Yeast Supplementation Research Articles

Modulation of rumen bacterial community and feed utilization in camel and sheep using combined supplementation of live yeast and microalgae

The combination of live yeast and microalgae as feed supplementation could improve rumen fermentation and animal productivity. This study aimed to investigate the impact of a mixture of (YA) yeast (Saccharomyces cerevisiae) and microalgae (Spirulina platensis and Chlorella vulgaris) as feed supplementation on feed intake, rumen disappearance of barley straw, bacteria, and fermentation, blood parameters of camels and sheep. Three fistulated camels and three fistulated rams were fed a concentrates mixture and ad libitum barley straw as a basal diet alone or supplemented with YA mixture. The dietary supplementation improved the feed intake, rumen disappearance of barley straw nutrients, and the blood immunity parameters. The YA supplementation affected rumen fermentation as well as the composition and diversity of rumen bacteria; however, the response to the supplementation varied according to animal species. Principle Coordinate Analysis (PCoA) separated bacterial communities based on animal species and feeding treatment. Phylum Bacteroidetes and Firmicutes dominated the bacterial community; and the dominant genera were Prevotella, RC9_gut_group, Butyrivibrio, Ruminococcus, Saccharofermentans, Christensenellaceae_R-7_group, and Succiniclasticum. Our results suggest positive impacts of YA supplementation in rumen fermentation and animal performance.

Yeast supplementation alleviates the negative effects of greywater irrigation on lettuce and maize

Water scarcity has led to increased use of wastewater, particularly greywater, for crop irrigation. This study investigated whether the addition of yeast can alleviate the potential negative effects of greywater use on lettuce (Lactuca sativa L.) and maize (Zea mays L.). Seeds and seedlings were treated with 4 concentrations (0.005; 0.01; 0.015 and 0.020 g‧mL−1) of yeast-treated tapwater (YTW) and greywater (YGW). Tapwater (TW) and greywater (GW) without yeast served as controls. In general, an increase in yeast concentration compromised seed germination in Petri dishes, but improved germination in soil. Tapwater was more effective than GW in promoting germination and growth in both species. Lower concentrations of yeast generally increased germination capacity in both species compared to the controls. Total biomass, number of leaves, chlorophyll content, leaf area, photosynthetic rate and maximum quantum yield of photosystem II (Fv/Fm) were significantly higher in yeast treatments in both species, compared with the controls. Biomass accumulation, total leaf area, chlorophyll content and photosynthesis were higher in YGW than controls and YTW. Differences in biomass allocation between treatments may be due to changes in soil moisture, pH and electrical conductivity of the soil caused by yeast supplementation. This study showed that plants treated with YGW performed better than those treated with YTW and without yeast. Yeast supplementation of greywater could increase water recycling and provide a cheap bio-fertilizer to home growers, whilst significantly improving yield in both species. This innovative approach may enhance water and food security of subsistence farmers in rural areas.

Evaluation of a Colombian oregano oil (Lippia origanoides Kunth) and a novel yeast product from Pichia guilliermondii, alone or in combination, on rumen fermentation, methanogenesis and the microbiome in the rumen simulation technique

In this study, Lippia origanoides Kunth, native to the Alto Patía region in Southwest Colombia, and Pichia guilliermondii LV196, an inactivated yeast from the germplasm bank of Agrosavia (Colombian Agricultural Research Corporation), alone or combined, were tested for their long-term effect on rumen fermentation and methanogenesis whilst also characterising their effect on bacterial and methanogen communities. Whereas essential oils act through selective inhibition of microbial groups, yeasts are thought to work through the selective stimulation of key microbes in the rumen. We hypothesized that yeast supplementation could modulate the antimicrobial effect of a high thymol-containing oregano oil, allowing a more efficient feed utilization whilst decreasing methane production. When added to a rumen simulating fermentor (RUSITEC), L. origanoides Kunth at 132 µL/d had a detrimental effect on rumen fermentation which was accompanied by a reduction in the relative abundance of protozoa and fungi and a profound impact on the bacterial and archaeal communities. P. guilliermondii LV196 at 0.5 g/L, however, had no effect on fermentation parameters or nutrient utilization, and neither changes in microbial abundances or in the structure of bacterial and archaeal communities were observed. P. guilliermondii LV196 did not stimulate microbial numbers nor activity and, consequently we could not test whether it could have counterbalanced the antimicrobial effect of the essential oil. Future studies need to both investigate lower levels of essential oil addition, but also to re-examine the effects of P. guillermondii in the rumen and/or to replace it with other yeast of known biological activity when combined with oils extracted from L. origanoides Kunth.

