DL-methionine Supplementation Research Articles

Effect of DL-Methionine Supplementation on Tissue and Plasma Antioxidant Status and Concentrations of Oxidation Products of Cholesterol and Phytosterols in Heat-Processed Thigh Muscle of Broilers.

Simple SummaryThe occurrence of oxidative stress is a general problem in high-yielding farm animals. Oxidative stress not only affects animal health, but free radicals generated under oxidative stress conditions can also promote the oxidation of lipids in animal products which are detrimental for the consumer, such as lipid oxidation products. Therefore, prevention of oxidative stress by improving the antioxidant system has high priority in farm animal management. Methionine (Met) is a precursor of glutathione, one of the major antioxidants in the body. Therefore, we investigated the hypothesis that feeding diets with an excess of Met in relation to the requirement for optimum growth improves the antioxidant status by enhancing the formation of glutathione in broilers. We observed that broilers fed diets with an excess of Met had higher concentrations of glutathione in liver and thigh muscle, indicative of an improved antioxidant status, and moreover had lower concentrations of cholesterol oxidation products in heat-processed thigh muscle, in comparison to broilers of the control group. This effect is favorable with respect to animal health and quality of broiler meat.In this study, the hypothesis that supplementation with methionine (Met) as DL-Met (DLM) in excess of the National Research Council (NRC) recommendations improves the antioxidant system in broilers was investigated. Day-old male Cobb-500 broilers (n = 72) were divided into three groups which were fed a control diet or diets supplemented with two levels of DLM in which the concentrations of Met + Cys exceeded the recommendations of NRC by 15–20% (group DLM 1) or 30–40% (group DLM 2), respectively. The three groups of broilers did not show differences in body weight gains, feed intake, and feed conversion ratio. However, broilers of groups DLM 1 and DLM 2 had higher concentrations of glutathione (GSH) in liver and thigh muscle and lower concentrations of cholesterol oxidation products (COPs) in heat-processed thigh muscle than broilers of the control group. Concentrations of several oxidation products of phytosterols in heat-processed thigh muscle were also reduced in groups DLM 1 and DLM 2; however, the concentration of total oxidation products of phytosterols was not different between the three groups. The study shows that DLM supplementation improved the antioxidant status due to an increased formation of GSH and reduced the formation of COPs during heat-processing in thigh muscle.

Effects of Varying Dietary DL-Methionine Levels on Productive and Reproductive Performance, Egg Quality, and Blood Biochemical Parameters of Quail Breeders.

Simple SummaryThis study investigated the effects of different DL-methionine levels on quail breeders kept from 8–16 weeks of age. The results revealed that using DL-methionine at levels of 0.5 or 1.5 g/kg improved the liver and kidney functions, lipid profile, immunity and antioxidant parameters of quail breeders.The present study was carried out to study the effects of varying dietary DL-methionine (0, 0.5, 1.5, 2.5, and 3.5 g/kg) levels on the productive and reproductive performance, egg quality and blood biochemical parameters of quail breeders. In total, 150 mature Japanese quails at eight weeks of age were randomly allotted to five groups of 30 for each group. Each group included five replicates, each of six quails (four females and two males). The results showed that egg number, egg weight and egg mass were higher (p < 0.05) with the addition of all DL-methionine levels than that of the control group. Quails from the control group had a lower feed intake (p < 0.001) and a worse feed conversion ratio (FCR) than those from the DL-methionine-treated groups. Supplementation of DL-methionine up to 2.5 g/kg in quail diets increased fertility and hatchability percentages. Birds fed DL-methionine at 1.5 g/kg had the best egg production indices, better FCR and the highest values of fertility and hatchability. Egg weight, yolk %, Haugh unit, egg shape index and unit surface shell weight (USSW) were increased and eggshell % was decreased in quail supplemented with DL-methionine levels compared with the control quail (p < 0.05). Dietary DL-methionine levels did not affect (p > 0.05) the hemoglobin (Hb), red blood cells (RBCs), white blood cells (WBCs) and packed cell volume (PCV) of quails. DL-methionine levels (0.5 and 2.5 g/kg) augmented lymphocytes and basophile (p < 0.05). Low DL-methionine levels (0.5 or 1.5 g/kg) improved liver enzymes and kidney functions. Dietary DL-methionine levels (except 3.5 g/kg) declined serum lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) and decreased lipid profile parameters (except high-density lipoprotein—HDL). Supplementation of DL-methionine at 0.5 and 1.5 g/kg increased immunoglobulin (IgG, IgM and IgA) and superoxide dismutase (SOD), total antioxidant capacity (TAC), catalase (CAT) and reduced glutathione (GSH) (p < 0.001) compared with the control. In conclusion, dietary supplementation of DL-methionine (1.5 g/kg) can enhance the reproductive performance and egg quality of quail breeders. DL-methionine use at levels of 0.5 or 1.5 g/kg improved the liver and kidney functions, lipid profile, immunity and antioxidant parameters of Japanese quail.

