Supply Of Ingredients Research Articles

Managing forage for grain: Strategies and mechanisms for enhancing forage production to ensure feed grain security 1

The “Greater Food” approach has replaced the older “taking grain production as a top priority” approach. The importance of feed and forage as the material basis for guaranteeing high-quality development of the livestock industry has gradually become prominent. However, owing to the tradition of “both human staple food and animal feed relying on grain production” in China and the decoupling of feed crop planting and livestock farming, the risk of feed grain security has increased, especially as it relates to the supply of high-quality protein feed ingredients from abroad, which is facing a bottleneck. To ensure food security, effective domestic agricultural production should be adopted. Nevertheless, guaranteeing the supply of high-quality protein feed through domestic soybean production is difficult because of limited arable land; furthermore, pressure on the staple food supply is still extreme. In this article, the historical and realistic implications for the security risks of feed grain in China are analyzed. Proposals are made to separate staple food grains for humans from the feed grain supply for animals and to develop high-quality forage to reduce feed grain use. High-quality forage can be supplied via intercropping with grain crops in arable land and reseeding perennial legumes or grasses into natural grasslands. However, “managing forage for grain” needs to be supported via technical paths and policies as the forage industry develops to effectively increase the capacity to ensure feed grain security.

Classification of select functional dietary fiber ingredients based on quantitative properties and latent qualitative criteria.

Functional dietary fiber ingredient (FDFI) functionality can depend on the fibers' chemistry, composition, size, botanical origin, and microstructure. However, such claims have never been generalized for a broad range of fibers in one study before. To support these claims, 23 FDFIwere characterized based on 11 physicochemical, physical, and compositional property measurements: Water- and oil-holding capacity (WHC and OHC), water absorption and solubility indices (WAI and WSI), flour-swelling potential (FSP), particle size distribution (D10, D50, and D90 values), and soluble, insoluble, and total dietary fiber content. Multivariate statistical techniques were employed to partition fiber ingredients into functional categories based on these quantitative data, and scanning electron microscopy was used to examine the microstructure of the FDFI. Strong correlations (p<0.05) were found among many of the physicochemical properties measured, and five categories based on quantitative physicochemical functionality, size, and fiber composition were ultimately found. Distinct patterns emerged between these quantitative partitions and the latent microstructure features and botanical origins of the FDFI. These results can be combined into one intuitive summary of FDFI functionality based on the described quantitative and qualitative observations. Such summaries are useful for ingredient suppliers or product developers with limited resources to infer the general functionality, structure, and food applications utility of their materials based on a subset of the information provided here. PRACTICAL APPLICATION: The quantitative and qualitative relationships among a range of commercially available functional dietary fiber ingredients are documented. Industry may utilize this information to predict the general functionality of their ingredients based on a subset of the information provided here by assuming that the same relative relationships will exist. This cansave time during the ingredient screening process, either for product developers looking to optimize a formulation or for ingredient suppliers doing new ingredient applications testing.

A value chain and SWOT analysis for optimizing the self-sufficiency of fish feed to strengthen freshwater aquaculture production in Indonesia

This study evaluates the aquafeed self-sufficiency sector in Indonesia, aiming to provide policy recommendations for optimizing freshwater aquaculture production. The study engaged 1005 participants, including 204 self-sufficient aquafeed producers and 801 fish farmers, covering 88% of the regions where the Ministry of Marine Affairs and Fisheries promotes aquafeed self-sufficiency, conducted in 30 Indonesian provinces. The majority of on-farm and small-scale feed manufacturers continue to operate successfully (91%), with a minor portion discontinuing (9%). Aquafeed products incorporating local ingredients prove cost-effective and receive high acceptance among fish farmers. The sustainability of the aquafeed self-sufficiency sector is closely linked to local ingredient availability, operational aquafeed manufacturing plants, product quality, human resource capabilities, and government policies. The study presents policy recommendations to address these issues, encompassing measures such as ensuring ingredient supply sustainability, providing a mobile laboratory for ingredient and feed analysis, enhancing human resource quality through training, facilitating easier access to financial support, and strengthening central-local government coordination to optimize the aquafeed self-sufficiency program. The rise of the national fish production target from freshwater aquaculture has attracted great attention in the improvement of the aquafeed sector since the sustainability of aquafeed supply is the main driver for the success of aquaculture production.

Flower Species Ingredient Verification Using Orthogonal Molecular Methods.

