Use Of Supplements Research Articles

Health-Related Quality of Life in Rugby Athletes: The Role of Dietary Supplements and Their Consumption.

This study investigates dietary supplement use among rugby players and their general health, focusing on prevalence and underlying motivations. Involving 92 athletes, it examines the relationship between supplement usage, motivations, and health outcomes using the 36-item Short Form Health Survey and a 24-item ad hoc questionnaire. Findings reveal a high frequency of supplement usage, motivated by desires to enhance performance, appearance, and mood. Significant differences in health-related quality of life are found between users and non-users, particularly in mental health, social functioning, and emotional stability. Motivations like performance enhancement and body shape manipulation were linked to altered health perceptions, indicating the psychosocial impacts of supplementation. This study emphasizes the need to consider the holistic effects of supplements on athlete well-being, advocating for a balanced approach prioritizing both physical and mental health. It calls for increased awareness among athletes, coaches, and sports professionals about the potential risks and benefits of supplement use and the importance of informed decision-making. Additionally, it highlights the need for further research to understand the mechanisms of supplement use and its impact on athlete health, aiming to enhance sports science and promote overall athlete well-being in competitive environments.

A systematic review and meta-analysis of functional vitamin B12 status among adult vegans.

The dietary intake of vitamin B12 among unsupplemented vegans is notably lower compared to both vegetarians and omnivores. Prolonged low intakes of vitamin B12, such as seen in those adhering to a vegan diet, lead to physiological deficiency of vitamin B12 and an elevated risk of B12-related morbidity. However, while serum B12 serves as a conventional biomarker for assessing B12 status, its utility is limited given its sensitivity and specificity in ascribing physiological deficiency of B12 and the functional vitamin B12 status of those adhering to vegan diets is unclear. We conducted a systematic review and meta-analysis using data based on the full panel of biomarkers of vitamin B12 status to test whether adherence to a vegan diet is associated with an elevated risk of functional vitamin B12 deficiency compared to vegetarian or omnivorous diets. In addition, subgroup analysis was carried out to look at the effect of vitamin B12 supplement use on B12 status among vegans. Our search identified 4002 records, of which 19 studies met the inclusion criteria for the systematic review and 17 studies were taken forward for the meta-analysis. Meta-analysis results revealed significantly lower serum B12, pmol/ (-0.72 [-1.26, -0.18]; p = 0.01) and elevated total homocysteine, μmol/L (tHcy) (0.57 [0.26, 0.89]; p < 0.001) concentrations, alongside elevated methylmalonic acid, nmol/L (MMA) (0.28 [-0.01, 0.57]; p = 0.06) and lower holotranscobalamin, pmol/ (HoloTC) (-0.42 [-0.91, 0.07]; p = 0.09) levels among vegan adults compared to omnivores, indicating increased functional B12 deficiency in addition to low vitamin B12 status in vegan adults. There were no differences between vegans and vegetarians in HoloTC (0.04 [-0.28, 0.35]; p = 0.814) or MMA (-0.05 [-0.29, 0.20]; p = 0.708), but differences were found in serum B12 (-0.25 [-0.40, -0.10]; p = 0.001) and for tHcy (0.24 [0.09, 0.39]; p = 0.002) concentrations. Subgroup analyses indicated that the use of vitamin B12 supplements among vegans contributes to significant improvements in all biomarker concentrations compared to their unsupplemented counterparts. Our findings underscore the need for improved strategies to redress poor vitamin B12 status with appropriate B12 supplementation use among those adhering to vegetarian and vegan diets.

Social media content analysis for nutraceuticals and glaucoma.