Evolution of a novel female reproductive strategy in Drosophila melanogaster populations subjected to long-term protein restriction.

Reproductive output is often constrained by availability of macronutrients, especially protein. Long-term protein restriction, therefore, is expected to select for traits maximizing reproduction even under nutritional challenge. We subjected four replicate populations of Drosophila melanogaster to a complete deprivation of yeast supplement, thereby mimicking a protein-restricted ecology. Following 24 generations, compared to their matched controls, females from experimental populations showed increased reproductive output early in life, both in presence and absence of yeast supplement. The observed increase in reproductive output was without associated alterations in egg size, development time, preadult survivorship, body mass at eclosion, and life span of the females. Further, selection was ineffective on lifelong cumulative fecundity. However, females from experiment regime were found to have a significantly faster rate of reproductive senescence following the attainment of the reproductive peak early in life. Therefore, adaptation to yeast deprivation ecology in our study involved a novel reproductive strategy whereby females attained higher reproductive output early in life followed by faster reproductive aging. To the best of our knowledge, this is one of the cleanest demonstrations of optimization of fitness by fine-tuning of reproductive schedule during adaptation to a prolonged nutritional deprivation.

Specific importance of low level dietary supplementation of Lypomyces starkeyi CB1807 yeast strain in red sea bream (Pagrus major)

Abstract Most probiotic yeast supplement in fish exhibit beneficial effect at ≤1% of the dietary proportion. This study aimed at evaluating the specific effects of Lypomyces starkeyi CB1807 yeast strain supplemented at ≤1% of dietary proportion on the performance of juvenile red sea bream (Pagrus major, 1.9 ± 0.04 g). Five diets were supplemented with yeast at graded levels of 0% (control diet ‘CD1’), 0.05% (D2), 0.1% (D3), 0.5% (D4), and 1.0% (D5). After 45 days of feeding trial, significant (P<0.05) improvement was detected on final body weight (FBW) and body weight gain (BWG) in fish fed D3 and D5 compared to control. Low values of total cholesterol (T-Cho) and aspartate aminotransferase (AST) were recorded in fish groups fed on D2, D4, and D5, respectively. Fish fed on D3, D4 and D5 diets showed high (P<0.05) values of serum, mucus and liver lysozyme compared to control. Fish fed on D5 showed high values of total immunoglobulin (Ig) compared to control. Fish fed on D2 showed strong correlation with biological antioxidant activity (BAP), superoxide dismutase (SOD) and catalase activity (CAT). The biological antioxidant potential (BAP) activity in fish fed on D2 was significantly higher compared to control (P<0.05). The reactive oxygen metabolites (d-ROM) were significantly lower in fish fed on D2 and D3 compared to CD1 (P<0.05). Peroxidase activity was improved significantly (P<0.05) in fish fed on D3, D4 and D5 compared to control. The tolerance ability (LT50) of fish fed on D5 against low salinity stress was significantly higher compared to control (P<0.05). It was concluded that dietary benefits of spent L. starkeyi yeast at ≤1% showed considerable improvement in antioxidant capacity in red sea bream, P. major.

Saccharomyces Boulardii Ameliorates Non-alcoholic Steatohepatitis in Mice Induced by a Methionine-Choline-Deficient Diet Through Gut-Liver Axis.