Flowers are gaining considerable interest among consumers as ingredients in food, beverages, cosmetics, and natural health products. The supply chain trades in multiple forms of botanicals, including fresh whole flowers, which are easier to identify than dried flowers or flowers processed as powdered or liquid extracts. There is a gap in the scientific methods available for the verification of flower species ingredients traded in the supply chains of multiple markets. The objective of this paper is to develop methods for flower species ingredient verification using two orthogonal methods. More specifically, the objectives of this study employed both (1) DNA-based molecular diagnostic methods and (2) NMR metabolite fingerprint methods in the identification of 23 common flower species ingredients. NMR data analysis reveals considerable information on the variation in metabolites present in different flower species, including color variants within species. This study provides a comprehensive comparison of two orthogonal methods for verifying flower species ingredient supply chains to ensure the highest quality products. By thoroughly analyzing the benefits and limitations of each approach, this research offers valuable insights to support quality assurance and improve consumer confidence.

Assessment of the supply and quality of broiler chicken diets from selected feed mills in Tanzania

A study was conducted to evaluate the supply and nutrient composition of broiler feeds from selected feed millers in the Morogoro, Pwani, and Dar es Salaam regions of Tanzania. Nineteen feed mills were assessed, and a representative from each region was interviewed using a structured questionnaire. Feed samples from each feed mill representing starter, grower, and finisher diets were collected for proximate analysis. The study showed that the average broiler feed production (tonnes/year) per feed mill was approximately 12,000 for Morogoro, 15,400 for Pwani, and 35,000 for Dar es Salaam. Feed production was mainly constrained by inadequate supply and low quality of ingredients, high costs of production equipment, restricted market access, and limited capital investment. The major feed ingredients listed were maize, maize bran, cottonseed cake, sunflower seed meal, soybean meal, and fish meal, while the micro ingredients included blood meal, salt, limestone, dicalcium phosphate, and premixes. Ingredients were mostly sourced from contract suppliers and local markets. The majority of feeds were processed in mash form, while a few were pelleted. There was considerable variation in the nutrient composition of the feeds of different producers. In most of the feeds examined, crude protein (CP), metabolizable energy (ME), and amino acids were below the recommended levels for broiler chickens; fat, Mg, and Na were at the recommended levels; and P, Ca, Mn, Fe, and Zn exceeded the recommended levels. Starter feeds were more costly than grower and finisher feeds, and pelleted feeds were more costly than mash feeds. The feed ingredient prices were high between October and March and lower during the June to July crop harvesting season. In general, commercially processed feeds from different companies showed large variations in nutrient composition; the majority had values below the recommended standards for broiler chickens, while some exceeded and few attained these standards.

Nuclear Magnetic Resonance Fingerprints and Mini DNA Markers for the Authentication of Cinnamon Species Ingredients Used in Food and Natural Health Products.

Cinnamomum verum (syn C. zeylanicum) is considered 'true' cinnamon. However, it is reported that less expensive sources of cinnamon from C. cassia (syn C. aromaticum), C. loureiroi, and C. burmannii (toxic coumarin) may be used in the place of C. verum. We lack the quality assurance tools that are required to differentiate C. verum from other cinnamon species when verifying that the correct species is sourced from ingredient suppliers. The current research on cinnamon species authentication using DNA tools is limited to a few species and the use of high-quality DNA extracted from raw leaf materials. The cinnamon bark traded in the supply chain contains much less DNA and poorer-quality DNA than leaves. Our research advances DNA methods to authenticate cinnamon, as we utilized full-length chloroplast genomes via a genome skimming approach for C. burmannii and C. cassia to facilitate the design of optimal mini DNA markers. Furthermore, we developed and validated the use of NMR fingerprints for several commercial cinnamon species, including the quantification of 16 molecules. NMR fingerprints provided additional data that were useful for quality assessment in cinnamon extract powders and product consistency. Both the new mini DNA markers and NMR fingerprints were tested on commercial cinnamon products.

