Garlic Powder Supplementation Research Articles

수퇘지의 정액 성상과 혈중 항산화물 농도에 대한 통마늘분말 급여의 영향

본 연구는 통마늘분말의 급여가 수퇘지의 정액 성상과 혈중 항산 화물 농도에 미치는 영향을 구명하기 위해 12개월령의 듀록종 수퇘지 9두를 공시하여 시험사료만을 급여한 대조구(4두)와 시험사료에 0.3% 통마늘분말을 첨가하여 급여한 실험구(5두)를 이용해 13주간 수행되었다. 통마늘분말의 급여가 수퇘지의 정액생산량과 정자농도에 미치는 영향을 8주간에 걸쳐 평가한 결과, 정액생산량에서는 통마늘분말 급여 여부에 따른 차이를 보이지 않았으나, 수퇘지 정액의 평균 총정자수는 0~4주의 평균 총정자수는 통마늘분말 급여여부에 상관없이 차이가 없었다. 그러나, 5~8주에 채취된 정액의 평균 총정자수는 통마늘분말을 급여한 실험구가 대조구에 비해 유의적으로 높게 나타났다(P<0.05). 통마늘분말 급여가 수퇘지의 성욕에 미치는 영향을 알아보기 연속 사정횟수와 전체 사출정액에 대한 총정자수를 조사한 결과, 통마늘분말을 급여한 실험구가 대조구에 비해 사정횟수와 총정자수가 유의적으로 높게 나타났다(P<0.05). 수퇘지에 대한 통마늘분말의 급여가 정장 및 혈장 내 polyphenol 농도에 미치는 영향에서는 정장 내에서의 polyphenol 농도는 통마늘분말 급여여부에 상관없이 차이를 보이지 않았다. 그러나, 혈장 내에서의 polyphenol 농도는 9주, 12주 및 13주차에 통마늘분말을 급여한 실험구가 대조구에 비해 유의적으로 높은 수치를 나타내었다(P<0.05). 본 실험의 결과를 종합하면, 정액채취용 수퇘지에 대한 통마늘분말의 급여는 성욕의 향상에 영향을 미쳐 정액채취빈도와 정액내 총 정자수를 증가시키고, 혈액 내 항산화물 농도를 높이는 것으로 나타나, 통마늘분말이 정액채취용 수퇘지의 성적을 향상시키는데 사료적 가치가 있는 것으로 사료된다. The objective of this study was to determine the effects of dietary supplementation of whole garlic powder (WGP) on semen characteristics and blood antioxidant level in boars. For this study, nine Duroc boars of 12 months age were used. Semen and blood samples were collected for 13 weeks, once in each week. The boars were fed the basal diet (BD; control) or BD supplemented with 3% WGP. There were no significant differences in the semen volume and sperm concentration between control and WGP group on all collection weeks. However, total sperm number per ejaculate was higher in the WGP group than that in the control group on collection weeks 6, 7 and 8 (P<0.05). Also, on collection weeks 5, 6, 7 and 8, mean of total ejaculated sperm numbers per boar were significantly higher in the WGP group compared to control group (P<0.05). On the other hand, ejaculation frequency per boar (boar's libido) and total ejaculated sperm number per boar were significantly increased in the WGP group compared to the control group, respectively (P<0.05). Although there was no difference in polyphenol level in seminal plasma between two treatment groups, polyphenol level in blood serum was significantly higher in the WGP group on collection weeks 9, 12 and 13 (P<0.05). These results indicate that dietary supplementation of 3% WGP improves boar libido and semen productivity such as ejaculation frequency per boar, total sperm number per ejaculate, mean of total ejaculated sperm number per head, and elevate the blood level of antioxidant (polyphenol) in boar serum.

