Essential Amino Acid Supplementation Research Articles

The Effect of Intravenous Essential Amino Acid Supplementation on Recovery of Kidney Function in Acute Kidney Injury Patients at Dr. Mohammad Hoesin General Hospital, Palembang, Indonesia

Background: Acute kidney injury (AKI) is a clinical condition characterized by a rapid decline in kidney function that causes homeostatic failure in regulating fluid, electrolyte, and acid-base balance within hours to days. Nutritional supplementation is effective in replacing lost protein and as an energy reserve. This study aimed to determine the effect of intravenous essential amino acid supplementation on the recovery of kidney function in acute kidney injury patients at Dr. Mohammad Hoesin General Hospital, Palembang, Indonesia.
 Methods: This study is an open clinical trial of experimental research. A total of 34 research subjects participated in this study, where the subjects were grouped into treatment (IV amino acid supplementation) and placebo groups. Data analysis was carried out using STATA in univariate and bivariate.
 Results: Administration of amino acid supplements can reduce creatinine by 1.36. Meanwhile, the placebo was unable to reduce creatinine levels and even caused an increase in creatinine by 0.26.
 Conclusion: Intravenous administration of essential amino acid supplements has an effect on the recovery of kidney function in acute kidney injury patients at Dr. Mohammad Hoesin General Hospital, Palembang, Indonesia.

Perioperative Essential Amino Acid Supplementation Facilitates Quadriceps Muscle Strength and Volume Recovery After TKA: A Double-Blinded Randomized Controlled Trial.

Perioperative essential amino acid (EAA) supplementation suppresses lower-limb muscle atrophy and promotes functional improvement in the first 4 weeks after total knee arthroplasty (TKA). However, its effect on the recovery of muscle volume and strength in the intermediate term is unclear. The aim of this study was to evaluate the effect of perioperative EAA supplementation on the recovery of lower-limb muscle volume and strength in the 2 years after TKA. Sixty patients who underwent unilateral TKA for primary knee osteoarthritis were included in this double-blinded randomized controlled trial. After excluding dropouts, 26 patients assigned to the EAA group (9 g/day) and 26 assigned to the placebo group (powdered lactose, 9 g/day) were available for analysis. Patients received EAA supplementation or a placebo from 1 week prior to surgery to 2 weeks after it. The rectus femoris muscle area was measured using ultrasonography and quadriceps muscle strength was measured isometrically with a handheld dynamometer, preoperatively and periodically up to 2 years postoperatively. Knee pain, knee range of motion, functional mobility, and Knee Society Score 2011 subjective scores were measured at each time point. Perioperative management, except for supplementation, was identical in the 2 groups. Taking the baseline as 100%, the mean values in the EAA and placebo groups were 134% ± 31% and 114% ± 27%, respectively, for the rectus femoris muscle area and 159% ± 54% and 125% ± 40% for the quadriceps muscle strength, respectively, at 2 years after surgery. The differences were significant (p < 0.05). Clinical outcomes were not significantly different between the 2 groups. Perioperative EAA supplementation contributes to the recovery of rectus femoris muscle volume and quadriceps muscle strength in the 2 years after TKA. The EAA supplementation did not impact clinical outcomes. Therapeutic Level I. See Instructions for Authors for a complete description of levels of evidence.