Google and various social media platforms have content on the therapeutic potential of nutritional supplements for glaucoma, but whether that information is evidence-based has not been analyzed. The current study explores such content for its quality. Criteria of search used were "glaucoma" and "vitamins" or "nutraceuticals" or "nutritional supplements". The first 30 search results on Google for every keyword combination were determined. The top 30 video results on Facebook Watch and YouTube for each keyword combination were selected. The initial 30 posts from Reddit and the top 30 Images on Google Images related to the keyword combination were also examined. Sixty-eight websites on Google, 75 Images from Google, 39 YouTube videos, 12 video results from Facebook Watch, and 19 posts from Reddit were identified and assessed for quality.The average Sandvik scores were 10.86 ± 2.6 (Google webpages), 10.08 ± 1.9 (YouTube videos), 10.62 ± 1.6 (Facebook Watch), and 10.26 ± 2.8 (Posts from Reddit). The average Risk Scores were 0.67 ± 0.9 (videos from YouTube), 0.49 ± 0.8 (webpages on Google), 0.33 ± 0.5 (videos from Facebook Watch), and 0.26 ± 0.5 (Reddit). The mean HON code scores were 5.15 ± 1.5 (YouTube), 6 ± 1.7 (Google webpages), 4.42 ± 1.1 (Facebook Watch), and 3.47 ± 1.8 (Reddit). Many patients who seek information online do not consult their physicians to verify the accuracy of their search results. Thus, with this changing trend, video and online medical content analysis has attracted interest. Search engines and social media platforms may serve as adjuncts for patient counseling in current care models by providing an online educational community. Compared to non-healthcare professionals, the healthcare professionals' information regarding nutraceuticals/nutritional supplements in glaucoma is of higher quality. Most HCPs do not recommend the use of dietary supplements as a complementary treatment for glaucoma, either because of inconclusive/insufficient data or due to contrasting studies that contradict each other. However, literature is building up with each passing day, to support nutritional supplementation as an integrative IOP-independent strategy for glaucoma management. The information provided by healthcare professionals is superior to that offered by non-healthcare professionals. Most HCPs advise against the use of nutritional supplements as an adjunct therapy for glaucoma, either because of inconclusive data or due to contrasting studies that contradict each other.

7467 Supplement Use Among Transgender Patients: Case Reports and Literature Review

Abstract Disclosure: H. Cunningham: None. Q. Jones: None. C. Kelley: None. The barriers to initiating gender affirming medical treatment are innumerable and increasing in the wake of wide-sweeping anti-trans legislation, leading many transgender individuals to utilize more accessible means of transitioning. We provide examples of patient-initiated supplement use at a gender medicine clinic in the Southeast. We describe a 60-year-old transgender woman who was unable to establish care due to lack of affirming providers in her region and insurance approval delays. She began taking Pueraria mirifica, along with saw palmetto and fenugreek, for feminization. Subsequently, her breast size increased from an A to B cup, and she noticed fat redistribution to her hips. When finally seen one year later, labs demonstrated suppressed luteinizing and follicle stimulating hormones and increased sex hormone binding globulin, with an associated decrease in estradiol and testosterone levels. Cessation of supplements resulted in lab normalization. Our second case describes masculinizing effects, including voice deepening, experienced by a transgender man using a supplement that contained "orchic extract.” Supplements used for gender affirmation can also have more adverse effects, including polycythemia in the setting of trenbolone, an illicit steroidogenic performance enhancing supplement used for masculinization by some patients assigned female at birth. Patients without access to gender affirming hormones through a medical provider, or who do not feel comfortable accessing health care, may be more likely to use supplements purchased online without a prescription. Considering this, we must create more safe spaces for gender affirming care and ask all transgender patients about supplement use. Providers should consider supplement use as a possible explanation for unexpected lab results. The literature on supplement use for gender-affirming effects is sparse; this presentation provides a summary of and contributes to the current literature on this topic. Presentation: 6/2/2024