Effects of fermented garlic powder supplementation on growth performance, blood characteristics and meat quality in finishing pigs fed low-nutrient-density diets

This study was conducted to evaluate the different levels of fermented garlic powder supplemented in low-nutrient-density diet on growth performance, blood characteristics and meat quality in finishing pigs. A total of 96 [(Landrace×Yorkshire)×Duroc] pigs with an initial body weight (BW) of 55.80±1.81kg were used in a 12-week experiment. Pigs were randomly allotted to 1 of 4 treatments according to their sex and BW (6 replicates, 4 pigs per pen, 2 gilts and 2 barrows). Dietary treatments included: 1, HC (negative control; high-nutrient-density diet); 2, LC (positive control; low-nutrient-density diet); 3, LG2 (LC+2g/kg fermented garlic powder) and 4, LG4 (LC+4g/kg fermented garlic powder). The pigs were subjected to a 2-period feeding program consisting of early finisher (0 to 6weeks) and late finisher (6 to 12weeks) periods. The average daily gain (ADG) in LG2 treatment was higher (P<0.05) than other groups during 0 to 6weeks. The average daily feed intake (ADFI) was greater (P<0.05) in the LG2 group than that in HC and LG4 diets. During 6 to 12weeks, pigs fed diets including fermented garlic powder increased ADG greatly (P<0.05) compared to HC and LC groups. Furthermore LG2 treatment led to a higher ADFI (P<0.05) than LC diet. Gain/feed (G/F) ratio was improved (P<0.05) when pigs fed LG4 diet compared to those fed HC or LC. Pigs fed LG2 diet increased ADG (P<0.05) significantly when compared with those fed HC or LC diets over the trial. Additionally, LG2 treatment had a higher ADFI (P<0.05) than LC and LC4 treatments. In sensory evaluation, pigs fed garlic supplementation showed a higher marbling score (P<0.05) than that in HC and LC treatments. Firmness score was greater (P<0.05) in LG2 treatment than that in other treatments. However, no other difference was observed in pH, meat color and drip loss during the experiment period. These results indicated that fermented garlic powder supplementation at the level of 2g/kg could improve growth performance and concomitantly meat marbling and firmness score.

저수온기 넙치 치어에 있어서 발효마늘분말의 사료 내 첨가가 면역반응, 혈액성분 및 주요 어병세균에 대한 질병저항성에 미치는 영향

우리 연구팀은 넙치를 대상으로 사료 내 발효마늘분말(fermented garlic powder, FGP)의 첨가에 의한 비특이적 면역반응과 어병세균(V. anguillarum, S. iniae, E. tarda)에 대한 질병 저항성에 대해 처음으로 보고한다. 동일한 단백질 함량(45%)과 칼로리(17.1 MJ/kg)를 갖은 4개의 실험사료는 발효마늘분말이 0%, 0.5%, 1% 및 2% (G-0, G-0.5, G-1 및 G-2)가 포함되도록 조성되었다. 실험은 3반복구로 수조 당 30마리의 어류를 대상으로 유수식 시스템에서 수행되었다. 5주간의 성장실험 종료 후, 각 수조에서 건강한 어류를 선별하여 어류의 항병력을 평가하기 위해 3가지 박테리아 부유액(1 ml)을 복강에 주사하였다. 5주간의 성장실험기간 동안에 성장률, 일간성장률, 사료전환효율, 단백질전환효율 및 생존율에서는 실험사료에 의한 유의적인 차이가 없었다. 그러나 사료섭취율은 발효마늘분말이 2% 첨가된 그룹에서 대조구와 비교하여 유의적으로 낮았다. 헤모글로빈, 헤마토크릿, 대식세포 활성 및 라이소자임 활성에서는 사료 내 발효마늘분말 함량이 증가함에 따라 유의적으로 증가하였다. 발효마늘분말 0.5% 첨가구의 혈장 중성지질은 대조구보다 유의적으로 낮았다. 누적사망률은 E. tarda의 경우를 제외한 모든 공격실험에서 발효마늘분말이 포함된 사료를 섭취한 어류가 대조구와 비교하여 유의적으로 낮았다. 이번 연구의 결과를 볼 때, 사료 내 발효마늘분말의 첨가는 넙치에 있어서 V. anguillarum과 S. iniae에 대한 항병력 및 비특이적 면역반응을 향상시킨 것으로 사료된다. We report non-specific immune responses and disease resistance against Vibrio anguillarum, Streptococcus iniae and Edwardsiella tarda by dietary supplementation of fermented garlic powder (FGP) in olive flounder for the first time. Four isonitrogenous (45% crude protein) and isocaloric (17.1 MJ/kg) diets were formulated to have 0%, 0.5%, 1% and 2% of the FGP (G-0, G-0.5, G-1 and G-2). The experimental diets were fed to juvenile olive flounder averaging 23.4 g in triplicate groups (90 fish/group) in a flow-through system. After a five-week feeding trial, healthy fish with similar sizes from each tank were selected and injected with 1 ml of three bacteria each to evaluate disease resistance of the fish. During the 5-week feeding trial, the weight gain, specific growth rate, feed conversion ratio, protein efficiency ratio, and survival of the fish were not significantly affected by the experimental diets. However, feed intake was significantly lower (P<0.05) in the fish fed the G-2 diet compared with the control group. Hemoglobin, myeloperoxidase activity, cholesterol and HDL-cholesterol were not different between the dietary groups. However, hematocrit, nitroblue tetrazolium (NBT) activity, and lysozyme activity were increased (P<0.05) with an increment of dietary FGP. Plasma triglyceride of the fish fed the G-0.5 diet was significantly lower than that of fish fed the control diet. The cumulative mortality was lower in the fish fed diets containing FGP compared with the control group in the challenge test except for the bacteria Edwardsiella tarda. The results in this study indicate that dietary supplementation of FGP can enhance the non-specific immune responses and disease resistance of olive flounder against V. anguillarum and S. iniae.

