Different Levels Of Supplementation Research Articles

Influence of direct supplementation of different levels of black soldier fly larvae (Hermetia illucens) frass to a recirculating aquaponic system: focusing on fish (Cyprinus carpio var. specularis), plant (Lactuca sativa var. ramosa Hort) and water quality

Influence of direct supplementation of different levels of black soldier fly larvae (Hermetia illucens) frass to a recirculating aquaponic system: focusing on fish (Cyprinus carpio var. specularis), plant (Lactuca sativa var. ramosa Hort) and water quality

Effects of supplementing coated methionine in a high plant-protein diet on growth, antioxidant capacity, digestive enzymes activity and expression of TOR signaling pathway associated genes in gibel carp, Carassius auratus gibelio.

This study explored the impacts of supplementation of different levels of coated methionine (Met) in a high-plant protein diet on growth, blood biochemistry, antioxidant capacity, digestive enzymes activity and expression of genes related to TOR signaling pathway in gibel carp (Carassius auratus gibeilo). A high-plant protein diet was formulated and used as a basal diet and supplemented with five different levels of coated Met at 0.15, 0.30, 0.45, 0.60 and 0.75%, corresponding to final analyzed Met levels of 0.34, 0.49, 0.64, 0.76, 0.92 and 1.06%. Three replicate groups of fish (initial mean weight, 11.37 ± 0.02g) (20 fish per replicate) were fed the test diets over a 10-week feeding period. The results indicated that with the increase of coated Met level, the final weight, weight gain (WG) and specific growth rate initially boosted and then suppressed, peaking at 0.76% Met level (P< 0.05). Increasing dietary Met level led to significantly increased muscle crude protein content (P< 0.05) and reduced serum alanine aminotransferase activity (P< 0.05). Using appropriate dietary Met level led to reduced malondialdehyde concentration in hepatopancreas (P< 0.05), improved superoxide dismutase activity (P< 0.05), and enhanced intestinal amylase and protease activities (P< 0.05). The expression levels of genes associated with muscle protein synthesis such as insulin-like growth factor-1, protein kinase B, target of rapamycin and eukaryotic initiation factor 4E binding protein-1 mRNA were significantly regulated, peaking at Met level of 0.76% (P< 0.05). In conclusion, supplementing optimal level of coated Met improved on fish growth, antioxidant capacity, and the expression of TOR pathway related genes in muscle. The optimal dietary Met level was determined to be 0.71% of the diet based on quadratic regression analysis of WG.

Influence of a Mixture of Protein Hydrolysate from Black Soldier Fly Larvae and Schizochytrium on Palatability, Plasma Biochemistry, and Antioxidative and Anti-Inflammatory Capacity in Cat Diets.