7070 Nephrolithiasis and Hypercalciuria in Adults with Osteogenesis Imperfecta

Abstract Disclosure: V.R. Simões: None. M. Daly: None. M.G. Rocha-Braz: None. R.M. Martin: None. B. Ferraz-de-Souza: None. Osteogenesis imperfecta (OI) is a heterogeneous bone fragility disorder. Extra-skeletal manifestations have been well documented in children with OI, including renal complications, but studies in adults lack. Here we investigate the prevalence of nephrolithiasis and hypercalciuria in adults with OI.After informed consent, adult patients with OI attending a tertiary clinic were included in this prospective study. Disease severity score, mobility score, BMD, and molecular diagnosis, if available, were registered. Evaluation of nephrolithiasis comprised history, dietary record, and medication and supplement use. Imaging was performed in all patients with renal US and/or CT, and laboratory investigations encompassed serum (Ca, P, ALP, 25OHD, PTH, CTX, P1NP) and 24-h urine (Ca, P, citrate, oxalate, sodium, uric acid) analyses. IBM SPSS v20 was used for statistical analysis.In total, 94 adults (57 F, 37 M) with OI were evaluated, with ages ranging from 21-76 yr (50% between 20-29). Molecular diagnosis was available for 61 subjects, 79% of whom had collagen defects. Most subjects had moderate to severe OI (70%) and 48% required walking support/aid or did not walk. Excessive total (diet + supplement) daily calcium intake was identified in only 6%. Renal CT and US were available for 50 subjects (53%), CT only for 11 (12%) and US only for 33 (35%). Nephrolithiasis was identified in 26 subjects (28%). Of those, 13 (14%) had symptoms. A trend towards a higher occurrence of nephrolithiasis in subjects with moderate/severe OI was identified (p=0.059), and, reassuringly, no association with calcium intake or use of supplements was seen. ROC curve analysis revealed that 24-h U Ca &amp;gt;144.25 mg and 24-h U citrate &amp;lt;235 mg were significantly associated with nephrolithiasis (p=0.024 &amp; p=0.048). Logistic regression identified a 5.6x increased likelihood of nephrolithiasis for 24-h U oxalate &amp;gt;19 mg (p=0.047). Nephrolithiasis was identified in 28% female and 27% male subjects. Because nephrolithiasis is usually more common in males, analyses were repeated according to sex. In female subjects, nephrolithiasis was significantly associated with OI severity (p=0.01) and with higher mean OI severity scores (p=0.001). Strikingly, hypercalciuria (defined as 24-h U Ca &amp;gt;200 mg) was identified in 36% of the cohort. Significant but weak positive correlations between 24-h U Ca and mobility score (r=0.214, p=0.041) and 24-h U Na (r=0.426, p=0.001) were found, as were negative correlations with CTX (r=-0.257, p=0.015) and P1NP (r=-0.251, p=0.018). In conclusion, high prevalence of nephrolithiasis and hypercalciuria were identified in adults with OI. While Ca supplementation did not seem to be associated with risk for nephrolithiasis in this population with mostly adequate total daily intake levels, OI severity, low U citrate and high U oxalate levels seemed to increase risk, prompting attention in the care of adults with OI. Presentation: 6/1/2024

Exploring GP and patient attitudes towards the use and deprescribing of dietary supplements: a survey study in Switzerland

BackgroundDietary supplements are commonly used by older adults, but their inappropriate use may lead to adverse events. To optimise medication use, general practitioners (GPs) ideally are aware of all substances that patients use, including supplements. This cross-sectional study explored the use of dietary supplements by older patients with polypharmacy, the rate at which they disclosed this use to their GPs, and compared patients’ and GPs’ attitudes towards discontinuing dietary supplements.MethodsTen GPs in Swiss primary care recruited five to ten of their older patients taking ≥ 5 regular medications. Both GPs and their patients completed a survey on patients’ use of dietary supplements and attitudes towards deprescribing those. We described and compared their responses. We assessed the association of supplement disclosure with patient characteristics using multilevel logistic regression analysis.ResultsThree out of ten GPs (30%) were female, and GPs’ average age was 52 years (SD = 8). 45% of patients were female (29/65). Most patients (n = 45, 70%) were taking ≥ 1 supplement. On average, patients reported to be using three supplements (SD = 2). In 60% (n = 39) of patients, GPs were unaware of ≥ 1 supplement used. We did not find evidence for an association between supplement disclosure to GPs and patient characteristics. Only 8% (n = 5) of patients and 60% (n = 6) of GPs reported ≥ 1 supplement they would be willing to deprescribe and none of the supplements reported by GPs and patients to deprescribe matched.ConclusionSwiss GPs were unaware of many dietary supplements used by their older patients, which may affect medication optimisation efforts.