Weight Management, Micronutrients, and Supplements in Diabetes

This year’s 39th International Symposium on Diabetes and Nutrition in Anavyssos, Greece, hosted a series of presentations and plenary lectures with a focus on the effects of weight loss, micronutrients, nutritional supplements, and alternative dietary patterns in the prevention and management of Type 2 diabetes (T2D) and cardiovascular risk reduction. Michael Lean discussed how diabetes remission can be achieved through weight loss using a low-energy diet (LED) or very low-energy diet (VLED), accompanied by continued long-term support from specialised healthcare professionals. Jeffrey Mechanick discussed the importance and impact of early intervention on T2D and cardiovascular disease (CVD). He emphasised that T2D should be seen not just at the point of disease, but on a spectrum from prediabetes to complications, with early interventions having significant impact on not only the progression of T2D, but also into the latter stages.Simin Liu presented an integrative multilevel framework for causal inference to personalise cardiometabolic health, highlighting recent work investigating the roles of dietary minerals, environment metals, and genomics in relation to cardiovascular disease and diabetes. Several of the presentations included discussion of specific interventions. Daniel West discussed the use of whey protein (WP) and how it can help control postprandial glycaemic excursions (PGE) in people with T2D controlled on oral antihyperglycaemic drugs. Following this, Andrea Hawkinson discussed how a new supplement, mulberry leaf (Morus alba) extract (MLE), can significantly lower postprandial glucose response, as well as early insulin response, highlighting the need for further studies to evaluate its efficacy in people with T2D. Philip Atherton showed studies providing evidence that protein and essential amino acid (EAA) supplementation can help support muscle mass, which is especially essential for older people with T2D and sarcopenia. Finally, Jose-María López-Pedrosa spoke about how a supplement containing slow digestible carbohydrates (SDC), arginine, lysine, and β-hydroxy-β-methylbutyric acid (HMB) can help preserve muscle mass, as well as improve insulin resistance, in a rat model of diabetes.

Balanced Free Essential Amino Acids and Resistance Exercise Training Synergistically Improve Dexamethasone-Induced Impairments in Muscle Strength, Endurance, and Insulin Sensitivity in Mice.

Our previous study shows that an essential amino acid (EAA)-enriched diet attenuates dexamethasone (DEX)-induced declines in muscle mass and strength, as well as insulin sensitivity, but does not affect endurance. In the present study, we hypothesized that the beneficial effects will be synergized by adding resistance exercise training (RET) to EAA, and diet-free EAA would improve endurance. To test hypotheses, mice were randomized into the following four groups: control, EAA, RET, and EAA+RET. All mice except the control were subjected to DEX treatment. We evaluated the cumulative rate of myofibrillar protein synthesis (MPS) using 2H2O labeling and mass spectrometry. Neuromuscular junction (NMJ) stability, mitochondrial contents, and molecular signaling were demonstrated in skeletal muscle. Insulin sensitivity and glucose metabolism using 13C6-glucose tracing during oral glucose tolerance tests were analyzed. We found that EAA and RET synergistically improve muscle mass and/or strength, and endurance capacity, as well as insulin sensitivity, and glucose metabolism in DEX-treated muscle. These improvements are accomplished, in part, through improvements in myofibrillar protein synthesis, NMJ, fiber type preservation, and/or mitochondrial biogenesis. In conclusion, free EAA supplementation, particularly when combined with RET, can serve as an effective means that counteracts the adverse effects on muscle of DEX that are found frequently in clinical settings.

Responses of Combined Non-starch Polysaccharide Enzymes and Protease on Growth Performance, Meat Quality, and Nutrient Digestibility of Yellow-Feathered Broilers Fed With Diets With Different Crude Protein Levels.

The aim of this study was to investigate the responses of non-starch polysaccharide (NSP) enzymes and protease combination on growth performance, meat quality, and nutrients digestibility of yellow-feathered broilers fed with corn-soybean meal basal diets with normal and subnormal crude protein (CP) levels. The experimental design was completely randomized with a 2 × 2 factorial arrangement of treatments, including six replicates of 20 birds per pen. Two basal diets were formulated with normal CP level as positive control (PC) and subnormal CP level without extra essential amino acid (AA) supplementation as negative control (NC). The basal diets were supplemented without or with NSP enzymes and protease. Broilers fed with the NC diet had lower (P < 0.05) final body weight (BW), average daily weight gain (ADG) on days 1–21, 22–56 and 1–56 and higher (P < 0.05) feed-to-gain ratio (F/G) on day 22–56 than those fed with PC diet. The broilers fed with the NC diet had higher (P < 0.05) L* and b* values in thigh muscle, crypt depth in the duodenum, and dry matter (DM) digestibility as well as lower (P < 0.05) villus height, musculature thicknesses, and villus height: crypt depth in the duodenum than those fed with the PC diet. Dietary NSP enzymes and protease combination increased (P < 0.05) the ADG and F/G of the broilers on days 1–56, and pH values in breast and thigh muscles as well as the digestibility of DM, gross energy (GE), CP and most AAs of the broilers on day 56. Compared with the PC diet, the combination of NSP enzymes and protease exhibited greater (P < 0.05) improvements in the digestibility of DM, CP, and some AAs (Asp, Ile, and Leu) in the broilers fed with the NC diet. In conclusion, reducing CP diet without essential AA supplementation impaired the growth performance and meat color of the thigh muscles of the broilers. The combination of NSP enzymes and protease effectively improved the growth performance, meat quality, and nutritional values of the broilers. In terms of the digestibility of DM, CP, and some AAs, the magnitude of response to the addition of NSP enzymes and protease was greater in the low nutritional-quality diet with a subnormal CP level.