Effects of dietary garlic powder and α-tocopherol supplementation on performance, serum cholesterol levels, and meat quality of chicken

This study was carried out to evaluate the effects of supplementing diets with garlic powder and alpha-tocopherol on performance, serum cholesterol levels, and meat quality of chickens. Three hundred 1-d-old male broiler chicks were assigned to 5 diet treatments (0, 1, 3, and 5% garlic powder and 3% garlic powder + 200 IU of alpha-tocopherol/kg) with 3 replications of 20 birds for 35 d. There were no significant differences in broiler performance among the treatments. Moisture and crude ash contents of chicken thigh muscle were not different among all treatments, but dietary garlic powder and alpha-tocopherol supplementation resulted in significantly higher CP and lower crude fat contents in comparison with control (P < 0.05). Increasing the levels of garlic powder and applying garlic powder plus alpha-tocopherol significantly decreased total and low-density lipoprotein cholesterol and increased high-density lipoprotein cholesterol in broiler blood (P < 0.05). The pH and TBA reactive substances values were significantly reduced (P < 0.05) by the inclusion of garlic powder and alpha-tocopherol. However, no significant differences in water-holding capacity or shear force values were observed among the treatments. For broiler thigh muscle color, L* (lightness) values were decreased (P < 0.05), and a* (redness) and b* (yellowness) values were increased (P < 0.05) with the increased garlic powder levels and the combination of garlic powder and alpha-tocopherol. In terms of fatty acid composition in thigh muscle, unlike saturated fatty acid and total saturated fatty acid, dietary garlic powder or garlic powder plus alpha-tocopherol supplementation increased unsaturated fatty acid, total unsaturated fatty acid, and total unsaturated fatty acid:total saturated fatty acid ratios. These results suggest that 5% garlic powder or 3% garlic powder plus 200 IU of alpha-tocopherol antioxidant properties were effective for enhancing lipid and color stability.