The objective of this research was to evaluate palatability, plasma biochemistry, antioxidative and anti-inflammatory capacity, and immune levels in cats by feeding supplementing inclusion of different levels of a mixture of protein hydrolysate from black soldier fly larvae and schizochytrium (BSFPs) in diets. In the feed experiment, a total of 24 adult cats (12 females and 12 males; BW: 3.02 ± 0.06 kg) were randomly divided into four groups: (1) diet with chicken and fish meal as primary protein resource (CON); (2) diet with 5% BSFPs replacing chicken meal, fish meal, chicken oil, and fish oil (5% BSFPs); (3) 10% BSFPs; and (4) 15% BSFPs. The body weight and feed intake were recorded, and a blood sample was collected for analysis. In the palatability experiment, three diets containing 5%, 10%, and 15% BSFPs were evaluated by comparing with CON. These results suggested that different levels of BSFPs could improve palatability in cat diets by enhancing the first sniff, the first bite, and feed intake (p < 0.05). However, no significant influence existed in body weight and average daily feed intake (p > 0.05). In comparison to the CON group, 5% and 15% BSFPs significantly increased the total protein content, and all treatment groups decreased the triglyceride content and enhanced the calcium concentration in plasma; in addition, the activity of aspartate aminotransferase and alanine aminotransferase and the content of creatinine and urea nitrogen were significantly reduced by the supplementation inclusion of BSFPs in the diets (p < 0.05). The enzyme activity of glutathione peroxidase was dramatically enhanced by the supplementation of 10% and 15% BSFPs in diets compared with the CON diet, and the activity of superoxide dismutase was increased and the malondialdehyde concentration was remarkably reduced in all three treatments (p < 0.05). Compared with the CON group, different levels of BSFPs in the diets significantly increased the immunoglobulin A content in plasma; similarly, the immunoglobulin G concentration was significantly enhanced by the supplementation of 10% and 15% BSFPs in the diets (p < 0.05). Furthermore, the interleukin-1β content was significantly reduced in the inclusion of 10% and 15% BSFPs in the diets, and 15% BSFPs remarkably decreased the content of interleukin-8 in plasma compared with the CON diet (p < 0.05). To sum up, the supplementation of different levels of BSFPs exhibited a positive effect on palatability and enhanced the antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, and immune capacity. Particularly, the addition levels of 10% and 15% BSFPs were more effective in antioxidation, anti-inflammation, and immunity.

Effects of dietary supplementation of different levels of gamma-aminobutyric acid on reproductive performance, glucose intolerance, and placental development of gilts.

This study aimed to investigate the effects of dietary gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA) supplementation on reproductive performance, glucose intolerance, and placental development of gilts during mid-late gestation. Based on the principle of backfat thickness consistency, 124 gilts at 65 d of gestation were assigned to three dietary groups: CON (basic diet, n = 41), LGABA (basic diet supplemented with 0.03% GABA, n = 42), and HGABA (basic diet supplemented with 0.06% GABA, n = 41). The litter performance, glucose tolerance, placental angiogenesis, and nutrients transporters were assessed. The LGABA group improved piglet vitality and placental efficiency and decreased area under the curve of glucose tolerance test compared to the CON group (P < 0.05). Meanwhile, the LGABA group enhanced placental vessel density, platelet endothelial cell adhesion molecule-1 levels and gene expression of fibroblast growth factor 18 (P < 0.05). Furthermore, LGABA showed an uptrend in glucose transporter type 1 mRNA level (P = 0.09). Taken together, this study revealed that the dietary supplementation of 0.03% GABA can improve piglet vitality, glucose intolerance, and placental development of gilts.

Effect of Supplementation of Different Levels of Spirulina Platensis Algae Powder to Two Diets with Two Different Levels of Protein on Some Carcass Characteristics of Lamb

This study was conducted in the experimental lamb’s field of the College of Veterinary Medicine - University of Tikrit for the period from 2/10/2022 to 31/12/2022 for (90 days), as the study aimed to know the effect of different levels of spirulina algae on two diets with two different levels of protein (high and low), and the overlap between them in some characteristics of lamb carcasses. In this study, (24) local lambs were used, their ages ranged between 3-4 months, and an average Initial weight of 20.5 ± 0.9 kg. The experimental lambs were divided into (6) treatments, with (4) lambs for each treatment. The treatments included: the first, second, and third high-protein to which (0,8,12) gm of spirulina was added, respectively, and the fourth, fifth, and sixth low-protein to which (0, 8,12) gm spirulina, respectively. The results of the statistical analysis indicated that there was a significant superiority (P ≤ 0.05) for the T2 and T3 in the final body weight, which amounted to (33.88) kg and (34.10) kg, and the empty (final body weight without digestive contents) (29.82) kg and (30.27) kg over the T5 in which the weight to wich The final (29.88) kg and the empty (26.06) kg. As for the percentage Shrinkage, There was a significant superiority (P≤0.05) for the T4 over the T3 and T5, as it amounted to (2.76%), (2.09%), and (2.17%), respectively. As for the rest of the studied characteristics (Dressing percentage, primary and secondary cuts), there were No Significant differences.