Effects of DL-methionine and a methionine hydroxy analogue (MHA-Ca) on growth, amino acid profiles and the expression of genes related to taurine and protein synthesis in common carp (Cyprinus carpio)

In this trial, nine diets were formulated to investigate the effects of DL-methionine (DL-Met) and a methionine hydroxy analogue (MHA-Ca) on growth, amino acid profiles and the expression of genes related to taurine and protein synthesis in common carp. The basal diet was prepared without methionine supplementation and the other diets were formulated with 0.1%, 0.2%, 0.3% and 0.4% of DL-Met or MHA-Ca, respectively. After the eight-week feeding trial, fish fed with DL-Met or MHA-Ca supplemented diets had higher growth performance and feed utilization when compared with basal diet and two-way ANOVA showed the growth performance and feed utilization were significantly increased in fish fed DL-Met supplemented diets (P < 0.05). The concentrations of free amino acids in serum (Met, Leu, His, Lys, Val, Arg, Ile, Phe and Tau) and muscle (Tau) significantly increased as dietary DL-Met and MHA-Ca increased. Moreover, two-way ANOVA showed that taurine was higher in common carp fed with DL-Met diets compared with MHA-Ca diets. To find out how DL-Met and MHA-Ca affect taurine synthesis, genes involved in methionine degradation and taurine synthesis were further investigated. DL-Met or MHA-Ca supplementation decreased the expression of methionine adenosyltransferase II, alpha (MAT2A) and methionine synthase (MS) and increased the expression of the cysteine dioxygenase (CDO). Moreover, DL-Met supplementation significantly increased the expression of CDO and cysteine sulfinate acid decarboxylase (CSD) when compared with MHA-Ca supplementation. As for protein synthesis, the mRNA expression of mechanistic target of rapamycin (mTOR) in liver was not significantly different among all diet groups. But the expression of eukaryotic translation initiation factor 4E-Binding protein 1 (4EBP1), general control nonderepressible2 (GCN2) and asparagine synthetase (ASNS) in liver were significantly down-regulated as dietary DL-Met or MHA-Ca increased. Compared with MHA-Ca diets, the expression of S6 (ribosomal protein s6) and eIF4E (eukaryotic translation initiation factor 4E binding protein 2) were markedly elevated in DL-Met groups by the analysis of two-way ANOVA. This study indicated that dietary DL-Met or MHA-Ca supplement could increase free essential amino acids in serum, as well as improve taurine synthesis and protein synthesis in common carp. Multi-exponential regression analysis showed that MHA-Ca was less utilized by common carp than DL-Met with bioavailability values of 41% to 50% on weight-for-weight basis.

Effects of supplementation of DL-methionine on tissue and plasma antioxidant status during heat-induced oxidative stress in broilers

Exposure to high ambient temperature has been shown to impair growth performance and to cause oxidative stress in broilers. This study investigated the hypothesis that supplementation with methionine (Met) as DL-Met (DLM) more than the National Research Council recommendations improves growth performance and alleviates oxidative stress in broilers exposed to high ambient temperature. One-day-old male Cobb-500 broilers (n = 68) were allotted to 4 groups and phase-fed 3 basal diets during days 1 to 10, 11 to 21, and 22 to 35. One group was kept under thermoneutral temperature conditions and received the basal diets with Met + cysteine (Cys) concentrations according to recommendations of NRC. The other 3 groups were kept in a room with an increased ambient temperature from week 3 to 5 and were fed either the basal diet or the basal diets supplemented with 2 levels of DLM in which Met + Cys concentrations exceeded NRC recommendations by around 20% (group DLM1) and 40% (group DLM2), respectively. As expected, the broilers exposed to high ambient temperature showed a lower feed intake, lower body weight gains, a higher feed:gain ratio, and biochemical indications of oxidative stress in comparison to broilers kept under thermoneutral temperature conditions. Supplementation of DLM did not improve the growth performance in broilers exposed to high ambient temperature. However, the broilers supplemented with DLM had increased concentrations of glutathione in liver and breast muscle (groups DLM1 and DLM2), increased concentrations of tocopherols in the liver (group DLM2), and reduced concentrations of 7α-hydroxycholesterol and 7-ketocholesterol in heat-processed thigh muscle (groups DLM1 and DLM2) in comparison to the control group exposed to high ambient temperature. Concentrations of thiobarbituric acid-reactive substances and vitamin C in plasma, liver, and muscle were not different between the 3 groups exposed to heat stress. Nevertheless, the study shows that supplementation of DLM in slight excess of the Met concentration required for maximum growth performance improved the antioxidant status in tissues and reduced the susceptibility of muscle toward oxidation in heat-stressed broilers.