The effects of dietary garlic powder on performance, egg yolk and serum cholesterol concentrations in laying quails

This study was conducted to investigate the effects of garlic powder on the performance, egg traits, egg cholesterol and serum parameters of laying Japanese quails. One hundred and twenty 10-weeks-old quails were allocated to four dietary treatments. Quails were caged individually and fed diets supplemented with 0 (control), 1, 2, 4% garlic powder for 12 weeks. There were significant (P &amp;lt; 0.05) differences among the diets in feed consumption, feed efficiency and egg production as averaged over 12 weeks. The better values for these parameters were obtained from the 1% garlic powder supplemented group. Garlic powder addition did not significantly affect egg yolk index, egg shell weight and egg shell thickness. However, there were significant differences (P &amp;lt; 0.05) in egg albumen index, egg shell index and Haugh unit. There was a significant (P &amp;lt; 0.05) reduction in the egg yolk cholesterol concentration when the dietary level of garlic powder was increased from 0 to 4 g/kg. Plasma high density lipoprotein (HDL) cholesterol concentrations increased (P &amp;lt; 0.05) with increasing levels of dietary garlic powder. Plasma cholesterol (P &amp;lt; 0.05) and tri-glyceride (P &amp;lt; 0.05) concentration decreased with garlic powder supplementation. It was concluded that garlic powder in the diet of laying quails reduced the plasma and egg yolk cholesterol concentration.

Manipulation of rumen fermentation and ecology of swamp buffalo by coconut oil and garlic powder supplementation

This experiment was conducted to investigate the effect of coconut oil and garlic powder supplementation on digestibility of nutrients, rumen fermentation, rumen ecology, rumen microorganism and methanogen diversity. Four, 3-year old, rumen fistulated swamp buffalo bulls were randomly assigned in a 4 × 4 Latin square design to receive four dietary treatments; 7% coconut oil, 7% coconut oil with 50 g/day of garlic powder, 7% coconut oil with 100 g/day of garlic powder and non-supplemented (control). During the experiment, concentrate was offered at 0.5% of BW while rice straw was given on ad libitum basis. It was found that supplementation of 7% coconut oil had significantly influenced on total DM intake, OM, NDF and ADF digestibilites while supplementation of 7% coconut oil with garlic powder (50 and 100 g/day) were not significantly different when compared with the control. Dietary supplementations did not affect on rumen pH, NH 3–N concentrations. Blood urea nitrogen (BUN) was significantly higher in supplemented groups. Total VFA concentration, proportion of acetate and acetate to propionate ratio were reduced by supplementation. Proportion of propionate was increased ( P < 0.05) when supplemented with 7% coconut oil and 7% coconut oil with 100 g/day of garlic powder. Methane production was dramatically reduced ( P = 0.005) in supplemented treatments and was 10% reduced in 7% coconut oil supplementation. Amylolytic and proteolytic bacteria were increased ( P = 0.007 and P = 0.024) while protozoal population decreased by 68–75% ( P < 0.01) by supplementation. Total bacterial population was increased by supplementation while total fungi and total methanogens were not significantly different among treatments. Percentage of cellulolytic bacterial population was not different among treatments. However, dietary supplementation reduced ( P < 0.001) percentage of F. succinogenes population. However, methanogen diversity was not changed using PCR–DGGE as technique. Thirteen separate bands were found in the DGGE gel. Based on this study, supplementation with 7% coconut oil plus 100 g/day of garlic powder could be efficiently utilized in the rumen and thus, could provide good fermentation end products and improve rumen ecology for the host swamp buffaloes particularly in reducing 9% methane gas production without changing nutrient digestibilities.

Small intestinal histology, production parameters, and meat quality as influenced by dietary supplementation of garlic (Allium sativum) in broiler chicks

Four hundred day-old male hatchling chicks were obtained from the female line of Lohmman grandparent stock farms and fed rations supplemented with different levels (0%, 0.25%, 0.50%, 1.0%) of dried garlic powder. Each treatment consists of 5 pens. Feed and water were provided as ad libitum throughout the experimental period. Production parameters measured were body weight, feed consumption, feed conversion ratio. Final body weight and feed conversion ratio were not affected (P>0.05) by garlic supplementation. However, feed consumption was the lowest (P<0.05) at 0.5% and 1%. Small intestinal histological measurements were influenced (P<0.05) by garlic powder supplementation. In duodenum, villus length was the highest (P<0.05) in birds fed with diets containing 1% garlic powder, and villus and epithelial width were the highest (P<0.05) in chicks fed with diets containing 0.5 percentage of dried powder. In jejunum, the villus length was the highest (P<0.05) in birds fed with diets containing 0.25% and 1% garlic powder, while villus and epithelial width were the lowest (P<0.05) in chicks fed with diets containing 0.5% of dried powder. Carcass traits were not affected (P>0.05) by garlic supplementation. All meat quality parameters measured were not affected (P>0.05) by garlic powder supplementation (cooking loss percentage, shear force, lightness, redness and yellowness), except for juiciness percentage and pH, which were the lowest (P<0.05) at 1.0% and 0.25%, respectively. As a conclusion, this study shows that garlic at a 0.5% level might be of beneficial effect on intestinal morphymetry parameters, as well as on production parameters.