Use of oral nutritional supplements

Malnutrition – specifically undernutrition – is a state in which a deficiency of energy, protein and other nutrients causes adverse effects on the body, its function and clinical outcomes. Malnutrition can be disease-related or caused by social factors; the two are often inter-related. More than 3 million people in the UK are malnourished or ‘at risk’ of malnutrition, 93% of whom reside in the community. It commonly affects older people and those with certain medical conditions. With a pivotal role in providing care in secondary and community settings, prescribers are increasingly involved in quality improvement programmes to manage malnutrition, including the appropriate use of oral nutritional supplements. This article seeks to improve understanding of the impact of malnutrition on individuals and the wider healthcare economy, identification of those at risk and the effective use of oral nutrition support.

Use of multiple micronutrient supplementation integrated into routine antenatal care: A discussion of research priorities.

Optimal maternal nutrition, including adequate intake and status of essential micronutrients, is important for the health of women and developing infants. Currently, the World Health Organization (WHO) Antenatal care recommendations for a positive pregnancy experience recommend daily iron and folic acid (IFA) supplementation as the standard of care. The use of multiple micronutrient supplements (MMSs) is recommended in the context of rigorous research as more evidence was needed regarding the impact of switching from IFA supplements to MMS, including evaluation of critical clinical maternal and perinatal outcomes, acceptability, feasibility, sustainability, equity and cost-effectiveness. WHO convened a technical consultation of key stakeholders to discuss research priorities with the objective of providing guidance and clarity to donors, implementers and researchers about this recommendation. The overarching principles of the research agenda include the use of clinical indicators and impact measures that are applicable across studies and settings and the inclusion of outcomes that are important to women. Future studies should consider using standardized protocols based on current best practices to measure critical outcomes such as gestational age (GA) and birthweight (BW) in studies. As GA and BW are influenced by multiple factors, more research is needed to understand the biological impact pathways, and how initiation and considerations for timing of MMS influence these outcomes. A set of core clinical indicators was agreed upon during the technical consultation. For implementation research, the Evidence-to-Decision framework was used as a resource for discussing components of implementation research. The implementation research questions, key indicators and performance measures will depend on country-specific context and bottlenecks that require further research and improved solutions to enable the successful implementation of iron-containing supplements.

The Association Between BMI, Dietary Supplement Use, and Social Media Engagement in a Young Adult Population

The Association Between BMI, Dietary Supplement Use, and Social Media Engagement in a Young Adult Population

Overview of Dietary Supplements Use: A Narrative Review

Abstract: Dietary supplements are ingestible nutrient products used in individuals’ diets to meet their adequate intake of nutrients required for general health purposes. This review aims to explore the impact of using dietary supplements in relation to communicable and non-communicable diseases, as well as some adverse effects caused by dietary supplements. Findings indicated that vitamin D supplements can aid in recovery from flu and COVID-19. Folic acid can reduce stroke incidents among adults with hypertension. Moreover, vitamin C or calcium intake is significantly associated with lowering diabetes risk. Advantageous effects have been reported of high doses of vitamin C against breast cancer. Moreover, frequent consumption of vitamin E reduced the risk of chronic lung diseases by 10%. In conclusion, the present review confirms the beneficial health effects of dietary supplement consumption and suggests further investigations for a better understanding of their mechanisms in the prevention and treatment of communicable and non-communicable diseases.

Concentrations and predictors of select nutrients in Canadian human milk samples from the Maternal-Infant Research on Environmental Chemicals pregnancy cohort