Non-alcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH) is affecting people worldwide. Changes in the intestinal microbiome are crucial to NASH. A previous study showed that eradicating intestinal fungi ameliorates NASH; however, the role of intestinal fungi in the development of NASH remains unclear. Saccharomyces boulardii (SB), a dietary supplement yeast, has been reported to restore the integrity of the intestine. Here, we tested the effect of SB in the treatment of NASH. For this study, we fed eight-week-old C57/BL6 male mice either a methionine-choline deficient (MCD) diet or a normal chow diet (NCD) for eight weeks. Half of the MCD diet-fed mice were gavaged with SB (5 mg/day) once daily. The remainder of the NCD–fed mice were gavaged with normal saline as a control. The MCD diet-fed mice on SB supplement showed better liver function, less hepatic steatosis, and decreased inflammation. Both hepatic inflammatory gene expression and fibrogenic gene expression were suppressed in mice with SB gavage. Intestinal damage caused by the MCD diet was tampered with, intestine inflammation decreased, and gut permeability improved in mice that had been given the SB supplement. Deep sequencing of the fecal microbiome showed a potentially increased beneficial gut microbiota and increased microbiota diversity in the SB-supplemented mice. The SB supplement maintains gut integrity, increases microbial diversity, and increases the number of potentially beneficial gut microbiota. Thus, the SB supplement attenuates gut leakage and exerts a protective effect against NASH. Our results provide new insight into the prevention of NASH.

Effect of live yeast supplementation in sow diet during gestation and lactation on sow and piglet fecal microbiota, health, and performance.

Feeding probiotics like live yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae var. boulardii (SB) in pig diets has been suggested to preserve health and reduce antibiotic use during critical periods like weaning. This study was conducted to determine whether SB added to the diet of sows during the last 2 mo of gestation and the 4 wk of lactation may contribute to support the health and performance of piglets before and after weaning through changes in sow physiology, milk composition, and fecal microbiota. Crossbred sows (n = 45) from parity 1 to 9 were allocated to two dietary treatments: Control (n = 23) and SB (n = 22). Sows in the SB group were fed the same standard gestation and then lactation diet as the Control sows but with the addition of SB at 1 × 109 colony-forming units/kg of feed. Piglets were weaned under challenging conditions consisting of mixing of litters, no pen cleaning, and a 2-h period of nonoptimal temperature exposure. Blood and feces were collected from sows on days 28 and 113 of gestation and days 6 (feces only) and 28 of lactation, and from piglets on days 6 (feces) and 28 of lactation and day 5 after weaning. Colostrum was collected during parturition and milk on day 6 of lactation. Supplementation of sow diets with SB influenced the fecal microbiota of the sows and their piglets. Five days after weaning, the alpha-diversity was lower (P < 0.05) in piglets from SB sows than in piglets from Control sows. Analysis of microbiota with partial least square discriminant analysis discriminated feces from SB sows from that of Control sows at 110 d of gestation (29.4% error rate). Piglet feces could also be discriminated according to the diet of their mother, with a better discrimination early after birth (day 6 of lactation) than after weaning (day 5 postweaning, 3.4% vs. 12.7% error rate). Five days after weaning, piglets had greater white blood cell count, plasma haptoglobin concentration, and oxidative stress than before weaning (P < 0.001). Nevertheless, SB supplementation in sow diets had no effect (P > 0.05) on most of health criteria measured in blood and growth performance of piglets during lactation and the postweaning period. Moreover, dietary supplementation of SB to sows did not elicit any changes (P > 0.05) in their reproductive performance, metabolic and health status, nor in the concentration of immunoglobulins and nutrients in colostrum and milk. In the present experimental conditions, feeding SB to sows influenced sow and piglet microbiota with no consequences on their health and performance.

Live Yeast Supplementation in Gestating and Lactating Primiparous Sows Improves Immune Response in Dams and Their Progeny.

Simple SummaryPrimiparous sows are usually associated with poor lactation performance and low weaning weight piglets. Live yeast (LY) supplementation in gestation and lactation diets have been shown to improve sow health status, milk composition, and growth performance of suckling piglets. However, little is known about the carryover effects of LY supplementation during gestation and lactation on primiparous sows and their offspring. In the present study, LY supplementation significantly increased the serum concentrations of IgA and IgG of sows at farrowing and weaning stages, and of piglets at post-weaning on day 14 and 28. These results suggest that LY addition in the diets of gestating and lactating primiparous sows might improve the maternal and progeny health by increasing the immunity of sows and their offspring.The present study determined the effects of live yeast (LY) supplementation during middle–late gestation and the lactation period in primiparous sows on reproductive parameters, lactation performance, and immunity, and also explores the carryover effects in their offspring. On day (d) 60 of gestation, 16 crossbred primiparous sows were randomly assigned to two dietary treatments (with or without supplementation of 425 mg/kg of live yeast; LYT and CT, respectively) homogeneous for body weight (BW) and backfat thickness. Experimental diets were applied from day 60 of gestation to the end of lactation. At weaning, 60 piglets with an average BW of each treatment were selected based on their source litter and assigned to two groups corresponding to the original treatments received by their mothers. Each group had five replicates of six piglets each and was fed a basal diet for 42 days. The results showed that LY supplementation significantly increased the serum IgA and IgG concentrations of sows at farrowing and weaning stages, and of piglets on day 14 and 28 post weaning. No significant differences were found in reproductive and lactation performance, while minor effects were observed on antioxidant capacity. In conclusion, live yeast addition during middle–late gestation and the whole lactation period resulted in enhanced immunity of primiparous sows and their offspring, therefore, improving maternal and progeny health.