Impact of Covid-19 on the Active Pharmaceutical Ingredient Supply Chain

Impact of Covid-19 on the Active Pharmaceutical Ingredient Supply Chain

The fish weight at slaughter influences energy and environmental performance of fish farming: The case of Nile tilapia production in cages

The goal of this study was to evaluate the energy and environmental performance over the life cycle of Nile tilapia production for harvesting in different weight. The reference flow was 1 t (megagram – Mg) of fished Nile tilapia with the following weight: 0.6 kg, 0.9 kg, 1.2 kg, 1.5 kg, 1.8 kg and 2.0 kg. The inventory was defined for the stages of feed production and fish production with the processes for fingerlings, followed by rearing of juvenile and fattening of adult in cage. In addition, the inventory covered the supply of the remaining material and energy inputs, transport, infrastructure and waste management. The assessed categories were area occupation, water consumption, energy demand, global warming, acidification and eutrophication. Even though the smaller-sized fish demanded more fingerlings to produce 1 t of Nile tilapia than the larger ones, the feed conversion of the smaller-sized fish was more favorable compared to that of the larger-sized fish. The energy and environmental burden of Nile tilapia showed a tendency to increase with larger-sized fish. The largest contribution of area occupation, water consumption, energy demand and global warming was from feed production, while that of acidification and eutrophication was from the rearing and fattening processes of fish production. The choice of feed ingredient suppliers from more efficient and clean sources at feed production and the control of feed loss at fish production are key strategies to improve the energy and environmental performance of the fished Nile tilapia. Therefore, the sustainability of pisciculture must consider feed production from more eco-efficient ingredients, higher efficiency in feed conversion, control of feed loss, and the use of production effluent.

In Vitro Safety and Efficacy Evaluation of a Juniperus communis Callus Culture Extract and Matricaria recutita Processing Waste Extract Combination as a Cosmetic Ingredient.

For skin health promotion and cosmetic applications, combinations of plant cell extracts are extensively utilized. As most natural ingredient suppliers offer crude extracts from individual plants or specific isolated compounds, the potential interactions between them are assessed in the development phase of cosmetic products. The industry seeks extract combinations that have undergone optimization and scrutiny for their bioactivities. This study presents a combination of two sustainably produced botanical ingredients and outlines their chemical composition, in vitro safety, and bioactivity for skin health enhancement. The amalgamation comprises the extract of Matricaria recutita processing waste and the extract from Juniperus communis callus culture. Chemical analysis revealed distinct compounds within the extracts, and their combination led to a broader array of potentially synergistic compounds. In vitro assessments on skin cells demonstrated that the combination possesses robust antioxidant properties and the ability to stimulate keratinocyte proliferation, along with regulating collagen type I and matrix metalloproteinase 1 (MMP-1) production by dermal fibroblasts. The identified traits of this combination render it an appealing cosmetic component. To the best of our knowledge, this represents the first case when the extracts derived from medicinal plant processing waste and biotechnological plant cell cultivation processes have been combined and evaluated for their bioactivity.

Effects of substrates and suppliers of ingredients on microbial community and metabolites of traditional non-salt Suancai.

Aim: Non-salt Suancai is an acidic fermented vegetable consumed by the Chinese Yi ethnic group. Traditionally, it is produced by fermentation without salt in a cold environment. The present study aimed to investigate the metabolite and microbial characteristics, and the effects of substrates/suppliers ingredients on non-salt Suancai. Methods: A simulated fermentation system of non-salt Suancai was constructed by using different substrates/suppliers' ingredients. The coherence and differential detection of the metabolite and microbial characteristics were done through non-target metabolomic and metagenomic analysis. Results: Lactic acid was the predominant organic acid across all samples. The enumeration of the Lactic acid bacteria showed no discernible differences between study groups, but that of yeast was highest in the mustard leaf stem (Brassica juncea var. latipa). The three major biological metabolic pathways were metabolism, environmental information, and genetic information processing based on the KEGG database. The metabolite diversity varied with the substrate/supplier of ingredients based on the PLS-DA plot. Lactiplantibacillus, Leuconostoc, and Lactococcus were prevalent in all samples but differentially. The microbial diversity and richness varied significantly, with 36~291 species being identified. Among the various substrates collected from the same supplier, 29, 59, and 29 differential species were identified based on LEfSe [linear discriminant analysis (LDA) > 2, P < 0.05]. Leuconostoc citreum, Leuconostoc mesenteroides, Leuconostoc pseudomesenteroides, Lactiplantibacillus plantarum, and Leuconostoc lactis were likely to be used as the species to discriminate samples collected from different suppliers. Conclusions: This research contributed to the exploration of microbial and metabolite characteristics behind the ingredient restriction of non-salt Suancai using traditional technology.