Considerations for prenatal and postpartum management of a female patient with ornithine transcarbamylase deficiency

We report on pregnancy management and outcomes in a 27-year-old female patient with ornithine transcarbamylase (OTC) deficiency, the most common inherited enzyme deficiency in the urea cycle. Our patient was diagnosed during childhood after hyperammonemia associated with surgery and steroid treatment and was well-controlled with nitrogen scavenger treatment, low-protein diet, and L-citrulline supplementation. OTC gene sequencing identified a variant of unknown significance that has more recently been classified as likely pathogenic. Women with OTC deficiency are at increased risk of hyperammonemia during pregnancy and the postpartum period, therefore monthly follow up and laboratory assessments are critical in management decision making. Our patient was maintained on glycerol phenylbutyrate, L-citrulline and essential amino acid supplements, along with restricted protein intake during pregnancy. A multidisciplinary approach with the obstetrics, prenatal genetics, high risk obstetric, and anesthesia teams was also necessary for optimal management during pregnancy, throughout labor and delivery, and during the postpartum period. After successful childbirth and discharge, our patient experienced a hyperammonemic crisis related to poor enteral nutrition, and acute management protocols were implemented to stabilize her. For her newborn son, acute hyperammonemia protocols were on standby, and newborn screening and laboratory testing were expedited to assess his risk. He was healthy and did not experience symptoms of concern. In this case report, we emphasize the importance of close collaboration with maternal-fetal medicine team members during and immediately after pregnancy to ensure successful management of a female patient with OTC deficiency and her newborn.

The optimal dietary arginine level of laying hens fed with low-protein diets

BackgroundArginine (Arg) is an essential amino acid (EAA) in poultry, an important substrate for protein synthesis and a precursor of several molecules. Supplementation of EAAs with low protein (LP) diet increases the utilization efficiency of dietary crude protein (CP). However, if the EAA requirement is changed in hens fed a LP diet remains to be elucidated. The aim of the present study was to evaluate the optimal level of dietary Arg in the LP diet of hens. A total of 1350 Hy-Line Brown laying hens were randomly allocated to six dietary treatments: a basal diet (16% CP, positive control), or an isoenergetic LP diet (14% CP, 0.80% Arg) supplemented 0, 0.05%, 0.10%, 0.15%, and 0.20% L-Arg, corresponding to 0.80%, 0.85%, 0.90%, 0.95% and 1.00% dietary Arg, respectively.ResultsThe feed efficiency was decreased (P < 0.05) by 0.80% and 1.00% Arg-LP diets, compared to control. Within LP diets, dietary Arg level had significant quadratic effects (P < 0.05) on laying rate, egg mass, and feed efficiency. Compared to control, the plasma CAT activity or T-AOC content were decreased by 0.80% (P < 0.001). However, the hens offered 0.85% and 0.90% Arg-LP diets had higher CAT activity (P < 0.001) than 0.80% Arg-LP diet. In contrast, 1.00% Arg-LP group had the highest MDA and the lowest T-AOC content in plasma, liver, duodenal and jejunal mucosa (P < 0.05). Compared to control, the villus height was decreased by 0.80%, 0.95% and 1.00% Arg-LP diets, while the villus height to crypt depth (V/C) ratio was reduced by 0.95% and 1.00% Arg-LP diets in duodenum.ConclusionThe result demonstrates that LP diet (14% CP) deficient in Arg (0.80% Arg) result in augmented oxidative damage and impaired development of intestinal mucosa. According to the quadratic broken-line regression model, the optimal dietary arginine levels for Hy-Line Brown laying hens fed with low protein diet (14% CP) aged 33 to 40 weeks are 0.85%, 0.86%, and 0.86% to obtained the maximum laying rate, egg mass, and feed efficiency, respectively.