BackgroundHuman milk (HM) composition data are widely used in clinical, regulatory, and public health initiatives. The existing HM profiles in United States and Canadian nutrient databanks are outdated and now considered inappropriate to estimate current nutrient intakes. Recent reviews have underscored the limited North American data available to generate a new profile. ObjectivesTo describe concentrations and sources of variability of nutrients in HM from a large cohort collected in Canada. MethodsThe Maternal-Infant Research on Environmental Chemicals (MIREC) study recruited participants in the first trimester of pregnancy from 10 Canadian cities between 2008 and 2011. HM samples (n = 559–835, depending on nutrient) were collected 3–10 wk postpartum and analyzed for minerals (calcium, magnesium, phosphorus, potassium, sodium, manganese, molybdenum, zinc, copper, iodine, selenium), vitamin D [vitamin D3, 25-hydroxyvitamin D3], folate vitamers (folic acid, 5-methyltetrahydrofolate, total folates), and fatty acids (panel). We examined associations between participant characteristics and log-transformed nutrient concentrations using linear regression. ResultsConcentrations of HM components in MIREC samples were within the range observed in literature except for manganese, which was >100-fold lower than the value in the existing Canadian nutrient databank profile [2.43 (standard deviation 2.84) compared with 260 ng/g]. In multivariable models, concentrations of folate vitamers, vitamin D, and fatty acids demonstrated greater variability with maternal and sample characteristics than minerals. Factors such as relevant supplement use, body mass index, and for vitamin D, skin color and season, had a larger impact on nutrient concentrations than characteristics typically standardized in HM research, such as maternal or infant health, and method of collection. ConclusionsHM mineral concentrations from this study meet the methodological inclusion criteria for updating nutrient databank values and dietary reference intakes. Consideration of factors such as diet, skin color, and BMI will be important for selecting studies for developing representative reference values based on HM.

Low thiamine status in adults following low-carbohydrate / ketogenic diets: a cross-sectional comparative study of micronutrient intake and status.

Low-carbohydrate diets (LCD) are popular for weight loss but lack evidence about micronutrient sufficiency in real-life use. This study assessed the intake and biochemical status of selected micronutrients in people voluntarily following LCDs. A cross-sectional study was conducted (2018-20) among 98 adults recruited as self-reporting either LCD (n = 49) or diets not restricting carbohydrates (controls; n = 49). Diets were assessed using the 130-item EPIC-Norfolk food-frequency questionnaire. Red-blood-cell thiamine diphosphate (TDP) was measured for thiamine status using HPLC. Plasma magnesium, zinc, copper, and selenium were measured using inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry. Between-group biomarker comparisons were conducted using ANCOVA and adjusted for age, sex, body mass index (BMI), and diabetes status. LCD-followers (26% male, median age 36 years, median BMI 24.2 kg/m2) reported adhering to LCDs for a median duration of 9 months (IQR 4-36). The most followed LCD type was 'their own variations of LCD' (30%), followed by ketogenic (23%), 'palaeolithic' (15%), and Atkins diets (8%). Among controls, 41% were male (median age 27 years, median BMI 23kg/m2). Median macronutrient intakes for LCD vs control groups were carbohydrate 16%Energy (E) vs. 50%E; protein 25%E vs. 19%E; and fat 55%E vs 34%E (saturated fat 18%E vs. 11%E). Two-thirds of LCD followers (32/49) and half of the controls (24/49) reported some use of dietary supplements (p = 0.19). Among LCD-followers, assessing from food data only, 21 (43%) failed to meet the reference nutrient intake (RNI) for thiamine (vs.14% controls, p = 0.002). When thiamine from supplementation (single- or multivitamin) was included, there appeared to be no difference in thiamine intake between groups. Still, red-blood-cell TDP was lower in LCD-followers than controls (407 ± 91 vs. 633 ± 234 ng/gHb, p < 0.001). Three LCD-followers were thiamine-deficient (RBC thiamine < 275 ng/gHb) vs. one control. There were no significant differences in dietary intakes or plasma concentrations of magnesium, zinc, copper, and selenium between groups. Following LCDs is associated with lower thiamine intake and TDP status than diets without carbohydrate restriction, incompletely corrected by supplement use. These data, coupled with a lack of RCT evidence on body weight control, do not support recommending LCDs for weight management without appropriate guidance and diet supplementation.

Psychosocial predictors of doping intentions and use in sport and exercise: a systematic review and meta-analysis

ObjectiveTo conduct a meta-analytic review of psychosocial predictors of doping intention, doping use and inadvertent doping in sport and exercise settings.DesignSystematic review and meta-analysis.Data sourcesScopus, Medline, Embase, PsychINFO, CINAHL Plus,...