GROWTH PERFORMANCE AND ECONOMIC BENEFITS OF FEEDING CRUSHED WHOLE COTTONSEED AND BAKER’S YEAST (SACCHROMYCES CEREVISIAE) INCLUSION IN THE RATIONS OF RED SOKOTO BUCKS

The study was conducted to evaluate growth rate and profitability of Red Sokoto bucks fed Sacchromyces cerevisiae inclusion in diets containing varied levels of Crushed Whole Cotton Seed (CWCS). A total of 20 bucks weighing an average of 12 kg±0.25 kg were randomly assigned to five experimental diets formulated to contain 14% crude protein in complete diets at varied levels of 10% CWCS without yeast inclusion and 10, 15, 20 and 25% CWCS with500 g yeast (Y) inclusion across these four (4) treatment groups. Bucks were fed at 3.5% of their body weights throughout the trial period that lasted for 90 days in a completely randomized design. Feed intake was highest at 15% CWCS +Yeast (26.11 kg) inclusion level likewise; Total weight gain (3.25 kg) and Average daily gain (290.13 g). Cost/kg of feed and cost of feeding increased as CWCS inclusion increased. Cost/kg gain (839.94 naira) and value of gain (2275.00 naira) were best at 15% CWCS. Yeast supplementation at 15% crushed whole cotton seed inclusion gave higher values of weight gain, cost per kilogram gain and value of gain of bucks thus yeast supplementation can be encouraged amongst goat farmers feeding whole cottonseed in diets.

Ameliorative effect of selenium yeast\xa0supplementation on the physio-pathological impacts ofchronic exposure to glyphosate and or malathion in Oreochromis niloticus

BackgroundPesticide exposure is thought to be a major contributor to living organism health deterioration, as evidenced by its impact on both cultured fish species and human health. Commercial fish diets are typically deficient in selenium (Se); hence, supplementation may be necessary to meet requirements during stress. Therefore, this study was conducted to investigate the protective role of selenium yeast (SY) supplementation for 60 days against the deleterious effects of glyphosate and or malathion chronic toxicity at sublethal concentrations in Oreochromis niloticus .MethodsTwo hundred and ten fish were divided into seven groups (n = 30/group) as follows: G1 (negative control); G2 (2 mg L− 1 glyphosate); G3 (0.5 mg L− 1 malathion); G4 (glyphosate 1.6 mg L− 1 and malathion 0.3 mg L− 1); G5 (glyphosate 2 mg L− 1 and SY 3.3 mg kg− 1); G6 (malathion 0.5 mg L− 1 and SY 3.3 mg kg− 1); and G7 (glyphosate 1.6 mg L− 1; malathion 0.3 mg L− 1 and SY 3.3 mg kg− 1).ResultsResults revealed significant alteration in growth performance parameters including feed intake (FI), body weight (BW), body weight gain (BWG), specific growth rate (SGR), feed conversion ratio (FCR), and protein efficiency ratio (PER). G4 has the highest documented cumulative mortalities (40%), followed by G3 (30%). Additionally, the greatest impact was documented in G4, followed by G3 and then G2 as severe anemia with significant thrombocytopenia; leukocytosis; hypoproteinemia; increased Alanine aminotransferase (ALT) and Aspartate aminotransferase (AST), urea, and creatinine, as well as malondialdehyde (MDA), superoxide dismutase (SOD) and glutathione peroxidase (GPx). Considering the previously mentioned parameters, selenium yeast (Saccharomyces cerevisiae) (3.3 mg kg− 1 available selenium) mitigated the negative impact of both the agrochemicals, whether exposed singly or in combination, in addition to their antioxidative action.ConclusionsIn conclusion, our study found that organophosphorus agrochemicals, single or combined, had negative impacts on Oreochromis niloticus regarding growth performance, biochemical and hematological changes in the serum, as well as induced oxidative damage in liver and kidney tissues. Supplementation of SY at the rate of 3.3 mg kg− 1 diet (2.36 mg kg− 1 selenomethionine and 0.94 mg organic selenium) ameliorated the fish performance and health status adversely affected by organophosphorus agrochemical intoxication.