Essential Amino Acid Supplementation: Feed the Injured Patient: Commentary on an article by Nathan R. Hendrickson, MD, et al.: "Conditionally Essential Amino Acid Supplementation Reduces Postoperative Complications and Muscle Wasting After Fracture Fixation. A Randomized Controlled Trial".

Essential Amino Acid Supplementation: Feed the Injured Patient: Commentary on an article by Nathan R. Hendrickson, MD, et al.: "Conditionally Essential Amino Acid Supplementation Reduces Postoperative Complications and Muscle Wasting After Fracture Fixation. A Randomized Controlled Trial".

Amino Acid Availability Is Not Essential for Life-Span Extension by Dietary Restriction in the Fly.

Dietary restriction (DR) is one of the most potent ways to extend health and life span. Key progress in understanding the mechanisms of DR, and aging more generally, was made when dietary protein, and more specifically essential amino acids (EAA), were identified as the dietary component to restrict to obtain DR's health and life-span benefits. This role of dietary amino acids has influenced work on aging mechanisms, especially in nutrient sensing, for example, Target of Rapamycin and insulin(-like) signaling networks. Experimental biology in Drosophila melanogaster has been instrumental in generating and confirming the hypothesis that EAA availability is important in aging. Here, we expand on previous work testing the involvement of EAA in DR through large-scale (N = 6 238) supplementation experiments across 4 diets and 2 genotypes in female flies. Surprisingly, we find that EAA are not essential to DR's life-span benefits. Importantly, we do identify the fecundity benefits of EAA supplementation suggesting the supplemented EAA were bioavailable. Furthermore, we find that the effects of amino acids on life span vary by diet and genetic line studied and that at our most restricted diet fecundity is constrained by other nutrients than EAA. We suggest that DR for optimal health is a concert of nutritional effects, orchestrated by genetic, dietary, and other environmental interactions. Our results question the universal importance of amino acid availability in the biology of aging and DR.

Effects of Essential Amino Acids on High-Intensity Interval Training Performance, Fatigue Outcomes, and Workload Progression

Objective To explore the effects of essential amino acid (EAA) supplementation on high-intensity interval training (HIIT) fatigue, perceived exertion, and training progression in overweight and obese adults. A secondary aim was to explore potential sex-differences on these outcomes. Methods Thirty-seven untrained adults (51% female; 36.2 ± 5.9 yrs; 35.5 ± 6.7% body fat) completed eight weeks of HIIT, 2d/wk on a cycle ergometer, either with EAA supplementation (HIIT + EAA; 3.6 g of EAA twice daily, 30 minutes pre and post HIIT) or without supplementation (HIIT). Heart rate (HR) and ratings of perceived exertion (RPE) were recorded throughout each session as indices of within training fatigue. Time to exhaustion (TTE) was recorded for the final interval of each session. Workload progression was determined by change in watts. Differences between groups (with and without EAA) were evaluated at 1wk, 4wks, and 8wks by repeated measure ANOVAs (α = 0.05). Results There were no differences in TTE (p = 0.983) or workload progression (p = 0.655) with EAA supplementation at any time point. HR and RPE within HIIT sessions were not significantly different with EAA supplementation at any time point (p > 0.05). Results were similar when evaluating males and females separately, but in females, RPE was significantly lower with EAA supplementation at 4wks (Δ: 1.1-2.2; p = 0.016). Conclusion EAA supplementation did not extend TTE during exercise or enhance workload progression across eight weeks of HIIT in untrained, overweight and obese adults. However, EAA consumed 30 minutes before exercise may reduce perceived exertion during the first four weeks of training in women, which may have implications for overall exercise enjoyment and long-term adherence.

