factors in the tea plantation are equally important as the typical technical aspects of the WSP.

ИССЛЕДОВАНИЕ ЦЕПОЧЕК ПОСТАВОК ТОВАРНЫХ АВТОМОБИЛЕЙ В ДИЛЕРСКИЕ ЦЕНТРЫ

The article examines the reasons for the transformation of the market for the supply of new commercial vehicles to Russian au-tomobile dealerships, examines new meth-ods of interaction between automobile dealers and importers of commercial vehi-cles, examines the schemes, methods and schemes of supply that have formed in connection with the transformation of the Russian automobile business market.

Design and simulation analysis of electromagnetic gun feeding and conveying device

Abstract The electromagnetic gun is a new type of weapon equipment powered by electric energy. Compared with the traditional artillery, the electromagnetic gun has the obvious advantages of high and controllable initial velocity, no explosive in the bore, and high safety. It is a new concept weapon that will be developed in the future. At present, there are many researches on the launching mechanism of electromagnetic gun, but the related research on the matching ammunition supply system is not yet mature. Therefore, in this paper, aiming at the characteristics of electromagnetic gun without propellant, through the comparison and selection of various ammunition supply system schemes, the ammunition supply scheme of horizontal magazine was determined, and the structural design and strength check were carried out to complete the model of each component and the overall assembly of ammunition supply system. After that, the finite element method was used to check the strength of the sprocket, and the dynamic simulation analysis of the ammunition supply system was carried out, so as to complete the design work of the whole ammunition supply system. This paper provides a certain reference for the development of electromagnetic gun feeding system.

PETAT — an ASIC for simple and efficient readout of large PET scanners

Modern PET scanners based on scintillating crystals use solid state photo detectors for light readout. The small area of these devices is beneficial for spatial resolution, but also leads to a large number of electronic channels to be read out, mostly by application specific integrated circuits (ASICs) containing amplification, noise reduction, hit finding, time stamping and amplitude measurement. Although each ASIC provides up to ≈ 64 channels, a large number of chips is required with the need for auxiliary electronic components like voltage regulators or FPGAs for control and data readout. The FPGAs in turn often require multiple supply voltages and configuration infrastructure, so that PCBs get complicated, cumbersome and power-hungry, in addition to the significant power requirement of the front-end ASICs. We address this issue in the latest generation of our PETA readout ASIC for SiPMs by a simplified control scheme and, in particular, by a hierarchical serial data readout which does not require any additional FPGA. In addition, it provides a time-sorted stream of hit data, allowing early on-detector data reduction and hit pre-processing like the removal of hits with no coincident partner. The simplicity of this readout facilitates a supply scheme where power/ground of multiple ASICs are connected in series instead of the standard parallel connection. This `serial-powering' approach can reduce supply current (while increasing overall supply voltage) so that voltage drop issues in the supply are alleviated.

Influence of Electrolyte Supply Scheme in Anion Exchange Membrane Water Electrolysis

Recently, anion exchange membrane water electrolyzers have been attracting attention as a low-cost, high-performance water electrolysis system. In AEM water electrolysis, although water as fuel is consumed at the cathode, “cathode dry operation”, in which electrolyte solution is supplied only to the anode, can be applied. This operation scheme enables relatively dry hydrogen to be extracted from the cathode and has the advantages of simplifying the hydrogen purification line and facilitating pressurized operation. However, our previous study [1] has shown that cathode dry operation also has the problem of significant mass transfer overpotential due to water transport through the membrane.In this study, both the bilateral electrolyte supply operation, in which the electrolyte solution is also supplied to the cathode, and the cathode dry operation were applied to the same cell, and the effects of the electrolyte supply scheme on the electrolysis performance were compared and examined.AcknowledgementThis work was supported partly by the New Energy and Industrial Development Organization (NEDO) through the Advancement of Hydrogen Technologies and Utilization Project (P 14021). The authors wish to express their gratitude to Tokuyama Corporation for their support and helpful advice.Reference[1] R. Wang et al., Int. J. Hydrog. Energy, 47, 40835 (2022).