Dietary selenium requirement of triploid rainbow trout ( Oncorhynchus mykiss ) based on selenium yeast supplementation

Selenium(Se) is a biological essential trace element that affects the growth and health of fish. The present study aimed to explore the dietary Se requirement of triploid rainbow trout using Se-yeast supplement. The levels of Se added to the basal diet were 0(Se0), 0.1(Se0.1), 0.3(Se0.3), 0.5(Se0.5), 1.0(Se1.0), 4.0(Se4.0) and 16.0(Se16.0) mg Se/kg diet respectively. Results showed that the fish fed Se4.0 diet had significantly higher weight gain and lower oxidative stress compared with the fish fed Se16.0 and Se0 diets. The optimal dietary Se requirement of triploid rainbow trout was 3.53 mg/kg based on broken-line regression of growth performance. Dietary Se supplementation significantly increased the expression level of selenoprotein genes both in liver (GPX1a, GPX1b1, GPX1b2, SelK, SelP, SelT1, SelT2, SelWl, TrxR3a, SelU) and in muscle (GPX1a, GPX1b2, SelK, SelP, SelU, SelWl, TrxR3b, SelN, MsrB1Al). The minimum dietary Se level was 2.19 or 1.28 mg/kg when the mRNA level of all these selenoproteins reached a plateau in muscle or liver respectively. In conclusion, based on broken-line regression of growth performance and sigmoidal regression of selenoprotein genes expression in muscle and liver, dietary Se requirement of triploid rainbow trout was 3.53, 2.19 and 1.28 mg/kg respectively.

PSVI-3 Effect of Live Yeast Supplementation on Redox Potential, Gastrointestinal Microbiota, and Short-Chain Fatty Acids in Piglets

Abstract The post-weaning period is a stressful process for piglets with compromised gut health, increasing susceptibility to diarrhea and infection. Oxygen concentration in the gut affects microbiome and fermentation profile. Live yeasts have been used to promote gut health and performance of young animals. An experiment was carried out to determine the influence of live yeast on gut conditions including redox potential, microbial composition, and short chain fatty acid (SCFA) production of piglets. Sixteen Pietrain *(Landrace*Large White) piglets were distributed into blocks by live weight and allocated at 4 per pen for a 28-d trial. Each block was composed by a combination of the 2 dietary treatments corresponding to a control diet and a diet supplemented with live yeast (1 kg/tonne Vistacell, AB Vista). At the end of trial, piglets were euthanized to measure kinetics of redox potential (Eh) and pH from caecum until 35 min post-mortem. Then, digesta samples from stomach, duodenum, jejunum, ileum, caecum, and rectum were collected for microbial composition and SCFA production. Data were analyzed using GLM procedure of SAS 9.4 and means compared with a Student-Newman-Keuls test. Redox potential decreased with time (P &amp;lt; 0.001) until stabilizing after 20 min, and a clear difference was observed between treatments (P &amp;lt; 0.001). Supplemented live yeast survives throughout gastrointestinal tract and modifies microbial populations enhancing lactic acid bacteria (P &amp;lt; 0.001) while reducing enterobacteria (P &amp;lt; 0.001) or eliminating fungi (P &amp;lt; 0.001). The production of SCFA from caecum digesta was 3-fold higher than in ileum with significantly different molar proportion of individual SCFA. Lactic, formic, and acetic acids predominate on ileum (&amp;gt; 93%) whereas acetic, propionic, and butyric dominate on caecum digesta (&amp;gt; 90%). Nevertheless, no differences were observed due to dietary treatments. In conclusion, live yeast supplementation of diets modifies redox conditions prevailing in the gut modifying microbial populations and helping piglets to overcome post-weaning growth check.