PSX-13 Effects of Different Supplementations During the Rainy Season on Nitrogen Metabolism of Beef Cattle Steers on Tropical Pasture

Abstract Phytogenic additives are used as food additives in ruminant nutrition due to their potential to alter the nitrogen (N) excretion route and minimize N emissions into the environment. This study aimed to evaluate the effect of two levels of supplementation plus a mixture of phytogenic additives (essential oils, saponins and spices) on the efficiency of N utilization by beef cattle in tropical pastures. The experiment was conducted at the Beef Cattle Sector of UNESP, Jaboticabal-BR, and lasted 84 days. Nine castrated Nelore steers (body weight 262 ± 31.2 kg) cannulated in the rumen were distributed in 3 simultaneous 3 × 3 Latin square designs. The animals were kept in pasture of Urochloa brizantha cv. Marandu during the rainy season. Treatments included ad libitum mineral supplementation (MS) as a control group, mineral supplementation added 0.1% of body weight per day plus Cargill phytogenic mixture (AMSP) and energy-protein supplementation, 0.3% of body weight per day plus Cargill phytogenic mixture (EPSP). Point urine and fecal samples were collected in the last three days of each experimental period. The concentration of total nitrogen in the urine was analyzed by the Kjeldahl procedure. The nitrogen composition of forage, supplements and feces was estimated by near-infrared spectroscopy (NIRS) using a modular FT-NIR spectrometer (NIRFlex N500, Büchi Labortechnik AG, Flawil, Switzerland). Nitrogen retention was calculated using the following equation: NR = N intake (g/d) – [N excretion in feces (g/d) + N excretion in urine (g/d)]. The nitrogen metabolism data were analyzed as a 3 × 3 Latin square with 3 replications, balanced for residual effects. Considering as fixed effect the treatment, and as random effect the Latin square, period, steer, steer × period interaction, and residues corresponding to the model. The data obtained were submitted to ANOVA and Tukey's test (P ≤ 0.05), using the statistical program R, version 3.4.4. The addition of phytogenic additives in the supplements led to decreased (P &amp;lt; 0.036) urinary excretion of N (g/day) from 41.16 g/day to 28.38 g/day and urinary excretion of N (% of N intake) from 30.66% to 23.21%, but did not differ between the different levels of phytogenic supplementation (Table 1). In addition, retained N (% of N intake) was greater (P &amp;lt; 0.01) in animals supplemented with AMSP and EPSP compared with MS, increasing N retention from 26.78% to 33.88%. This study indicates that the different levels of supplementation plus the addition of the phytogenic mixture improved the efficiency of N utilization by decreasing the excretion of N in the urine and increasing the retained N compared with MS supplementation.

Effect of water quality, mineral fertilizer levels and methods of adding seaweed extracts on reducing salt stress, growth and yield of cauliflower.

A field experiment was conducted at one of the research stations of the College of Agricultural Engineering Sciences / University of Baghdad in Al-Jadiriyah region for the autumn season 2021-2022, located within 33.27 north latitude and 44.39 east longitude, in Clay soil with a Split Plot Design design and with three replicates to study the effect of Irrigation water quality, mineral fertilizer and methods of adding marine extracts to reduce salt stress and cauliflower growth and yield. The experiment included three factors: irrigation with two types of water, regular irrigation water (tap water) with an electrical conductivity of 0.9 dSm-1, and the second is saline water (wastewater) with an electrical conductivity of 4.8 dSm-1 and two levels of mineral fertilizer 50% and 100% of Fertilizer Recommendation and Extracts with six different levels of supplementation (S0, S1, S2, S3, S4 and S5). Cauliflower seedlings, Prassica oleracea, and cultivar Megha were transferred to the field on 9-15-2021. Nitrogen was added by 300 kg. N ha-1 in urea (46% N) and phosphate in 100 kg. P ha-1as triple superphosphate (20% p)and potassium by 150 kg. K ha-1 is in the form of potassium sulfate (42% K). Soil samples were taken over the length of the experiment and periods (30, 45, 60 and 75 days) to estimate the electrical conductivity in the soil. At the end of the season, the yield of cauliflower was estimated. The results showed the significant effect of irrigation water quality, mineral fertilizer, and methods of adding marine extracts in reducing the electrical conductivity of the soil and increasing the cauliflower yield and treatment (W1M2S5) achieved the highest significant increase in cauliflower yield, with an increased average of 47.97%, followed by treatment (W2M2S5), with an increased average of 42.63%. Keywords: water quality, seaweed extracts