THE EFFECT OF DL-METHIONINE SUPPLEMENTATION ON BODY WEIGHT GAIN, FEED CONSUMPTION AND FEED EFFICIENCY OF BROILERS

The purpose of this experiment was to know the effect of dl-methionine supplementation in feed on the body weight gain, feed consumption, and feed efficiency of broilers. The experiment was conducted at the Laboratory of Animal Husbandry Study Program, Agricultural Faculty, University of Timor, Kefamenanu from December 2019 to January 2020. The experiment used 80 fourteen-day broilers. The method used in this research was an experimental method with a completely randomized design (CRD) consisting of 4 treatments and 4 replications. The treatments given were: T0 (control feed), T1 (T0 + 0.30% dl-methionine), T2 (T0 + 0.50% dl-methionine), and T3 (T0 + 0.70% dl-methionine). The variables observed were body weight gain, feed consumption, and feed efficiency. The results of the experiment showed that the treatment significantly affected the body weight gain, feed consumption, and feed efficiency of broilers (P&lt;0.05). It was concluded that commercial feed supplemented with dl-methionine by 0.70% increased the growth performance of broilers.

Heat stress effect on the intestinal epithelial function of broilers fed methionine supplementation

The objective of this study was to evaluate the effect of DL-methionine supplementation on the expression of genes related to immune function and intestinal integrity in the jejunum and ileum of 21- or 42-day-old broilers subjected to 38 °C for 24 h. Broilers of 1–21 and 22–42 days of age were divided into two treatments related to methionine supplementation: without DL-methionine supplementation (MD) or recommended level of DL-methionine (MS). In addition, the animals were either maintained at a comfort environment or exposed to heat stress (HS) (38 °C for 24 h, starting on day 20 or day 41 for Experiments 1 and 2, respectively). Heat stress increased body temperature and the respiratory rate of the birds in both the experimental periods evaluated (1–21 and 22–42 days of age) (body temperature: P = 0.0010 and P = 0.0005, respectively; respiratory rate: P < 0.0001). Experiment 1 (1–21-day-old broilers): in the jejunum, we observed higher heat shock protein 70 kDA (HSP70) gene expression in HS broilers fed the MD diet (P = 0.0010). Broilers from HS presented higher expression of lipopolysaccharide-induced tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-alpha factor (LITAF) (P = 0.0001), interleukin-1β (IL1B) (P = 0.0003), and claudin 1 (CLDN1) (P = 0.0391). Regarding the diet effect, the highest LITAF (P = 0.0002) and IL1B (P = 0.0067) gene expression was observed in birds fed the MD diet. In the ileum, birds from comfort and fed the MD diet presented the highest IL1B expression (P < 0.0001). Broilers from HS presented higher occludin (OCLN) expression (P = 0.0072).Experiment 2 (22–42-day-old broilers): in the jejunum, broilers from HS presented higher LITAF (P < 0.0001) and OCLN (P < 0.0001) expression gene. Broilers fed the MS diet presented higher LITAF (P = 0.0007) and IL1B (P = 0.0220) gene expression. The highest HSP70 (P < 0.0001) and CLDN1 (P = 0.0349) gene expression was observed in HS broilers fed the MD diet. In the ileum, we observed that broilers submitted to HS presented higher HSP70 (P = 0.0008), LITAF (P = 0.0044), and OCLN (P < 0.0001) gene expression. Broilers fed the MD diet presented lower CLDN1 gene expression (P = 0.0141). Our results suggest that methionine supplementation in adequate amounts may assist the body in combating the deleterious effects of stress by stimulating the expression of genes capable of maintaining intestinal epithelial cell function.