Features of implementation of catering enterprises strategies in modern conditions (on the example of Russian largest cities)

The article is devoted to the study of catering enterprises strategy implementation in the conditions of economic crisis situations of 2020–2022. In particular, the article highlights the foreign scientists’ points of view regarding the definition of the “strategy implementation” concept, and the process approach to the definition is provided as a fundamental one. The scientific novelty lies in the fact that on the basis of the study key catering market trends for the period 2020–2022 were identified. The following main statistical indicators were used: the turnover of catering in the Russian entities and per capita, the number of places in catering enterprises and the availability of catering enterprises per 1,000 population. It was concluded that apart from the ongoing post-coronavirus trends, such as ensuring a high level of quality and safety of manufactured products, changing the supply chains, delivery of finished goods and takeaway format, in modern conditions, consumers are becoming more economical and rational in their expenses and are trying to optimise their budget. In 2022 and 2023, the following trends remain: establishment of interaction between catering enterprises and consumers, personalisation of clients, support of positive “word of mouth” and establishment of partnerships with local suppliers of products and ingredients to ensure supply stability. An assessment of catering enterprises strategy implementation with consideration to the influence of the identified trends is emphasised as a direction for further research.

Nanohybrid dual-network chitosan-based hydrogels: Synthesis, characterization, quicken infected wound healing by angiogenesis and immune-microenvironment regulation

Infectious wounds are difficult to heal because of vascular damage and immune imbalance. The multi-functional hydrogel dressing can regulate vascular regeneration and immune microenvironment through continuous supply of bioactive ingredients to the wound site, which can effectively accelerate the healing speed of infected wounds. In this work, a multifunctional dual-network hydrogel (QCMOD) with good injectability, stability, self-healing and adhesion was designed by combining methacrylic anhydride-modified quaternized chitosan (QCM) with oxidized dextran (OD) via Schiff base reaction and photo-crosslinked polymerization. Subsequently, MgO/Icariin composite nanoparticles with icariin coating were prepared and loaded in QCMOD hydrogel to establish nanohybrid dual-network chitosan-based hydrogels (QCMOD@MI), which possessed a controlled release of Mg2+ and icariin as well as the ability of guiding physiological behavior in wound healing progress. In vitro results showed the nanohybrid hydrogel reduced bacterial infection and possessed multiple physiological functions including promoting cell migration, angiogenesis and reducing secretion of inflammatory factors. In vivo, the nanohybrid hydrogel showed excellent pro-healing abilities for infected full-thickness wounds by reducing bacterial infections and improving the microenvironment of ischemia and inflammation. This study provides a new paradigm for the design of multifunctional bioactive hydrogels and the obtained hydrogel is expected to become a new type of functional dressing.

Keragaan dan Analisis Rasio Keuangan Usaha Penjualan Kedelai (Studi Kasus pada PT. Sari Eco di Desa Gudang Kecamatan Tanjungsari Kabupaten Sumedang Jawa Barat)

This study aims to determine the performance of soybean sales at PT. Sari Eco and know the company's financial performance seen from the liquidity ratio, solvency ratio, profitability ratio and activity ratio. This research uses a case study method through a quantitative descriptive approach. The result of this research is PT. Sari Eco is a company engaged in the supply of food ingredients that has sold a lot of soybeans to various tofu and tempeh craftsmen in Sumedang Regency. The company was founded in 2000 with the founder Mr. Ace as owner. With the support of the potential of soybeans which are often used in making processed tofu and tempeh in Sumedang Regency, PT. Sari Eco has won a lot of trust from tofu companies and is always ready to partner with other companies. Based on the results of research for financial performance assessment using financial ratio analysis, namely the analysis of liquidity ratios, solvency ratios, profitability ratios and activity ratios at the company PT. Sari Eco. The company's financial performance of PT. Sari Eco is not healthy which is decreasing every month. The company is having difficulty selling its products due to the Covid-19 pandemic and the rising soybean prices. This must be considered so that the users of the company's assets experience improvements every month.

Beyond ingredients: Supramolecular structure of lipid droplets in infant formula affects metabolic and brain function in mouse models.