Combined administration routes of marine yeasts enhanced immune-related genes and protection of white shrimp (Penaeus vannamei) against Vibrio parahaemolyticus

Antibiotic usage to control infectious diseases in shrimp aquaculture has led to serious problems on antimicrobial resistance. An alternative to mitigate this issue is the use of probiotics, which can be easily administered by feed and water. This study examines immunomodulatory and protective effects of the marine yeasts Debaryomyces hansenii CBS8339 (Dh) and Yarrowia lipolytica Yl-N6 (Yl) -alone and mixed-in white shrimp Penaeus vannamei post-larvae. Administration routes (fed and water alone or in combination), supplementation frequency and time elapsed after the last dietary supplement were tested on growth and gene expression of penaeidin, lectin, lysozyme, superoxide dismutase, catalase, and peroxidase, as well as survival upon Vibrio parahaemolyticus IPNGS16 challenge. Penaeidin and lectin genes were upregulated in post-larvae fed orally with Yl or combined Dh + Yl. Higher growth and survival for yeast supplementation treatments were observed compared to the control group, mainly when yeasts (Dh + Yl) and administration routes (feed and water) were combined. In conclusion, mixed yeast and combined administration routes improved growth and immunity against V. parahaemolyticus.

34. Egg laying qualities of Japanese quails fed yam peel meal based diets with enzyme cocktail+yeast supplementation

34. Egg laying qualities of Japanese quails fed yam peel meal based diets with enzyme cocktail+yeast supplementation

Alcohol Content in the Fermentation Process of Cassava Tape utilizing Garlic Extract as a Yeast Supplement

The tape food is making through the fermentation process using yeast as a primary ingredient. A yeast supplement can be used to improve the fermentation process. In this study, the effect of garlic extract as a natural yeast supplement in making the yellow cassava tape was evaluated. A non-factorial completely randomized design with five treatments and four repetitions was performed as a research approach. The collected data were processed using an additive linear ANOVA model. The results show that a mixture with 3.0 g garlic extract highly improved the alcohol production for fermenting the yellow cassava tape. Based on the statistical analysis, Fcal (3.99) was higher than Ftab (2.90). The use of different garlic extract amounts exhibited a better improvement of the fermentation process than without the use of the garlic extract. An insufficient or excessive amount of yeast can affect alcohol production. Therefore, it is necessary to provide the exact garlic extract amount as the additional yeast supplement to produce cassava tape.

Sodium selenite and Se-enriched yeast supplementation in atherosclerotic patients: Effects on the expression of pyroptosis-related genes and oxidative stress status

Background and aimsAtherosclerosis as a chronic inflammatory disorder of the arterial wall is the main leading cause of the cardiovascular disease (CVD). Caspase-dependent pyroptosis plays a pivotal role in the pathogenesis of CVD. Selenium (Se) is an important component of the antioxidant defense and plays a crucial role in cardiovascular health. This study aimed to investigate the effects of daily consumption of sodium selenite and Se-enriched yeast on the expression of pyroptosis-related genes, and biomarkers of oxidative stress in patients with atherosclerosis. Methods and resultsIn this randomized, double-blinded, placebo-controlled clinical trial, 60 patients with atherosclerosis were recruited. Participants received 200 μg/day of sodium selenite, Se-enriched yeast, or placebo for 8 following weeks. The pyroptosis-related genes’ mRNA expression in peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) was assessed before and after the intervention. Also, the levels of superoxide dismutase (SOD), malondialdehyde (MDA), nitric oxide (NO), and glutathione peroxidases (GPX) were measured at baseline and following the intervention. Following sodium selenite and Se-enriched yeast supplementation, the relative expression levels of TLR4, ASC, NLRP3, and NF-κB1 were significantly downregulated (p < 0.05). Furthermore, the changes in GPX were significantly increased after selenite and yeast supplementation (p < 0.05). Also, selenite and yeast consumption caused a statistically significant decrease in the change of MDA level (p < 0.05). ConclusionIn summary, these findings showed that Se supplementation may reduce inflammation through down-regulation of some pro-inflammatory genes, improving antioxidant defenses in atherosclerosis patients. Further research is required to come to a definite conclusion of selenium supplementation on the CVD risk.This study was registered on the Iranian Registry of Clinical Trials website (identifier: RCT20110123005670N28; https://www.irct.ir/).