Natural history of arginase 1 deficiency and the unmet needs of patients: A systematic review of case reports.

BackgroundArginase 1 deficiency (ARG1‐D) is a rare, progressive and debilitating urea cycle disorder characterized by clinical manifestations including spasticity, seizures, developmental delay, and intellectual disability. The aim of this systematic review was to identify and summarize the natural history of ARG1‐D and the unmet needs of patients.MethodsA comprehensive search of published case reports was undertaken to identify patients with ARG1‐D regardless of interventions, comparisons, or outcomes. MEDLINE, EMBASE, Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials, and other evidence‐based medicine literature databases were searched on 20 April 2020. Quality was assessed using the Joanna Briggs Institute (JBI) Critical Appraisal Checklist. (PROSPERO registration: CRD42020212142.)ResultsOne hundred and fifty seven ARG1‐D patients were included from 111 publications (good overall quality based on JBI's Checklist); 84 (53.5%) were males. Motor deficits (including spasticity), intellectual disability, and seizures were reported in >50% of the cases. Mean age (SD) at diagnosis was 6.4 years and the laboratory findings most commonly reported to support diagnosis included elevated plasma arginine (81.5%), mutation in ARG1 gene through genetic testing (60%), and absence/reduction of red blood cell arginase activity (51%). Reported management approaches mainly included dietary protein restriction (68%), nitrogen scavengers (45%), and essential amino acid supplements (21%). Author‐reported clinical improvement was documented for 26% of patients, 15% deteriorated, and 19% had limited or no change; notably, no indication of clinical outcome was reported for 40% cases.ConclusionThis review illustrates a significant burden of disease and highlights a considerable unmet need for clinically effective treatment options for patients with ARG1‐D.

Conditionally Essential Amino Acid Supplementation Reduces Postoperative Complications and Muscle Wasting After Fracture Fixation: A Randomized Controlled Trial.

Postoperative complications and substantial loss of physical function are common after musculoskeletal trauma. We conducted a prospective randomized controlled trial to assess the impact of conditionally essential amino acid (CEAA) supplementation on complications and skeletal muscle mass in adults after operative fixation of acute fractures. Adults who sustained pelvic and extremity fractures that were indicated for operative fixation at a level-I trauma center were enrolled. The subjects were stratified based on injury characteristics (open fractures and/or polytrauma, fragility fractures, isolated injuries) and randomized to standard nutrition (control group) or oral CEAA supplementation twice daily for 2 weeks. Body composition (fat-free mass [FFM]) was measured at baseline and at 6 and 12 weeks postoperatively. Complications were prospectively collected. An intention-to-treat analysis was performed. The relative risk (RR) of complications for the control group relative to the CEAA group was determined, and linear mixed-effects models were used to model the relationship between CEAA supplementation and changes in FFM. Four hundred subjects (control group: 200; CEAA group: 200) were enrolled. The CEAA group had significantly lower overall complications than the control group (30.5% vs. 43.8%; adjusted RR = 0.71; 95% confidence interval [CI] = 0.55 to 0.92; p = 0.008). The FFM decreased significantly at 6 weeks in the control subjects (-0.9 kg, p = 0.0205), whereas the FFM was maintained at 6 weeks in the CEAA subjects (-0.33 kg, p = 0.3606). This difference in FFM was not seen at subsequent time points. Our results indicate that CEAA supplementation has a protective effect against common complications and early skeletal muscle wasting after operative fixation of extremity and pelvic fractures. Given the potential benefits of this inexpensive, low-risk intervention, multicenter prospective studies in focused trauma populations are warranted. Therapeutic Level I. See Instructions for Authors for a complete description of levels of evidence.