Feeding Damascus goats humic or fulvic acid alone or in combination: in vitro and in vivo investigations on impacts on feed intake, ruminal fermentation parameters, and apparent nutrients digestibility.

In vitro and in vivo experiments were carried out to investigate the effects of the supplementation of different levels of humic and fulvic acids alone or their combination (2:1 ratio) on ruminal fermentation constituents, and nutrients digestibility in goats. The treatments in Exp. 1 were the following: (1) basal substrate (50% concentrate: 50% forage) was incubated humic at 0, 2, 4, and 6g/kg DM; (2) fulvic at 0, 1, 2, and 3g/kg DM; and (3) a combination of humic and fulvic (in a 2:1 ratio) at 0, 3, 6, and 9g/kg DM" of treatments. The results of Exp. 1 revealed that methane (CH4) production was linearly decreased (P < 0.001) upon increasing humic doses. Whereas, the combination of fulvic acid with humic acid resulted in a quadratic decrease (P < 0.001) in net CH4 production. Supplementing humic and fulvic acids, either separately or in combination, resulted in reduced (P < 0.05) ammonia nitrogen (NH3-N) and total volatile fatty acid (VFA) concentrations. In Exp. 2 to further examine the findings obtained in Exp. 1, forty Damascus non-lactating goats (2-3years of age and body weight 29 ± 1.5kg) were fed the same basal diet as in Exp. 1, plus one of four treatments. Treatments were the following: (1) control (no supplement); (2) basal diet plus 5g humic alone; (3) basal diet plus 2.5g fulvic alone, and (4) basal diet plus 7.5g their combination. Goats fed diets supplemented with humic acid, fulvic acid, either alone or in combination, increased concentrations of butyrate (P = 0.003), total VFA (P < 0.001), and improved (P < 0.001) digestibility of nutrients, but reduced (P < 0.001) ruminal NH3-N concentrations. In conclusion, applying humic and fulvic acids alone or in combination attenuated in vitro CH4 production, while improved intake and diet digestibility without adverse effect on rumen fermentation profiles in Damascus goats.

Effect of supplementation of different levels of phytogenic mixture on growth performance and carcass characteristics of broiler chickens

Effect of supplementation of different levels of phytogenic mixture on growth performance and carcass characteristics of broiler chickens

Effects of the Level and Composition of Concentrate Supplements before Breeding and in Early Gestation on Production of Different Hair Sheep Breeds.