Supplemental methionine and stocking density affect antioxidant status, fatty acid profiles, and growth performance of broiler chickens.

Broilers stocked in high densities may be prone to oxidative and inflammatory insults, resulting in impaired health status, growth performance, and meat quality. This study was to determine if 30% extra supplemental dl-methionine alleviated or prevented those adverse effects of a higher stocking density in broiler chickens. A total of 560 male Cornish Cross cockerels (day old) were divided into four groups: two stocking densities (9 and 12 birds/m2) and two supplementations of methionine (grower: 2.90 or 3.77 g/kg and finisher: 2.60 or 3.38 g/kg). Growth performance was recorded weekly. Blood and tissues were sampled at the end of each period. High stocking density decreased (P < 0.05) body weight and growth performance of growers and (or) finishers. Those differences were partially attenuated by the extra methionine supplementation. The high methionine elevated (P < 0.05) glutathione (GSH) concentration in the thigh at both ages (> 24%). The high stocking density elevated (>28%, P < 0.05) glutathione concentration in the plasma, breast, and thigh of growers, but decreased (P < 0.05) it in the liver of growers and thigh of finishers. Interaction effects (P < 0.05) between dietary methionine and stocking density were found on activities of the antioxidant enzyme glutathione S-transferase in the liver of growers and breast, thigh, and adipose tissue of finishers. The interaction effect was also found on activities of glutathione peroxidase and superoxide dismutase in the thigh of growers. The extra methionine decreased (P < 0.05) hepatic gene expression of heat shock protein 90 (18%) and thigh and breast malondialdehyde concentrations of the finishers (35%). In conclusion, the 30% extra dl-methionine supplementation was able to partially mitigate adverse effects caused by the higher stocking density and to improve the redox status of the broilers.

128 Additional dietary DL-methionine affects tissue redox and inflammation status of broiler chicks in response to high stocking density

Abstract We determined if 30% extra supplemental DL-methionine affected oxidative and inflammatory responses of broilers stocked at a high density. A total of 560 day-old male Cornish cockerel chicks were divided into 4 groups: 2 stocking densities (2.9 and 3.8 kg/ft2) and 2 methionine supplementations (grower: 2.90 or 3.77 g/kg and finisher: 2.60 or 3.38 g/kg). Chicks were fed the same corn-soy starter diet and then respective experimental diets (grower: 6.4 g SAA/kg, finisher: 5.9 g SAA/kg, n = 10 pens/treatment). Blood and tissues (3 chicks/pen) were sampled at the end of each period. Data were analyzed by two-way ANOVA. The high density elevated (P &amp;lt; 0.05) glutathione concentration in the plasma, breast, and thigh of growers, but decreased (P &amp;lt; 0.05) it in the liver of growers and thigh of finishers. The high methionine elevated (P &amp;lt; 0.05) glutathione concentration in the thigh at both ages. There were interactions (P &amp;lt; 0.05) between dietary methionine and stocking density on activities of antioxidant enzymes including GST in 2 or more tissues at both ages and GPX and SOD in the thigh of growers. Hepatic expression of inflammation-related gene IL-6 was decreased (P &amp;lt; 0.05) by the high density, while heat shock protein genes HSP70 and HSP90 were decreased (P &amp;lt; 0.05) by the high methionine. Expression of stress-related genes TNFα and JNK was decreased (P &amp;lt; 0.05) by a combined high methionine and density treatment. The high methionine decreased (P &amp;lt; 0.05) finisher thigh and breast malondialdehyde concentrations and grower plasma glucose concentrations. Neither the density nor the methionine supplementation affected concentrations of plasma ferric reducing ability, serum amyloid A, and corticosterone or hepatic protein carbonyl. In conclusion, the high stocking density showed bilateral effects on the redox and inflammatory responses of broilers. Supplemental extra methionine modulated some of those effects.