Effect of Sumac, Yeast, and Onion on Broiler Chicken Performance

This study was conducted to determine the effects of sumac, yeast, and onion supplementation to broiler chicken feeds on performance. Four hundred and fifty, one-day-old Ross 308 broiler chicks were obtained from Yagoo Group Hatchery in Sulaymaniyah Province and were randomly distributed into three treatment groups (150 chicks for each group) with six replicates (each 25 chicks). Chicks were raised on floor cages (210 × 200 × 100 cm). T1 (Feed with 0 mg kg-1 sumac, yeast, and onion), T2 (Feed with 10, 2 and 20 mg kg-1 sumac, yeast, and onion for every day) and T3 (Feed with 10, 2 and 20 mg kg-1 sumac, yeast, and onion for 2 days added and 2 days free in the rearing period) experiment groups were constituted. In the study, the effects of the treatments on the performance parameters were found to be statistically significant. In body weight, the highest group in terms of total body weght gain and total feed intake was T3, and it was significantly higher than T2 and control groups (p

Performance, Rumen Microbial Community and Immune Status of Goat Kids Fed Leucaena leucocephala Post-weaning as Affected by Prenatal and Early Life Nutritional Interventions.

Leucaena leucocephala represents a local protein source in tropical ruminant diets. However, its full exploitation is impaired by mimosine, unless it is degraded by the rumen microbial community. Recently, the ruminal bacterial communities of newborns were persistently modified through prenatal or postnatal dietary interventions. Such early-life interventions might enhance adaptation of ruminants to Leucaena leucocephala, which was investigated using a 2 × 2 factorial design trial that tested both supplementation of L. leucocephala in the late pregnancy diet of goat does, and supplementation of live yeast to their newborns. The composition of ruminal bacteria, immune status, as well as organic matter digestibility (OMD) and performance of kids were studied during and after the intervention. Ten pregnant goats were divided into two groups: the D+ and D– groups, which either received or did not receive 30 g of L. leucocephala forage meal during the last 7 ± 0.5 weeks of gestation. Twins from each goat were divided into the K+ and K– group (supplemented with or without 0.2 g/d of live yeast from day 3 until weaning at 8 weeks). Rumen samples were collected from 4-, 8-, 14-, and 20-weeks old kids to assess the bacterial community, while immune parameters (white blood cells, immunoglobulin M and G, and chitotriosidase activity) were measured in blood and saliva sampled at 4-, 8-, and 20-weeks. We found a stimulatory effect of the prenatal exposure on the post-weaning dry matter intake of the L. leucocephala supplemented diet, resulting in a higher daily gain and final body weight at 20 weeks in the D+ vs. D– group (406 vs. 370 g DM/d, 85.4 vs. 78.6 g/d, and 15.2 vs. 13.8 kg, respectively). Moreover, Ruminococcus represented a greater proportion of the rumen bacterial community of the D+ vs. D– kids (5.1 vs. 1.6%). Differences in the immune status were relatively small and not thought to be a driving factor of differences in animal performance. Furthermore, postnatal supplementation of live yeast favored maturation of the rumen bacterial community (i.e., greater abundance of Bacteroidetes, in particular Prevotella, and reduced abundance of Firmicutes) and protozoa colonization. Concomitantly, OMD was enhanced post-weaning, suggesting effects of the early-life intervention persisted and could have affected animal performance.

Hydrolyzed Yeast Supplementation to Newly Weaned Piglets: Growth Performance, Gut Health, and Microbial Fermentation.