Emergency power supply scheme and fault repair strategy for distribution networks considering electric -traffic synergy

Natural disasters often lead to multi-point failures in urban active distribution networks (ADN), and the formulation of reasonable power supply plans and failure recovery strategies can reduce the time of power loss of critical loads. With the strengthening of electric-traffic network coupling, information sharing and resource interoperability between the two networks have been realized. Based on this tightly coupling characteristics, the emergency power supply scheme and fault repair strategy for ADN have been proposed. Firstly, the framework of electric-traffic synergy mechanism has been constructed which to ensure the coordination and synchronization between the two different systems during the restoration period; on this basis, we establish the optimal path solving model for emergency resources considering the dynamic traffic flow、and cross-cycle passage time to realize the rapid dispatch of maintenance personnel and emergency power vehicles; and then we developed a mathematical model of integrated power station(IPS) and formulated its power support strategy; after that, the two-stage strategy of emergency power supply and failure repair of the ADN is formulated, and the rolling optimization method is adopted to solve the topology reconfiguration scheme of the grid, the energy support strategy and the personnel and material dispatch plan after the disaster, so as to allocate the resources in an orderly manner and accelerate the recovery of the power supply. Finally, the example results verify the effectiveness of electric- transportation coordination in accelerating the recovery of ADN, and the proposed strategy can ensure the continuous power supply of important loads.

Improving the technology of drinking water purification at the water treatment facilities of the Chernorechensk reservoir during the flood period

The paper considers the natural and technical aspects that contribute to the supply of substandard quality water to the water treatment facilities of the city of Sevastopol during the flood period, which caused repeated shutdown of water treatment facilities. Options for retrofitting the existing water supply and purification scheme are considered, with the determination of the enlarged cost. The paper presents a technological justification for the application of a two-stage sedimentation scheme, which can be implemented within the framework of existing equipment and a small technological re-equipment.

An Assessment of Drinking Water Quality in the Chief Albert Luthuli Local Municipality, South Africa: A Case Study of the Elukwatini Water Supply Scheme

This study analysed the water quality of 156 samples collected from 13 different points within the Chief Albert Luthuli Local Municipality between January and December 2021, focusing on compliance with the South African National Standard 241 (SANS 241). Microbiological assessments revealed widespread contamination, with heterotrophic plate counts (HPCs) exceeding the recommended range in nearly all samples. The median HPC levels were particularly concerning, with the untreated source (RE000) exhibiting a median of 2555 CFU/mL. Total coliforms and Escherichia coli were present at alarming levels, indicating significant faecal contamination; the highest total coliform count, 2420 CFU/100 mL, was recorded at RE000. Physically, while all samples complied with electrical conductivity standards (0–70 µS/cm), turbidity levels showed variability, with nine samples exceeding the acceptable threshold of 1 NTU. The highest turbidity, 7.55 NTU, was recorded at the untreated source (RE000). Chemically, pH levels fell within safe ranges (6.0–9.0), with all samples being compliant with standards. However, only one sample (E001) met the free chlorine standard of 0.3–0.6 mg/L, suggesting inadequate disinfection practices. The untreated source was classified as ‘Unsuitable for drinking’ (WQI = 207.27). These findings highlight the critical need for enhanced monitoring and remediation strategies to improve drinking water safety in the region.

A study of the correlation between summer outdoor meteorological parameters and hydropower station ventilation schemes

For an underground hydropower stations, understanding the heat and mass transfer behaviour of outdoor air flowing through ventilation tunnel can help improve the design of ventilation systems and reduce energy consumption. The aim of this paper is to investigate the influences of summer outdoor meteorological parameters on the tandem ventilation process and the designed parameter requirements in the main plant. A series of field tests and numerical simulations were conducted to determine the variations in outdoor air parameters passing through the ventilation tunnel. Theoretical analyses were developed to clarify the variations in air parameters through the ventilation process in i-d diagram. Results show that the outdoor meteorological temperature has the largest influence on heat transfer between the ventilation tunnel and airflow. The relative humidity in the air at the tunnel outlet could reach 90% under most conditions. The reasonable air supply area and the critical air supply temperature of the mechanical ventilation were determined. Once the outdoor air passes through the ventilation tunnel and the i-d diagram falls in air supply area II, the outlet air can be directly supplied to the main plant. For conditions that did not satisfy the mechanical air supply scheme, the measure of setting dehumidifiers at 200—250 m arranging intervals in the tunnel were proposed to improve the air humidity. Based on the meteorological parameters of typical climate zones in China, a reasonable air supply scheme for the main plant was determined. The results could technically guide the ventilation design of underground hydropower stations, which can help to enchance energy-efficient and low-carbon ventilation schemes.