125 Supplementing extra dietary DL-methionine mitigates effects of higher stocking density on growth performance, meat quality, and health status of broiler chicks

Abstract This study was to determine if 30% extra supplemental DL-methionine could improve growth performance, meat quality, and health status of broilers stocked at a high density. A total of 560 day-old male Cornish cockerel chicks were divided into 4 treatment groups: 2 stocking densities (2.9 and 3.8 kg/ft2) and 2 supplementations of DL-methionine (grower: 2.90 or 3.77 g/kg and finisher: 2.60 or 3.38 g/kg). Chicks were fed the same corn-soybean meal-based starter diet and then experimental diets (grower: 6.4 g SAA/kg, finisher: 5.9 g SAA/kg, n = 10 pens/treatment). Growth performance and mortality were recorded, and blood and tissue samples (3 chicks/pen) were collected at the end of each period. Data were analyzed by two-way ANOVA. High stocking density decreased (P &amp;lt; 0.05) BW and (or) ADG of growers and finishers. Both high stocking density and methionine decreased (P &amp;lt; 0.05) ADFI and the high methionine improved (P &amp;lt; 0.05) feed use efficiency of chicks during the grower-finisher period. Neither treatment affected feather coverage, mortality, incidences of diseases, or dressing percentage. The high methionine improved (P &amp;lt; 0.05) meat to bone ratio of thigh, and exerted mixed effects (P &amp;lt; 0.05) on texture of breast and thigh. Dietary methionine and stocking density showed no major effects on tissue lipid profiles, but moderate effects (P &amp;lt; 0.05) on plasma concentrations of total cholesterol and(or) triglycerides of chicks. Fatty acid profiles in the liver and breast of chicks were unaffected by either treatment. The two treatments enhanced (P &amp;lt; 0.05) tibial maximum breaking strength (15–20%) and plasma alkaline phosphatase activity of growers. In conclusion, the high stocking density affected growth performance, meat quality, and health status of broilers. Supplementing 30% extra dietary methionine seemed to mitigate some of those effects. (Supported in part by Evonik Nutrition &amp; Care GmbH, Germany)

Effects of Dietary Supplementation of DL-Methionine on Growth and Whole Body Amino Acid Profile of Genetically Improved Farmed Tilapia

ABSTRACT Prabu, E.; Felix, N.; Ahilan, B.; Antony, C., and Uma, A., 2019. Effects of dietary supplementation of DL-Methionine on growth and whole body amino acid profile of genetically improved far...

Changes in cecum microbial community in response to total sulfur amino acid (TSAA: DL-methionine) in antibiotic-free and supplemented poultry birds

The effect of essential total sulfur amino acids (TSAA) like methionine and cysteine on the cecal microbiome of broilers was investigated at 2 different time points (days 21 and 42) of broiler rearing. A total of 360-day-old Cobb male broiler chicks were randomly distributed to 6 dietary treatments in a 2 × 3 factorial arrangement, with 2 levels of antibiotic growth promoters (AGP: 0 and 0.05%) and 3 levels of TSAA (DL-methionine) either for starter (0.7, 0.8, and 0.9%) or finisher chicks (0.52, 0.62, and 0.72%), labeled as diets 1 to 6. Cecal digesta from each replicate (n = 10) were sampled on days 21 and 42. DNA was extracted for the amplification of the V4 region of bacterial 16S rRNA genes and subjected to Illumina sequencing. Bioinformatic analyses were performed using QIIME, Mothur, and ad hoc tools and functional profiles of the inferred metagenome were analyzed using PICRUST. Statistical difference was determined by 2-way ANOVA and PERMANOVA. Clustering of cecal communities using PCoA showed clear separation of microbial communities based on age (P < 0.05) of birds and between low and medium/ high levels of TSAA (DL-methionine). At day 21, bacterial richness and diversity were higher than at day 42 where Clostridium cluster XI and Lactobacillus were found most abundant. No variability in taxonomic richness at the genus level was observed with AGP and DL-methionine supplementation. Interbird variation for richness was greater at day 42 compared to day 21. The mean fold difference of richness was greater (1.5 mean fold) with diets 1 and 6, suggesting interactive effects of AGP and TSAA (DL-methionine) in the diet. KEGG function profiles calculated by PICRUST suggest that the cecal microbiome increased glycolysis and energy generation correlated with increased dietary TSAA (DL-methionine) supplementation levels during the late broiler growth period (day 42). This study increases our knowledge of microbial dynamics and functions that are relevant to host nutrition and performance that may help us tailoring alternative strategies for raising poultry birds under antibiotic-free conditions.

Dl-Methionine supplementation in a low-fishmeal diet affects the TOR/S6K pathway by stimulating ASCT2 amino acid transporter and insulin-like growth factor-I in the dorsal muscle of juvenile cobia (Rachycentron canadum).