Effect of coconut oil and garlic powder on in vitro fermentation using gas production technique

An in vitro gas technique trial was conducted to investigate the effect of coconut oil (Co), garlic powder (G) and their mixtures on in vitro fermentation. Incubation was carried out using rumen fluid obtained from swamp buffaloes. The experimental design was a completely randomized design (CRD). The dietary treatments were ratio of Co and G supplementation at 0:0, 16:0, 8:4, 4:8 and 0:16 mg with rice straw as a roughage source. Cumulative gas production was recorded at 0, 2, 4, 6, 8, 12, 18, 24, 36, 48, 60 and 72 h of incubation. In vitro true digestibility (IVTD) was determined after 48 h incubation. Cumulative gas production at 72 h was significantly lowest ( P < 0.05) at Co:G, 16:0 mg. Garlic powder supplementation at 16 mg decreased ( P < 0.05) NH 3–N concentration and increased ( P < 0.05) in vitro true digestibility (IVTD) while supplemented coconut oil at 16 mg decreased ( P < 0.05) IVTD. Total volatile fatty acids (VFAs) were lowest ( P < 0.05) by garlic powder supplementation at 16 mg. However, supplementation of Co:G, 8:4, 4:8 and 0:16 mg tended to increase the proportion of propionate, decrease C2:C3 ratio and reduce ( P < 0.05) methane (CH 4) production. Protozoal population was significantly lowest ( P < 0.05) at Co:G, 8:4 mg. Moreover, application of quantitative PCR to quantify predominant cellulolytic bacteria (16S rRNA) and fungi (18S rRNA) targets revealed that treatments did not have an effect on Ruminococcus flavefaciens and total fungi population. However, it was found that supplementation of Co:G at 8:4 mg increased Ruminococcus albus population ( P < 0.05). Based on this study, it suggests that supplementation of Co:G at 8:4 and 0:16 mg could improve ruminal fluid fermentation in terms of volatile fatty acid profile, reduced methane losses and reduced protozoal population.

Effect of supplementation of garlic powder on rumen ecology and digestibility of nutrients in ruminants

AbstractBACKGROUND: The present study investigated the effect of garlic powder (GAP) supplementation on rumen fermentation pattern, nutrient digestibility and intake in ruminants fed on straw as a roughage source.RESULTS: Dry matter intake and apparent digestibility of nutrients were similar among treatments. The apparent digestibility of crude protein tended to be higher in cattle supplemented with GAP compared to those fed without GAP (P = 0.08). Ruminal populations of protozoa and bacteria were decreased, as influenced by GAP supplementation. Ruminal pH and NH3‐N were similar among treatments, while blood urea nitrogen tended to be decreased (P &lt; 0.05). Total volatile fatty acids (VFAs) were not affected by GAP supplementation but individual VFAs were significantly different (P &lt; 0.05), especially C3; meanwhile, C2:C3 ratio was reduced by GAP supplementation (P &lt; 0.05). In addition, N balances were significantly increased as level of GAP supplementation increased and was highest at 120 g d−1 GAP.CONCLUSION: Results of this study suggest that feeding of GAP at 80 g d−1 with urea‐treated rice straw could enhance ruminal propionate production and thus lower C2:C3 ratio, decreasing the protozoal population, as well as increasing N retention and absorption in ruminants. Copyright © 2008 Society of Chemical Industry