Essential Amino Acid and Tea Catechin Supplementation after Resistance Exercise Improves Skeletal Muscle Mass in Older Adults with Sarcopenia: An Open-Label, Pilot, Randomized Controlled Trial

Objective: Tea catechins (TCCs) have gained significant attention owing to their health effects. However, evidence is limited regarding the benefit of TCC and essential amino acids (EAAs) ingestion plus that of TCC ingestion after resistance exercise (RE) among older individuals with sarcopenia. We aimed to evaluate whether a 24-week nutritional program involving EAA and TCC supplementation after RE improved skeletal muscle mass (SMM) among older adults with sarcopenia. Methods: We conducted an open-label, pilot, randomized controlled trial among older adults with sarcopenia at the Harima Care Center or community in Hyogo, Japan. Participants were allocated to RE (n = 18), RE with EAA supplementation (RE + EAA, n = 18), or RE with EAA and TCC supplementation (RE + EAA + TCC, n = 18) groups. Sarcopenia was defined using the Asian Working Group for Sarcopenia 2019 criteria. A 24-week resistance exercise program was carried out twice weekly, with an intake of 3,000 mg and 540 mg of EAA and TCC supplements, respectively. SMM was the primary outcome parameter. Results: The mean adherence rate to exercise and supplementation intake over the 24-week intervention period was 86.8% in the RE + EAA + TCC group, 86.4% in the RE + EAA group, and 85.4% in the RE group. A significant group-by-time interaction was identified for SMM (p = 0.010). The pre- to post-intervention increase in SMM was significantly higher in the RE + EAA + TCC group than in the RE group (p = 0.010). Conclusions: These results suggest that supplementation with EAA and TCC after RE, compared to RE only, improves SMM in older people with sarcopenia. To the best of our knowledge, our study is the first pilot randomized controlled trial to evaluate the effect of TCC supplementation on SMM in older people with sarcopenia. Supplemental data for this article is available online at http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/07315724.2022.2025546

Effects of branched-chain amino acid-rich supplementation on EWGSOP2 criteria for sarcopenia in older adults: a systematic review and meta-analysis.

According to criteria recommended by the European Working Group on Sarcopenia in Older People 2 (EWGSOP2), we analyzed the effects of branched-chain amino acid (BCAA)-rich supplements on muscle strength, muscle mass, and physical performance in older people. We searched PubMed, Embase, Cochrane Library, and CINAHL from inception until March 2021. Randomized controlled trials that examined the effect of BCAA-rich supplements on older people were included. Random-effects meta-analyses and sensitivity analyses were performed. Subgroup analyses were stratified by participant and supplementation characteristics. Meta-regression analyses were performed to examine the effect of continuous variables. Thirty-five studies were included in this meta-analysis. Quality assessment revealed that 14 of 35 RCTs had some potential bias. The overall standardized mean difference (SMD) in muscle strength, muscle mass, and physical performance between the supplement and control groups was 0.35 (95% CI = [0.15, 0.55], P = 0.0007), 0.25 (95% CI = [0.10, 0.40], P = 0.0008), and 0.29 (95% CI = [0.00, 0.57], P = 0.05), respectively. Subgroup analysis revealed that essential amino acid supplementation improved handgrip strength more significantly than whey protein supplementation in older people. Meta-regression analysis revealed a significant linear relationship between improvements in handgrip strength and body mass index. BCAA-rich supplementation by older people may have beneficial effects on muscle mass and strength. However, the included studies had high heterogeneity, and the results must be interpreted with caution. CRD42020206674.