An 8-week feeding experiment was conducted to investigate the effects of dl-methionine (Met) supplementation in a low-fishmeal diet on growth, key gene expressions of amino acid transporters and target of rapamycin (TOR) pathway in juvenile cobia, Rachycentron canadum. Seven isonitrogenous and isolipidic diets were formulated, containing 0·72, 0·90, 1·00, 1·24, 1·41, 1·63 and 1·86 % Met. Weight gain and specific growth rates increased gradually with Met levels of up to 1·24 % and then decreased gradually. In dorsal muscle, mRNA levels of ASCT2 in the 1·00 % Met group were significantly up-regulated compared with 0·72, 1·63, and 1·86 %. The insulin-like growth factor-I (IGF-I) mRNA levels in the dorsal muscle of fish fed 1·00 and 1·24 % Met were higher than those in fish fed other Met levels. In addition, fish fed 1·24 % Met showed the highest mRNA levels of TOR and phosphorylation of TOR on Ser2448. The phosphorylation of ribosomal p70-S6 kinase (S6K) on Ser371 in the dorsal muscle of fish fed 1·86 % Met was higher than those in the 0·72 % group. In conclusion, straight broken-line analysis of weight gain rate against dietary Met level indicates that the optimal Met requirement for juvenile cobia is 1·24 % (of DM, or 2·71 % dietary protein). Met supplementation in a low-fishmeal diet increased cobia growth via a mechanism that can partly be attributed to Met's ability to affect the TOR/S6K signalling pathway by enhancing ASCT2 and IGF-I transcription in cobia dorsal muscle.

INTESTINAL MORPHOLOGY OF NATIVE CHICKENS AT 20 WEEKS-OLD SUPPLEMENTED BY DL-METHIONINE AND L-LYSINE HCL INTO FEED

The aim of this study was to determine the effect of the supplementation of dl-methionine and l-lysine HCl into feed based on cafeteria standards to intestinal morphology of native chickens at 20 weeks-old. A total of 128 fourteen week-old native chickens were used in this study. The native chickens were divided into 4 treatments groups with 4 replications. The dietary treatments were: T0 (feed based on cafeteria standard), T1 (feed based on protein standard of NRC), T2 (cafeteria feed+0.09% dl-methionine+0.22% l-lysine HCl), T3 (cafeteria feed+0.19% dl-methionine+0.42% l-lysine HCl). The data collected were villus height, crypt depth and villus width of duodenum, jejunum and ileum of native chickens aged 20 weeks. The result of this study for T0, T1, T2 and T3 showed that villus height of duodenum were 863.03; 1237.85; 1171.60 and 1261.15 µm, crypt depth 212.70; 192.08; 210.25 and 251.85 µm, villus width 168.74; 168.53; 213.61 and 188.60 µm. Villus height of jejunum were 1381.48; 1088.70; 1072.68 and 1383.15 µm, crypt depth 272.,05; 261.83; 225.00 and 205.65 µm, villus width 188.28; 166.41; 216.26 and 182.95 µm. villus height of ileum were 798.03; 863.35; 882.88 and 828.70 µm, crypt depth 199.58; 199.58; 154.68 and 145.78 µm and villus width 181.13; 154.55; 201.25 dan 175.65 µm, respectively. It can be concluded that supplementation of dl-methionine and l-lysine HCl was not effected upon villus height, crypt depth and villus width of duodenum, jejunum and ileum of native chickens aged 20 weeks.

Effect of Dietary Supplementation of Synthetic L-lysine and DL-methionine on Growth Performance, Nutrient Utilization and Immunity in Commercial Broiler Chicken

An experiment was conducted to investigate the effect of synthetic L- lysine and DL-methionine on growth performance, nutrient utilization and humoral immunity in commercial broilers. 144 Day old broiler chicks (Vencobb 400) were randomly divided into four groups (3 replicates of 12 each) and basal diet supplemented with synthetic L-lysine @ 0, 20, 30 and 40% and DL-methionine @ 0, 30, 40 and 50% higher than BIS (2007) recommendation for 42 days. Supplementation of synthetic L-lysine and DL-methionine improved (P

Can the Fine Wheat Bran be a Betaine Source in Poultry Diets?