Influence of combined usage of garlic powder and copper on egg yolk cholesterol concentration in laying hens

A research was conducted to evaluate the effects of combined usage of garlic powder (GP) and cupric sulfate pentahydrate (CS) as two different cholesterol-lowering supplements on blood serum and egg yolk cholesterol concentration in laying hens. A total of one-hundred ninety two 40-wks-old Single Comb White Leghorn (SCWL) laying hens were selected in a completely randomized designed to four diets that included unsupplemental basal diet as control diet (CO), the basal diet supplemented with either 15 g/kg GP, 200 mg/kg CS, or both 15 g/kg GP and 200 mg/kg Cs for a period of 6 weeks. During the experimental period hens performance traits included body weight gain, egg production, egg and yolk weights, egg mas, feed consumption, and feed conversion ratio were recorded. For statistical analysis, data were averaged by replicate for 6 wks period. At the end of the experimental period blood serum and egg yolk samples were collected for cholesterol analysis. Supplementation of GP or CS to the basal diet had no significant (p>0.05) effect on overall performance in laying hens. A decrease in blood serum and egg yolk cholesterol concentration was found (p<0.01) in birds fed GP, CS, and GP/CS diets in comparison with the unsupplemented diet birds (CO diet).Serum cholesterol levels were reduced by feeding GP, CS, or both by about 14, 20, and 28% respectively (p<0.01). Feeding GP or CS decreased egg yolk cholesterol about 6 and 12.5%, respectively (p<0.01), but feeding both GP and CS diet/ supplements had no further beneficial effect on egg yolk cholesterol.

Evaluation of dietary l-carnitine or garlic powder on growth performance, dry matter and nitrogen digestibilities, blood profiles and meat quality in finishing pigs

The effects of dietary l-carnitine or garlic powder supplementation on growth performance, coefficient of total tract apparent digestibility (CTTAD) for dry matter and nitrogen (N), blood profiles and meat quality were investigated in a 10-week feed trial. A total of 80 [(Landrace × Yorkshire) × Duroc] pigs with an initial body weight (BW) of 59 ± 1.8 kg were randomly assigned to four dietary treatments with five replications per treatment and four pigs per pen. A maize–soybean meal-based diet was formulated as a control diet and other treatment diets were supplemented with 250 mg l-carnitine/kg and 1 g garlic powder/kg or 2 g garlic powder/kg, respectively. After the feeding period, meat samples were collected from those pigs, which reached market body weight (BW). During the feeding period, growth performance was not affected by dietary treatments. CTTAD for both DM and N were improved by supplementation of 1 g garlic powder/kg (P<0.05). White blood cell (WBC) and lymphocyte concentrations were increased by l-carnitine addition at the end of experiment whereas garlic powder supplementation did not affect any tested blood profiles. Backfat thickness was decreased and muscle percentage was increased by the l-carnitine supplementation (P<0.05). Pigs administrated with 1 g garlic powder/kg had better meat colour, pH value and water holding capacity (WHC). In conclusion, dietary supplementation of l-carnitine (250 mg/kg) can increase WBC and lymphocyte concentration and decrease backfat thickness, while garlic powder supplementation at the level of 1 g/kg can improve CTTAD and meat quality in finishing pigs.

The Effects of Dietary Garlic Powder on the Performance, Egg Traits and Blood Serum Cholesterol of Laying Quails

This study was conducted to study the effects of dietary garlic powder on laying performance, egg traits and blood serum cholesterol level of quails. A total of three hundred quails (Coturnix coturnix japonica) aged nine weeks were used. They were allocated to 3 dietary treatments. Each treatment comprised 5 replicates of 20 quails. The diets were supplemented with 0, 5 and 10 g/kg garlic powder. The experimental period lasted 21 weeks. The addition of garlic powder did not significantly affect body weight, egg production, feed consumption, feed efficiency, egg shell thickness, egg albumen index, egg yolk index and egg Haugh unit. Adding 5 and 10 g/kg garlic powder to the laying quail diets increased egg weight (p<0.01). Egg yolk cholesterol and blood serum cholesterol concentration were reduced with garlic powder supplementation. The results of this study demonstrated that garlic powder addition had a significant cholesterol-reducing effect in serum and egg yolk without adverse effects on performance and egg traits of laying quails.