Simple SummaryEarly-weaning in piglets has negative effects on growth performance and gut health, which may cause economic losses in the swine production worldwide. Therefore, this study aimed to examine the effects of a highly digestible protein ingredient from hydrolyzed yeast (Saccharomyces cerevisiae) on growth performance, nutrient digestibility, gut health, and microbial fermentation in early-weaned piglets. Our study found that supplementing hydrolyzed yeast increased growth performance, crude protein digestibility, villus height, villus height-to-crypt ratio, and immunity and decreased inflammation and fecal pathogen count compared with those fed a diet with no addition of hydrolyzed yeast. These research outcomes indicate that supplementation of hydrolyzed yeast has the potential to enhance the growth performance and gut health of early-weaned piglets.Hydrolyzed yeast (HY)-derived protein from Saccharomyces cerevisiae has a high digestible protein content and nucleotides and is a sweetener immunostimulatory substance. This could be used in nursery diets to minimize diarrhea and improve the growth rate and gut health of early-weaned piglets. This research was conducted with the objective of examining the effect of the inclusion level of HY as a potential protein ingredient for early-weaned piglets. A total of 72 crossbred weaned piglets [(Landrace × Large White) × Duroc] were assigned to three dietary treatments in six replicates with four pigs per pen. Dietary treatments were: (i) control (CON), piglets weaned at 18 days; (ii) CON diet with 5% HY inclusion (HY5); and (iii) CON diet with 10% HY inclusion (HY10) in a corn–soybean meal-based basal diet. Increasing HY levels positively improved body weight, average daily gain, and average daily feed intake (linear effect, p < 0.05). Furthermore, there was a linear increase in N-retention, albumin, jejunal villus height, villus height-to-crypt depth ratio, immunoglobulin A, acetate and propionate production, and Lactobacillus spp. count proportional to the dose of the HY-supplemented diet (p < 0.05). It also observed a decrease in diarrheal rate, jejunal crypt depth, blood urea nitrogen, pro-inflammatory cytokines, branched amino acids, and E. coli corresponding to the HY-supplemented levels (p < 0.05). However, the changes in the apparent total tract digestibility (dry matter, crude ash, and crude fat), blood glucose, butyrate, and Salmonella spp. were unaffected by the dietary HY level. Therefore, the supplementation of HY in the diet for early-weaned pigs not only supported the growth rate and immune function but also activated the beneficial bacterial growth of the early-weaned piglets.

Scoping Review on Risk Factors and Methods for the Prevention of Bovine Respiratory Disease Applicable to Cow-Calf Operations.

Simple SummaryBovine respiratory disease (BRD) is common in cattle populations and has been named as one of three diseases where antibiotics are most frequently used in cow–calf operations in California. Antibiotics are typically used to treat or prevent the disease, but recent concerns about antibiotic resistance of pathogens in animals or spreading from animals to people have led to the call for more judicious use of these drugs. The present review summarizes the English scientific literature on articles about risk factors for the disease as well as ways to prevent BRD that are applicable to cow–calf operations. Numerous management and animal factors have been identified as increasing the risk for BRD. Vaccinations, metaphylactic use of antibiotics, and feed supplements are areas of research into the prevention of BRD. Genetics have also been explored to determine the heritability of BRD resistance. While vaccinations and metaphylactic use of antibiotics have been evaluated in multiple systematic reviews and meta-analyses, these types of summaries are missing for commonly studied feed supplements, such as yeast and trace minerals, and the use of nitric oxide releasing substance to prevent BRD. Further, it would be beneficial to summarize the knowledge on management related risk factors in literature reviews.The presented scoping review summarizes the available research evidence and identifies gaps in knowledge for bovine respiratory disease (BRD) prevention. Published literature on BRD from 1990 to April 2021 was searched in online databases, including Medline, CAB s, Scopus, Biosis, and Searchable Proceedings of Animal Conferences. Citations were systematically evaluated in a three-stage approach using commercial software and summarized in a scoping review format. A total of 265 publications were included in this review with herd/farm management (27.9%) as the most prevalent factors studied, followed by metaphylaxis (24.5%), vaccinations (24.1%), diet formulations, and nutritional supplementations (17.7%), animal characteristics (10.2%), and less common interventions and risk factors (6.4%). A high proportion of studies under herd/farm management (73%), metaphylaxis (86%), vaccinations (70%), animal characteristics (78%), and less common interventions and risk factors (59%) showed either significant effects on reducing BRD morbidity or significant differences of BRD between treatments. However, diet and nutritional supplementations reduced BRD only in 30% of research publications. Most studies on BRD were performed in feedlot populations, and more studies in cow–calf populations are needed. We further suggest meta-analyses on the use of yeast and trace mineral supplementation, and nitric oxide-releasing solution for BRD prevention.