Supplementation of Lysine Essential Amino Acids in Commercial Feed to Increase Eicosapentaenoic Acid (EPA) and Docosahexaenoic Acid (DHA) in Catfish (Pangasius sp.) Fillet

The purpose of this study is to see how adding the amino acid lysine to commercial feed affects the amount of EPA and DHA in catfish (Pangasius sp.) flesh. This study is an experimental study with a totally randomized design that includes four treatments and five replications. P0 (100% commercial feed + 1.2 percent amino acid lysine), P2 (100% commercial feed + 2.2 percent amino acid lysine), and P3 (100% commercial feed + 3.2 percent amino acid lysine) were the treatments. The parameters observed were EPA and DHA in catfish meat. Data analysis used ANOVA and continued with the DUNCAN test (p 0.05). The results showed that the addition of the amino acid lysine to commercial feed for 30 days of maintenance was able to increase the EPA and DHA content in catfish meat. The highest EPA content was obtained by treatment P1 (1.2% amino acid lysine), which was 0.597%, while the highest DHA content was obtained by treatment P2 (2.2% amino acid lysine), which was 0.747%. Our findings demonstrate that adding the amino acid lysine to the diet can result in nutrient-rich catfish flesh. However, studies on the influence of lysine amino acid on the growth rate, survival rate, and cholesterol ratio in catfish flesh are predicted to enhance the productivity of this very nutritious fish.

Dietary DL‐methionyl‐DL‐methionine supplementation could improve growth performance under low fishmeal strategies by modulating TOR signalling pathway of Litopenaeus vannamei

An 8-week feeding trial was conducted to investigate the effects of DL-methionyl-DL-methionine (Met-Met) supplementation in different fishmeal levels on growth performance, antioxidant and immune response of juvenile Pacific white shrimp, Litopenaeus vannamei. Eight isonitrogenous and isolipidic experimental diets were formulated to meet the nutrient requirements of Pacific white shrimp. The supplemental amount of fishmeal in diets without essential amino acid supplementation are 200 g/kg (F20), 100 g/kg (F10), 50 g/kg (F5) and 0 g/kg (F0), and with essential amino acid supplementation are 200 g/kg (M20), 100 g/kg (M10) 50 g/kg (M5) and 0 g/kg (M0) respectively. The results indicated that shrimp fed the F5 and F0 diets had significantly lower final body weight (FBW), per cent weight gain (PWG), specific growth rate (SGR) and higher feed conversion ratio (FCR) compared with those fed the F20 diet (p < .05). Glucose (GLU), triacylglycerol (TG) and cholesterol (CHO) concentration in haemolymph significantly decreased with fishmeal supplementation decreasing from 200 g/kg to 0 g/kg (p < .05). Met-Met supplementation in low fishmeal diets significantly reduced the content of malondialdehyde (MDA), increased the activities of acid phosphatase (ACP) and lysozyme (LZM) in hepatopancreas, as well as increasing the activity of total antioxidant capacity (T-AOC) in haemolymph (p < .05). Meanwhile, shrimp fed M5 and M0 diets had significant upregulation of gene expression of acp, lzm (immune-related), RagC and s6k (TOR signalling pathway‑related) in hepatopancreas (p < .05). In conclusion, the present study demonstrated that dietary Met-Met supplementation could improve the growth performance and the abilities of antioxidant and non-specific immunity of Pacific white shrimp by reducing MDA concentration, increasing T-AOC, ACP and LZM activities, and upregulating gene expression level of immune (acp and lzm) and TOR signalling pathway (RagC, and s6k). Moreover, Pacific white shrimp fed low fishmeal diets had the positive response of well-balanced amino acid, and the results will provide further insight into the possibility of reducing fishmeal content in the commercial feed of shrimp.

Metabolic effects of high-intensity interval training and essential amino acids.