Effect of garlic powder on the performance, egg traits and blood parameters of laying hens

AbstractThis study was conducted to investigate the effects of garlic powder on the performance, egg traits and blood parameters of laying hens. One hundred and sixty‐two SHSY‐type brown layers aged 21 weeks were chosen at random from a large flock. They were allocated to three dietary treatments. Each treatment comprised six replicates of nine layers in groups of three. The diets were supplemented with 0, 5 and 10 g kg−1 garlic powder. The experimental period lasted 22 weeks. Garlic powder addition did not significantly affect body weight, egg production, feed consumption, feed efficiency, egg shell index, egg breaking strength, egg shell thickness, egg albumen index, egg yolk index, egg Haugh unit, egg yolk weight and serum protein concentration. Egg weight increased (P &lt; 0.01) with garlic powder supplementation. There was a significant (P &lt; 0.01) reduction in egg cholesterol concentration as mg g−1 yolk when the dietary level of garlic powder was increased from 0 to 10 g kg−1. Hen serum triglyceride (P &lt; 0.05) and total cholesterol (P &lt; 0.01) concentrations decreased with garlic powder supplementation. This study demonstrated that garlic powder addition increased egg weight and decreased egg yolk cholesterol concentration (mg g−1 yolk) and serum triglyceride and cholesterol concentrations without adverse effects on performance and egg traits. Copyright © 2006 Society of Chemical Industry

Effect of dried garlic powder tablets on postprandial increase in pulse wave velocity after a fatty meal: preliminary observations

Background: Garlic and sulfur-containing components of garlic have been reported to stimulate nitric oxide synthesis in the endothelium. Nitric oxide production is an important determinant of arterial stiffness. Objective: To examine the impact of dried garlic powder tablets on arterial stiffness as assessed by measurements of pulse wave velocity (PWV). Design: Two separate randomized cross-over studies of healthy people (trial I: n=13; trial II: n=9) were conducted. On separate days, participants consumed a high-fat meal (50 g fat) supplemented with garlic powder tablets (8.4 mg alliin), and an identical, but unsupplemented meal. PWV (m s-1) was measured immediately before and 2-3 h after the test meal. Results: The unsupplemented fatty meal resulted in a significant 5_/6% postprandial increase in PWV in both trials (I: +0.19 m s-1, p=0.04; II: +0.21 m s-1, p=/0.02). In contrast, the supplemented meal was not associated with any postprandial PWV changes in either trial (I: -0.02 m s-1, p=0.31; II: 0.00 m s-1, p=0.95). In pooled analysis (trials I and II), the inhibitory effect of garlic powder on the fatty meal-induced postprandial PWV increase was statistically significant (+0.20 m s-1 vs -0.01 m s-1, p=/0.01). Conclusions: The postprandial increase in PWV associated with consumption of a high-fat meal seems to be prevented by dried garlic powder supplementation. Larger, blinded and placebo-controlled trials are needed to confirm the possible antiatherogenic effect. Keywords: alliin; arterial compliance; arterial stiffness; atherosclerosis; coronary heart disease; nitric oxide.

Cholesteryl ester transfer protein activity and atherogenic parameters in rabbits supplemented with cholesterol and garlic powder