Dietary supplement use in dietary patterns excluding whole food groups

Dietary supplement use in dietary patterns excluding whole food groups

Nutrition and diet for dry eye disease: Insights toward holistic management.

Dry eye disease (DED) is one of the most common eye problems in the aging population. Hyperosmolarity triggers the immune response in DED and consequently activates the self-perpetuating immune cycle, leading to chronic damage of the ocular surface. This event causes symptoms such as a burning sensation, irritation, redness, photophobia, and blurred vision in DED patients. Subsequently, the quality of life gets significantly affected. The rising demand for DED management and treatment solutions, and the desirable outcomes from innovative therapies that draw global interest provide evidence to demonstrate the role of diet and nutrition in DED. Nutritional deficiency and a Westernized diet contribute to the chronic systemic progression of DED symptoms. It has been revealed in several published studies that the use of nutrients and dietary supplements improves the ocular surface and acts as a protective factor against DED. - We reviewed nutrition and dietary aspects in managing DED and its associated consequences, based on published studies, and reached an evidence-based conclusion.

Metabolic adaptations of Escherichia coli to extended zinc exposure: insights into tricarboxylic acid cycle and trehalose synthesis

Balanced bacterial metabolism is essential for cell homeostasis and growth and can be impacted by various stress factors. In particular, bacteria exposed to metals, including the nanoparticle form, can significantly alter their metabolic processes. It is known that the extensive and intensive use of food and feed supplements, including zinc, in human and animal nutrition alters the intestinal microbiota and this may negatively impact the health of the host. This study examines the effects of zinc (zinc oxide and zinc oxide nanoparticles) on key metabolic pathways of Escherichia coli. Transcriptomic and proteomic analyses along with quantification of intermediates of tricarboxylic acid (TCA) were employed to monitor and study the bacterial responses. Multi-omics analysis revealed that extended zinc exposure induced mainly oxidative stress and elevated expression/production of enzymes of carbohydrate metabolism, especially enzymes for synthesis of trehalose. After the zinc withdrawal, E. coli metabolism returned to a baseline state. These findings shed light on the alteration of TCA and on importance of trehalose synthesis in metal-induced stress and its broader implications for bacterial metabolism and defense and consequently for the balance and health of the human and animal microbiome.

Dietary Supplement and Prescription Omega-3 Fatty Acid Products Use among Iraqi Consumers in Kirkuk City

Dietary Supplement and Prescription Omega-3 Fatty Acid Products Use among Iraqi Consumers in Kirkuk City

Investigating The Effect of Combined Nutritional Supplementation in the Management of Autism Spectrum Disorder and the Progression of Social and Communication Skills: A Nonrandomized Interventional Study

In recent years, there has been an increase in the use of nutritional supplementation as a method of treating autism spectrum disorder (ASD). The aim of our study is to investigate the effect of using combined supplementation on treating the symptoms of Autism. In this study, we conducted a nonrandomized, nonblinded trial where we followed up with patients with ASD who were diagnosed through the CARS2-ST scale and evaluated through the Vineland-3 scale within two visits. The patients were divided into control and intervention groups where training only and supplementation with training were used, respectively. Results: The study included a total of 115 participants, out of which 95 (82.6%) were assigned to the intervention group and 20 (17.4%) were assigned to the control group. Significant improvement was observed in the intervention group compared to the control group. It was observed that the CARS2 score for the intervention group was reduced by a mean of 16.1 points compared to only 4.45 mean points reduced in the control group. On the other hand, the Vineland-III scale was increased by a mean of 350.23 points in the intervention group, while the control group had an increase of only 41.3 points. Conclusion: Our study concludes that the use of combined supplementation along with behavioral training greatly reduces autism symptoms compared to training alone. Thus, our study can recommend the use of combined supplementation as a form of treatment for Autism. Further studies with randomization and blinding will be helpful in confirming the findings of our study.