High-intensity interval training (HIIT) promotes positive cardiometabolic and body composition changes. Essential amino acids (EAA) may support changes associated with HIIT, but evaluation of potential synergistic effects is lacking. The purpose of this study was to compare independent and combined effects of HIIT and EAA on total body composition and metabolism in men and women considered overweight/obese; an exploratory aim was to evaluate the modulatory effects of sex. Sixty-six healthy adults (50% female; Age: 36.7 ± 6.0 years; BMI: 32.0 ± 4.2kg/m2) completed 8 weeks of: (1) HIIT, 2 days/weeks; (2) EAA supplementation, 3.6g twice daily; (3) HIIT + EAA; or (4) control. Body composition, resting metabolic rate (RMR), substrate metabolism (respiratory exchange ratio; RER), and cardiorespiratory fitness were measured at baseline, 4 weeks, and 8 weeks; cardiometabolic blood markers were measured at baseline and 8 weeks. Differences between groups were assessed by linear mixed models covaried for baseline values, followed by 95% confidence intervals (CI) on adjusted mean change scores. There were no significant changes in body composition (p > 0.05) for any group. Changes in RER, but not RMR, occurred with HIIT (mean change; [95% CI]: - 0.04; [- 0.07, - 0.02]) and EAA (- 0.03; [- 0.06, - 0.01]) after 8 weeks. Cardiorespiratory fitness increased following 8 weeks of HIIT (+ 5.1ml/kg/min [3.3,6.8]) and HIIT + EAA (+ 4.1ml/kg/min [1.0,6.4]). Changes with HIIT + EAA were not significantly different from HIIT. There were no changes in cardiometabolic markers (p > 0.05) and no sex interaction (p > 0.05). HIIT is efficacious for promoting positive changes in cardiorespiratory fitness and resting substrate metabolism in adults considered overweight/obese. Addition of EAA did not significantly enhance HIIT-induced adaptations. ClinicalTrials.gov ID#NCT04080102.

Effect Of Pre-Workout Essential Amino Acid Supplementation On High-Intensity Interval Training

Effect Of Pre-Workout Essential Amino Acid Supplementation On High-Intensity Interval Training

Effects of Different Doses of Oral Essential Amino Acid Supplementation in the Patients Aged over 80 Years on Chronic Hemodialysis

The prevalence of malnutrition especially of essential amino acid (EAA) is a significant concern in end-stage renal disease (ESRD) and hemodialysis (HD) patients. The present study evaluates the efficacy of Amiyu® Granule (AG), a pharmaceutically manufactured oral EAA and histidine supplement, in the improvement of the nutritional indices of the ESRD and HD elderly patients (> 80-year-old).

A full factorial design to investigate interactions of variable essential amino acids, trace minerals and vitamins on Atlantic salmon smoltification and post transfer performance

To contribute in knowledge for the development of safe, efficient and sustainable functional salmon diets, we ran a feeding trial applying a 23 full factorial design to investigate combined effects, on Atlantic salmon smoltification and post transfer performance, of variable supplementation levels of essential amino acid (Lys, Met, Thr and Arg), essential trace mineral (Zn, Fe and Se) and vitamins (E, C and astaxanthin as provitamin A) premixes in low fishmeal diets, using crystalline amino acids, organic trace minerals and synthetic vitamins, respectively. The nutrient levels used in our study were chosen to meet the known requirements of fish reflecting the variation in commercial feeds. Fish performance, nutrient digestibility, skin, and intestinal health were evaluated in Atlantic salmon parr-smolt, the latter by means of qPCR, global transcriptomics, and immunohistochemistry. The results revealed the potential for significant improvement of salmon post smoltification growth by simultaneous dietary level increase of Met, Lys, Thr and Arg (5% higher body weight increase). Significantly negative effect on fish post transfer growth and survival (22.5 % lower body weight growth and 2.6 times higher mortality) was observed in the high dietary vitamin supplementation treatments which was not present in the simultaneous high trace mineral and vitamin supplementation treatments (8% higher body weight increase and 2.8 times lower mortality in the high trace mineral supplementation treatments). In the high trace mineral supplemented dietary treatments was also observed improved FCR (8.5 %) and a further improvement in performance was seen in the treatments with simultaneous high essential amino acid and trace mineral supplementation levels (12.6 % higher body growth increase). Redox-sensitive gene and extracellular matrix components’ gene transcription effects and compensatory mechanisms on protein and energy metabolism, immune modulation, skin repair systems and erythropoiesis were observed by transcriptomic and histological analyses in response to the variable dietary essential nutrient levels.