ABSTRACT The effect of fine wheat bran (FWB) as a methyl donor source on performance, metabolism, body composition and blood traits of growing broilers was studied. Three hundred and twenty broilers from eight to 28 d of age, distributed in a randomized block design, with five treatments and eight replicates of eight animals each were used. The experimental diets were: NC, formulated with 72% of the Met+Cys requirement; Met, formulated with 85% of the Met+Cys equivalents by DL-methionine addition; Bet, formulated with 85% of the Met+Cys equivalents by anhydrous betaine addition; Fwb-, formulated with 72% of the Met+Cys requirement and 20% FWB; and Fwb+, formulated with 85% of the Met+Cys requirement and 20% FWB. Feed intake was reduced (p 0.05) between the positive control diets. Supplementation of DL-methionine and anhydrous betaine showed the same (p>0.05) metabolizability of nutrients. Treatments with higher DL-methionine levels (Met and Fwb+) promoted more weight of feathers (p<0.05). Animals fed with FWB showed the lowest (p<0.05) body gains. In conclusion, FWB inclusion did not promote methyl radicals supply.

WPSI-9 Dietary DL-methionine supplementation alleviates early liver injury of intra-uterine growth retarded suckling piglets.

WPSI-9 Dietary DL-methionine supplementation alleviates early liver injury of intra-uterine growth retarded suckling piglets.

Effects of L‐methionine on performance, gut morphology and antioxidant status in gut and liver of piglets in relation to DL‐methionine

This study investigated the hypothesis that dietary supplementation of L-methionine (L-Met) in weaned piglets in relation to DL-methionine (DL-Met) results in a higher antioxidant status and lower need for antioxidant enzyme activation in intestinal epithelium and body tissues, and improves gut morphology and gut barrier function as well as performance. A total of 99 early-weaned 21-day old piglets were allotted to six groups and fed a semi-synthetic wheat-barley-based basal diet supplemented with 0.067%, 0.107% and 0.147% of either DL-Met (MetAmino; Evonik, Hanau, Germany) or L-Met (L-Met100; CJ Europe, Schwalbach am Taunus, Germany) to reach dietary Met concentrations of 0.16%, 0.20% and 0.24%, of which the latter met the requirements for maintenance and growth based on a pre-experiment. Feed intake and body weights were recorded weekly, and samples of plasma, liver and duodenum and jejunum mucosa were collected after 3weeks at slaughter. Plasma concentrations of L-Met were similar, and those of D-Met and total Met were higher in piglets fed DL-Met in relation to those fed L-Met. Feed intake, daily gains and feed:gain ratio, and the relative bio-efficacy based on gains and feed:gain ratio were similar for both groups. Likewise, villi length, crypt depth, the villi length:crypt depth ratio in duodenum and jejunum and gene expression of tight junction proteins in the jejunum did not differ. Concentrations of antioxidants like glutathione and tocopherol, the total antioxidant capacity, the mRNA abundance or activity of antioxidant enzymes like superoxide dismutase and glutathione peroxidase, concentrations of thiobarbituric acid reactive substances, markers for oxidative damage of lipids and the expression of inflammatory genes were similar in liver and jejunum mucosa. These data indicate that the effects of L-Met and DL-Met supplementation are comparable considering both piglet performance and parameters of gut health and function like gut morphology and the intestinal antioxidant status.

Effects of dietary supplementation of l-methionine vs. dl-methionine on performance, plasma concentrations of free amino acids and other metabolites, and myogenesis gene expression in young growing pigs.

Methionine (Met), the second or third limiting amino acid (AA) in typical swine diets, plays important roles in promoting swine health and growth, especially, muscle growth. Whereas dl-Met products have been used in swine industry for many years, l-Met products have been developed recently. This research was conducted to study the effects of supplemental l-Met or dl-Met on nutrient metabolism, muscle gene expression, and growth performance of pigs. Twenty crossbred young barrows (initial body weight [BW] 21.2 ± 2.7 kg) were randomly assigned to 20 individual pens and two dietary treatments according to a completely randomized design with pigs serving as the experiment unit (n = 10). Two corn and soybean meal-based diets (diets 1 and 2) were formulated to meet or exceed the recommended requirements for energy, AA, and other nutrients (NRC. 2012. Nutrient requirements of swine, 11th ed. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press; AMINODat 5.0). Crystalline l-Met and dl-Met were supplemented to diets 1 and 2 (both at 0.13%, as-fed basis), respectively. After 4 wk of an ad libitum feeding trial, BW and feed intake were measured to calculate average daily gain (ADG), average daily feed intake (ADFI), and gain-to-feed ratio (G:F). Blood samples were collected from the jugular vein for analyses of plasma AA and metabolite concentrations. The longissimus dorsi muscle samples were collected for analysis of myogenesis gene expression. Data were analyzed using Student’s t-test. There were no differences (P = 0.56 to 0.94) in ADG, ADFI, or G:F between pigs fed the two experimental diets and no differences between diets were observed in plasma free AA concentrations. No differences were observed between pigs fed the two diets in expression of mRNA for eight myogenesis-related genes, which were myogenic differentiation 1, myogenin, myogenic factors 5, muscle regulatory factor 4 (a.k.a. myogenic factors 6), and myocyte enhancer factors 2A, 2B, 2C, and 2D. In conclusion, results of this experiment indicate that the bioefficacy of l-Met is not different from that of dl-Met, which is likely because of an efficient conversion of d-Met to l-Met by pigs.