Relationship between fat-free mass index and nutrient intake in protein supplement user among Japanese collegiate soccer athletes

[Purpose] Protein supplements are widely used by athletes, prompting the scrutiny of their impact on low energy availability. This study investigated whether habitual protein supplement use is linked to physical characteristics and nutrient intake in Japanese university soccer athletes. In addition, an attempt was made to examine the differences in physical characteristics and nutrient intake according to muscle mass in protein supplement users using the fat-free mass index (FFMI), which reflects muscle mass.[Methods] A dietary survey, physical activity survey, and measurement of the physical characteristics of 38 Japanese collegiate soccer players were conducted.[Results] The habitual protein supplement utilization rate among the participants was 50%, and the participants exhibited an FFMI of 19.2 ± 1.3 kg/m&lt;sup&gt;2&lt;/sup&gt;. Significant disparities between the two groups were noted in exercise energy expenditure (&lt;i&gt;p&lt;/i&gt; = 0.023); carbohydrates (&lt;i&gt;p&lt;/i&gt; = 0.039); copper (&lt;i&gt;p&lt;/i&gt; = 0.003); and vitamins B1 (&lt;i&gt;p&lt;/i&gt; = 0.016), B2 (&lt;i&gt;p&lt;/i&gt; = 0.040), B6 (&lt;i&gt;p&lt;/i&gt; = 0.003), C (&lt;i&gt;p&lt;/i&gt; = 0.012), and D (&lt;i&gt;p&lt;/i&gt; = 0.033), with higher levels observed in the protein-consuming cohort compared to the non-consuming cohort. Protein supplement users (n = 15) were stratified into two groups based on the median FFMI of the entire population (18.9 kg/m&lt;sup&gt;2&lt;/sup&gt;). While the energy balance ratios were comparable between the groups, the high FFMI group tended to exhibit elevated energy intake (&lt;i&gt;p&lt;/i&gt; = 0.169), consumption (&lt;i&gt;p&lt;/i&gt; = 0.076), and carbohydrate consumption (&lt;i&gt;p&lt;/i&gt; = 0.092), compared to the low FFMI group.[Conclusion] These findings suggest that adequate carbohydrate and protein intakes are crucial for preserving or augmenting muscle mass in young Japanese soccer athletes, including those consuming protein supplements.

Vitamin D Deficiency Is Associated With An Increased Risk of Diabetes In Older Irish Adults: Results From The TUDA Study

Abstract Background Several studies have shown that vitamin D deficiency may increase the risk of developing type II diabetes and prediabetes. However, the data are inconsistent. Vitamin D may improve insulin sensitivity and pancreatic beta cell function, which could influence diabetes risk. We aimed to examine the relationship between vitamin D deficiency and type II diabetes in older Irish adults. Methods Study participants were from a cross-sectional study of adults aged &amp;gt; 60 years; Trinity Ulster University Department of Agriculture (TUDA) study. Diabetes was defined by self-report, use of diabetic medications or HBA1c ≥ 6.5%. Vitamin D deficiency was defined as 25(OH)D &amp;lt; 30 nmol/l. The relationship between vitamin D deficiency and diabetes was explored in multivariate logistic regression adjusting for age, sex, BMI, waist hip ratio, season, vitamin D supplement use, timed up and go, alcohol intake, current or previous steroid use, smoking, use of statins and socioeconomic status. Results There were 5171 participants (67.2% female, mean age 74.0 years) of whom 19.7% were vitamin D deficient and 15.7% had diabetes. Vitamin D deficiency versus non-deficiency was associated with an increased risk of diabetes both before and after multivariate adjustment (OR 1.46, 1.98-1.79, p&amp;lt;0.0002). Conclusion Vitamin D deficiency was associated with a 46% increased risk of having type II diabetes. However, the results of longitudinal studies and randomised trials have produced inconsistent results, though many had participants with higher baseline 25(OH)D status. A recent review of 46 trials of vitamin D supplementation found that it may reduce Hba1c in diabetics with vitamin D deficiency. Well designed trials to assess the potential effect of vitamin D supplementation on diabetic risk should be conducted.