The current study was conducted to examine the effect of garlic supplementation on CETP activity, along with its anti-atherosclerotic effect in cholesterol-fed rabbits. Rabbits were fed a 1% cholesterol diet for 12 weeks, including a 1% garlic powder supplement. The garlic-supplemented group exhibited significantly lower CETP activity than the control group during the experimental period ( P < 0.05). Among the atherogenic parameters, the total cholesterol, TG, LDL-C, VLDL-C, and atherogenic index were all significantly lower in the garlic group than in the control group during the experimental period ( P < 0.05), whereas the HDL-C concentration was significantly higher in the garlic group than in the control group after 12 weeks ( P < 0.05). Atherosclerotic lesion area in the aorta arch was also significantly lower in the garlic group ( P < 0.05). In the morphological examination, the garlic-supplemented group exhibited far fewer fat droplet deposits than the control group. Furthermore, the garlic supplement also lowered the aortic and hepatic cholesterol, and triglyceride. Accordingly, the current results suggest that garlic exerts hypocholesterolemic and/or antiatherogenic and that plasma CETP activity might be a risk marker related with atherogenesis. As such, the inhibition of CETP activity may delay the progression of atherosclerosis, thereby supporting the atherogenicity of CETP and the inhibitory activity of garlic supplementation against CETP.

Allyl-Containing Sulfides in Garlic Increase Uncoupling Protein Content in Brown Adipose Tissue, and Noradrenaline and Adrenaline Secretion in Rats

The effects of garlic supplementation on triglyceride metabolism were investigated by measurements of the degree of thermogenesis in interscapular brown adipose tissue (IBAT), and noradrenaline and adrenaline secretion in rats fed two types of dietary fat. In Experiment 1, rats were given isoenergetic high-fat diets containing either shortening or lard with or without garlic powder supplementation (8 g/kg of diet). After 28 d feeding, body weight, plasma triglyceride levels and the weights of perirenal adipose tissue and epididymal fat pad were significantly lower in rats fed diets supplemented with garlic powder than in those fed diets without garlic powder. The content of mitochondrial protein and uncoupling protein (UCP) in IBAT, and urinary noradrenaline and adrenaline excretion were significantly greater in rats fed a lard diet with garlic powder than in those fed the same diet without garlic. Other than adrenaline secretion, differences due to garlic were significant in rats fed shortening, also. In Experiment 2, the effects of various allyl-containing sulfides present in garlic on noradrenaline and adrenaline secretion were evaluated. Administration of diallyldisulfide, diallyltrisulfide and alliin, organosulfur compounds present in garlic, significantly increased plasma noradrenaline and adrenaline concentrations, whereas the administration of disulfides without allyl residues, diallylmonosulfide and S-allyl-L-cysteine did not increase adrenaline secretion. These results suggest that in rats, allyl-containing sulfides in garlic enhance thermogenesis by increasing UCP content in IBAT, and noradrenaline and adrenaline secretion.

95 The effects of garlic powder supplementation on lipoprotein oxidation in mild hyperlipidaemia

95 The effects of garlic powder supplementation on lipoprotein oxidation in mild hyperlipidaemia

Inhibition of 7,12-dimethylbenz[a]anthracene-induced mammary tumors and DNA adducts by garlic powder.

The present studies determined the influence of dietary supplements of garlic powder (0, 1, 2 or 4%) on 7,12-dimethylbenz[a]anthracene (DMBA)-induced mammary tumors and on the in vivo occurrence of mammary DMBA-DNA adducts in rats. Diets were offered 2 weeks before and 2 weeks following DMBA treatment (25 mg/kg body wt). An additional group was fed the 2% garlic powder diet throughout the 20 week study. Although food intake and weight gain were not influenced, dietary garlic powder supplementation did significantly delay the onset of first tumors (P < 0.01) and did reduce the final mammary tumor incidence (P < 0.01). Consumption of garlic powder also significantly depressed the in vivo binding of DMBA to mammary cell DNA. Binding of both anti- and syn-dihydrodiol epoxides to DNA was depressed in rats fed supplemental garlic powder. The activity of glutathione S-transferase (GST) in mammary and liver tissue from rats fed 2% dietary garlic powder was higher than observed in tissues from rats fed the basal diet. No further increase in GST activity occurred when the dietary garlic content was increased from 2 to 4%. Final mammary tumor incidence was found to correlate positively with total DMBA-DNA binding and the quantities of individual DMBA-DNA adducts. The present studies demonstrate that garlic powder is effective in inhibiting DMBA-induced mammary tumors, possibly by reducing DMBA-DNA binding.