PENGARUH SUPLEMENTASI DL-METIONIN DAN L-LISIN HCL PADA PAKAN STANDAR KAFETARIA TERHADAP BERAT BADAN, ORGAN DALAM DAN ORGAN REPRODUKSI AYAM KAMPUNG FASE PULLET

The aim of this study was to determine the effect of the supplementation of dl-methionine and l-lysine HCl to diet based on cafeteria standards of native chickens on body weight, internal organs and reproductive organs of native chicken at pullet phase. A total of 128 fourteen weeks-old native chickens were used in this study. The native chickens were divided into 4 treatments with 4 replications. The dietary treatments were: T0 (ration based on cafeteria standard), T1 (ration based on protein standard of NRC), T2 (cafeteria ration+0.09% DL-Methionine+0.22% L-Lysine HCl), T3 (cafeteria ration+0.19% dl-methionine+0.42% l-lysine HCl). The data collected were body weight, liver and bile, pancreas, gizzard, testicular and ovary weight of native chickens aged 20 weeks. The result of this study for T0, T1, T2 and T3 showed that body weight of chickens were 1418.60; 1431.59; 1503.88 and 1556.41 g/bird, liver and bile weights were 22.44; 21.79; 24.49 dan 25.93 g/bird, pancreas weights were 2.33; 2.28; 2.50 and 2.70 g/bird, gizzard weight were 25.31; 23.91; 25.38 and 26.86 g/bird, testicular weight were 3.66; 3.86; 9.55 and 9.46 g/bird, testicular volume were 3.81; 3.38; 9.13 and 9.16 and ovary weight were 1.12; 1.32; 3.14 and 4.61 g/bird, respectively. The results showed that supplementation of DL-Methionine and L-Lysine HCl gave significantly effect (P&lt;0.05) upon body weight, liver and bile weight, pancreas weight, testicular weight and volume and ovary weight, but it did not effected to gizzard weight. It can be concluded that supplementation of 0.27% dl-methionine and 0.79% l-lysine HCl increase body weight, internal organs weight and reproductive organs weight of native chickens. Keywords: Cafeteria, DL-Methionine, L-Lysine HCl, Native Chicken, Supplementation.

Effects of excess DL- and L-methionine on growth performance of starter Pekin ducks

A dose-response experiment was conducted to investigate the effects of excess DL-methionine (DLM) and L-methionine (LM) on growth response of starter Pekin ducks from 7 to 21 days of age. A total of 462 seven-day-old male Pekin ducklings were allotted to 77 wire-floor pens with 6 birds per pen. There were 11 treatments including a methionine-adequate control diet (containing 0.49% methionine) and control diets supplemented with 5 levels of crystal DLM or LM (0.25, 0.50, 0.75, 1.0, and 1.25%) based on equal product weight. At 21 d of age, weight gain, feed intake, and feed/gain of ducks from each pen were measured. In our study, the weight gain and feed intake did not change markedly and kept a plateau when supplemental DLM or LM was below 0.50%, but the weight gain and feed intake decreased further as supplemental DLM or LM increased from 0.50 to 1.25%. When the maximum safe level (MSL) of supplemental methionine sources and methionine content of the control diets were combined, the total tolerable upper limits of methionine for weight gain and feed intake were 0.91 and 0.85% when DLM was used, respectively, and the corresponding values were 0.89 and 0.84% when LM was used, respectively. On the other hand, both excess DLM and LM reduced weight gain and feed intake (P <0.05) but there were no significant differences (P >0.05) in weight gain and feed intake between the ducks fed DLM- and LM-supplemented diets. Furthermore, linear slope-ratio assay was also used to evaluate the relative toxicity of excess DLM and LM. According to this assay, the efficiencies of DLM relative to LM for depression of weight gain and feed intake were 97 and 95%, respectively. In summary, excess DL- and L-methionine were toxic for starter Pekin ducks and both methionine sources were equally growth depressing.