Human milk beneficially affects infant growth and brain development. The supramolecular structure of lipid globules in human milk i.e., large lipid globules covered by the milk fat globule membrane, is believed to contribute to this effect, in addition to the supply of functional ingredients. Three preclinical (mouse) experiments were performed to study the effects of infant formula mimicking the supramolecular structure of human milk lipid globules on brain and metabolic health outcomes. From postnatal day 16 to 42, mouse offspring were exposed to a diet containing infant formula with large, phospholipid-coated lipid droplets (structure, STR) or infant formula with the same ingredients but lacking the unique structural properties as observed in human milk (ingredient, ING). Subsequently, in Study 1, the fatty acid composition in liver and brain membranes was measured, and expression of hippocampal molecular markers were analyzed. In Study 2 and 3 adult (Western-style diet-induced) body fat accumulation and cognitive function were evaluated. Animals exposed to STR compared to ING showed improved omega-3 fatty acid accumulation in liver and brain, and higher expression of brain myelin-associated glycoprotein. Early exposure to STR reduced fat mass accumulation in adulthood; the effect was more pronounced in animals exposed to a Western-style diet. Additionally, mice exposed to STR demonstrated better memory performance later in life. In conclusion, early life exposure to infant formula containing large, phospholipid-coated lipid droplets, that are closer to the supramolecular structure of lipid globules in human milk, positively affects adult brain and metabolic health outcomes in pre-clinical animal models.

Polyacetylenes from the adventitious roots of Centella asiatica with glucose uptake stimulatory activity.

Centella asiatica (L.) Urban is an herbaceous perennial plant of the Apiaceae family that has diverse medicinal uses. Its active components are saponin, phenolics, and polyacetylenes. Plant cell cultures have been exploited for the efficient production of metabolites with pharmacological activity. In this work, we prepared adventitious root cultures of C. asiatica and analyzed their content and biological activity. Adventitious root extracts were found to increase glucose uptake by differentiated L6 skeletal muscle cells and to be more efficient than the extract of whole plants. Chromatographic fractionation of the extracts from adventitious roots of C. asiatica led to the isolation of two known polyacetylenes, araliadiol (1) and 8-acetoxy-1,9-pentadecadiene-4,6-diyn-3-ol (2), in addition to a new polyacetylene, which we have named centellidiol (3). All the three polyacetylenes stimulated glucose uptake in a dose-dependent manner. The methanol extract of adventitious roots contained 0.53% and 0.82% of compounds 1 and 2, respectively, which are values that were 15 and 21 times higher that are found in mother plants. We therefore suggest that the high content of these polyacetylenes contributes to the high efficacy of C. asiatica adventitious root cultures. Overall, adventitious root cultures of C. asiatica can be part of a secure supply of effective ingredients including polyacetylenes.

Sustainable Livestock Production: A Systematic Review of Different Constraints Associated with Sustainable Livestock Production

Agriculture in general and ranches contribute significantly to the sustainability of poor and marginalized farmers. To meet the future requirements of an increasing population, animal productivity must be significantly increased. Animal production is increasingly influenced by a variety of external factors. This includes increasing demand for animal products and an inadequate supply of feed ingredients due to competition in natural resources and trade barriers. At the same time, there is growing concern about livestock and its health consequences. Optimization of the productivity and effectiveness within such restrictions, as well as profit maximization for all stakeholders, are important goals. Several indicators show that animal production optimization is still potentially possible. New science and technologies seem to offer many opportunities for innovation in animal production. Animal productivity improvement has significant mitigation effects in both developed and developing countries. However, the extent of its impact also depends on factors such as the genetic potential of the animal and the introduction of management techniques. Acceptance by consumers and society is an important success factor. In summary, sustainable livestock is very important in livestock. This overview focuses on various issues and restrictions associated with sustainable livestock production.

Harvesting the benefits of nutritional research to address global challenges in the 21st century

AbstractOver the past 20 years, substantial progress has been made in improving feeds and feeding technologies for most aquaculture species. Notable improvements in feed conversion efficiency (through a better understanding of requirements and improved feed management) and ingredient sustainability (through increased capability to use a wider range of ingredients) have been achieved. While advances have been made in understanding the requirements of many of the main aquaculture species, there is still much to be done in defining requirements, especially for many of the species being farmed in the developing world. Gains in the efficiency of feeds are slowing for developed species, but potential gains are still appreciable for less developed species. There is a growing need to more precisely prescribe the required levels of essential nutrients and various additives in the diet based on age, genotype, environment, and immune status to deliver a “precision nutrition” approach to farming aquaculture species. There is still further need to diversify our ingredient options to provide greater resilience, as the sustainability of different feed ingredient sources, including possible climate change impacts, is becoming a growing issue. There is a growing demand for biocircularity in our feed ingredient supply chains. Ultimately, what is needed to sustain future feed ingredient needs are sustainable sources of cost‐effective protein, some essential amino acid additives, some omega‐3 fatty acid resources, and various minerals and vitamin additives. The increasing use of new and varied resources will ensure that food safety remains an important issue throughout the world. Feed manufacturing has evolved from a simplistic exercise to a highly complex science with state‐of‐the‐art engineering, but its application is not consistent across all sectors, as there is still widespread use of pelleting, mash, and trash fish feeding in the developing world. Similarly, feed management has also dichotomized between the developed and developing world, with a high reliance on manual skilled labor in the developing world, whereas more advanced aquaculture systems are becoming increasingly reliant on automated computer‐controlled feeding systems.