Premium Power Supply Scheme for Data Center With SMES and DG Integration

Premium Power Supply Scheme for Data Center With SMES and DG Integration

Environmental Public Health Tracking in England- support for Health Impact Assessments

Abstract Environmental epidemiology is a key function for the public health service with regards to investigating the public health effects of environmental hazards, monitoring the public health efforts to control the environmental risks, and providing the evidence that informs decisions making and preparedness. At the United Kingdom Health Security Agency (UKHSA), the Environmental Public Health Tracking (EPHT) Programme, initiated in 2010, has developed a number of data streams to help link environment and health data, to support Health Impact Assessment (HIA). The main aims of the EPHT programme in England are to: 1. Identify populations at risk from exposure to significant environmental and chemical hazards 2. Investigate relationships between hazard and disease 3. Inform public health policy making 4. Optimise intervention and prevention strategies 5. Generate hypotheses for further research. Such EPHT functions are based on three key components: a) by building a national EPHT program that integrates surveillance of environmental hazards, exposures and related health outcomes, to allow data linkage and assessment of environmental and health information; b) strengthening the epidemiology science, by conducting research and training of the workforce and c) developing strategies for response to immediate risks, incidents and preparing for future risks. Examples to support HIA include a) developing an air pollution exposure surveillance work programme, that has designed a pilot population vulnerability indicator; b) developing indicators for climate change impacts for public health, c) reporting regularly on the health impacts of public fluoridation water supply schemes (as mandated by Government) and d) exploring risk factors associated with elevated blood lead concentration in children, through laboratory reporting to surveillance systems. The talk will highlight some examples of practice and outline how the EPHT programme in England has supported HIA practices.

A geospatial assessment of the resilience of municipal water supply to flooding in Nowshera District, Pakistan

Post-disaster functionality of the potable water supply infrastructure is crucial for maintaining public health and safety. The failure of the water supply system may harm inhabitants and significant users, which can impact other services and various types of infrastructures. It is vital to assess climate change impacts on water resources to ensure resilience and sustainable management. The study assessed the resilience of 22 municipal water schemes using an indicator-based framework, How Tough is Wash (HTIW), across six domains: environment, infrastructure, community governance, water supply management, supply chains, and institutional support. The sites of municipal water supply were purposively selected based on specific criteria to include those water supply schemes which have been directly affected by flooding or are vulnerable to the impact of the flood. The resilience scores ranged from (6 to 7.5) for schemes with very low resilience, (7.5 to 10.5) for those classified as poor, and (10.6 to 16.5) for schemes considered moderately resilient. It was discovered that protective measures against the risk of flood were negligible. Community engagement governance and water supply management needed to be stronger. Local governments can pinpoint current advantages and disadvantages by utilizing these metrics and their impact on the public water supply's resilience and strategically allocate resources for optimal outcomes. Furthermore, the metrics that have been suggested simplify and unify the multiple dimensions of the elements, enabling decision-makers to optimize the measures.

Bilevel low-carbon coordinated operation of integrated energy systems considering dynamic tiered carbon pricing methodology

The coordinated operation and management of energy and carbon emissions in an integrated energy system (IES) can effectively promote overall energy efficiency and reduce carbon emissions. However, allocating carbon emission responsibilities between transmission-level integrated energy system (TIES) and regional integrated energy system (RIES) is difficult. On the basis of carbon emission flow theory, a model for allocating carbon emission responsibility for IES is developed in this paper. Moreover, the Shapley value method is adopted to obtain the carbon emissions responsibility intervals at the RIES. A dynamic tiered carbon pricing methodology is proposed for the RIES on the basis of equitable carbon emission responsibility intervals. In addition, a bilevel coordinated operation model that imposes carbon price to more fully excavate the low-carbon benefits obtained from operating an IES is proposed. The upper-level model, namely, the TIES, explores the optimal low-carbon schedule for energy networks by imposing fixed carbon price on the energy production costs. The lower-level model, namely, the RIES, investigates the optimal low-carbon energy supply scheme of multienergy coupling equipment and imposes dynamic tiered carbon pricing to adjust the amount of electricity and natural gas consumed. After the whole bilevel model is solved iteratively, equilibrium is reached. Case studies verify the potential and efficacy of the proposed bilevel model, demonstrating superior effectiveness in reducing carbon emissions compared with existing methods.