Hydroponic cultivation training and its product processing for sustainable ecosystems in Lebakgede Area, Bandung City

Hydroponic cultivation is considered effective and efficient in terms of time, place, and cost. Postharvest handling must also be carried out properly, such as processing vegetables and fruit in hydroponic cultivation. Therefore, hydroponic plant cultivation training activities and the processing of their products play an essential role in urban communities, especially Lebakgede Area, Bandung City. In general, this service consisted of four main stages, including preparation and planning, implementation, evaluation, and follow-up. The investigation revealed that the majority of participants were housewives (43%), followed by community institutions (29%), others (14%), and entrepreneurs and civil servants (7%). In addition, 76% of participants were extremely satisfied, understanding, and interested in practicing hydroponic cultivation and processing its products. Based on the follow-up analysis, the participants have prepared a hydroponic house that will be managed together to support the supply of food ingredients in the Lebakgede Area Bandung City. This successful community service positively impacts the community by supplying high-quality vegetables. Therefore, this service activity can result in the formation of a sustainable hydroponic ecosystem and an increase in hydroponic expertise for future generations in Lebakgede Area, Bandung City.

Shortages of Prescription Drugs Due to Compliance and Quality Issues in Japan

Several good manufacturing practice (GMP) compliance issues and their associated quality problems that have been revealed since 2020 have led to large-scale recalls and supply suspensions of drug products in Japan. This paper provides an overview of the causes and countermeasures for supply disruptions of low-molecular-weight chemical pharmaceutical agents, focusing on quality-related issues. A recent increase in the use of generic drugs emphasized the importance of strengthening active pharmaceutical ingredient (API) supply chains and ensuring GMP compliance among drug manufacturers. In addition, increasing recalls in the drug products of certain marketing authorization holders due to storage stability problems strongly suggests the need to improve their development process considerably. Other measures to stabilize the supply of pharmaceuticals, including increasing stockpiles of APIs, were also discussed.

Development of a legume-enriched feed for treatment of severe acute malnutrition.

Background: Outcomes in children hospitalised with severe acute malnutrition (SAM) remain poor. The current milk-based formulations focus on restoring weight-gain but fail to address modification of the integrity of the gut barrier and may exacerbate malabsorption owing to functional lactase, maltase and sucrase deficiency. We hypothesise that nutritional feeds should be designed to promote bacterial diversity and restore gastrointestinal (GI) barrier function. Methods: Our major objective was to develop a lactose-free, fermentable carbohydrate-containing alternative to traditional F75 and F100 formulae for the inpatient treatment of SAM. New target nutritional characteristics were developed and relevant food and infant food specific legislation were reviewed. Suitable certified suppliers of ingredients were identified. Processing and manufacture steps were evaluated and optimised for safety (nutritional, chemical and microbiological), and efficacy at meeting target characteristics (lactose-free, containing resistant starch 0.4-0.5% final product weight). Results: A final validated production process was developed and implemented to produce a novel food product for the inpatient treatment of SAM in children in Africa designed to reduce risk of osmotic diarrhoea and support symbiotic gut microbial populations. The final product matched the macronutrient profile of double-concentrated F100, adhered to all relevant legislation regulating infant foods, was lactose free, and contained 0.6% resistant starch. Chickpeas were selected as the source of resistant starch, since they are widely grown and eaten throughout Africa. Micronutrient content could not be matched in this ready-to-use product, so this was replaced at the point of feeding, as was fluid lost through concentration. Conclusions: The processes and product described illustrate the development steps for a novel nutritional product. The new feed product was ready for evaluation for safety and efficacy in a phase II clinical trial in Ugandan children admitted to hospital with SAM (Modifying Intestinal MicroBiome with Legume-Based feed 2: MIMBLE feed 2 (ISRCTN10309022)).