Female hair sheep, 27 Dorper (DOR), 41 Katahdin (KAT), and 39 St. Croix (STC), were used to determine influences of the nutritional plane before breeding and in early gestation on feed intake, body weight, body condition score, body mass indexes, blood constituent concentrations, and reproductive performance. There were 35 multiparous and 72 primiparous sheep, with initial ages of 5.6 ± 0.25 years and 1.5 ± 0.01 years, respectively (average overall initial age of 2.8 ± 0.20 years). Wheat straw (4% crude protein; dry matter [DM] basis) was consumed ad libitum and supplemented with approximately 0.15% initial body weight (BW) of soybean meal (LS) or a 1:3 mixture of soybean meal and rolled corn at 1% BW (HS; DM). The supplementation period was 162 days, with the breeding of animals in two sets sequentially, with the pre-breeding period 84 and 97 days, and that after breeding began at 78 and 65 days, respectively. Wheat straw DM intake (1.75, 1.30, 1.57, 1.15, 1.80, and 1.38% BW; SEM = 0.112) was lower (p < 0.05), but average daily gain (-46, 42, -44, 70, -47, and 51 g for DOR-LS, DOR-HS, KAT-LS, KAT-HS, STC-LS, and STC-HS, respectively; SEM = 7.3) was greater (p < 0.05) for HS than LS treatment during the supplementation period. Additionally, changes in body condition score during the supplementation period (-0.61, 0.36, -0.53, 0.27, -0.39, and -0.18; SEM = 0.058), and changes in body mass index based on height at the withers and body length from the point of the shoulder to the pin bone (BW/[height × length], g/cm2) from 7 days before supplementation (day -7) to day 162 were -1.99, 0.07, -2.19, -0.55, -2.39, and 0.17 for DOR-LS, DOR-HS, KAT-LS, KAT-HS, STC-LS, and STC-HS, respectively; (SEM = 0.297) were affected by supplement treatment. All blood constituent concentrations and characteristics addressed varied with the day of sampling (-7, 14, 49, 73, and 162) as well as the interaction between the supplement treatment and the day (p < 0.05), with few effects of interactions involving breed. Birth rate (66.7, 93.5, 84.6, 95.5, 82.8, and 100.0; SEM = 9.83) and individual lamb birth weight (4.50, 4.61, 4.28, 3.98, 3.73, and 3.88 kg; SEM = 0.201) were not affected by supplement treatment (p = 0.063 and 0.787, respectively), although litter size (0.92, 1.21, 1.17, 1.86, 1.12, and 1.82; SEM = 0.221) and total litter birth weight (5.84, 5.74, 5.92, 7.52, 5.04, and 6.78 kg for DOR-LS, DOR-HS, KAT-LS, KAT-HS, STC-LS, and STC-HS, respectively; SEM = 0.529) were greater (p < 0.05) for HS than for LS. In conclusion, although there was some compensation in wheat straw intake for the different levels of supplementation, soybean meal given alone rather than with cereal grain adversely affected BW, BCS, BMI, and reproductive performance, the latter primarily through litter size but also via a trend for an effect on the birth rate. Hence, the supplementation of low-protein and high-fiber forage such as wheat straw should include a consideration of the inclusion of a feedstuff(s) high in energy in addition to nitrogen.

Effect of different levels of concentrate supplementation on feed intake, growth performance, carcass traits and composition in finisher Barbari kids reared under intensive system

Thirty-two weaned male Barbari kids (av. age, 144.65 days; weight, 9.43±0.24 kg), reared under intensive system of feeding, were divided equally into four groups (T1, T2, T3 and T4) to investigate the effect of supplementation of different levels of concentrate mixture on voluntary intake, growth performance, carcass traits and quality. All kids were fed with Bengal gram straw ad lib. + green fodder ad lib. as basal ration and supplemented with barley grain @ 0.7% of body weight in T1 and concentrate mixture @ 0.7, 1.4, and 2.1% of body weight in T2, T3, and T4, respectively. Dry Matter Intake (DMI, g)/kg W0.75 increased significantly in T1 and T4 than T2 and T3. Average daily weight gain (ADG) (g/d/kid) was enhanced significantly with each gradual increase in concentrate level. Slaughter weight and empty body weight were greatest in T4 compared with other treatments. Significantly greater dressing percentage and yield of separated lean meat was observed in kids under T3 and T4 than other two groups. But, meat:bone ratio and separated carcass fat yield was significantly higher only in kids under T4. Meat protein content (%) increased in T2, T3, and T4 as compared to control T1. Meat fat content increased linearly due to a gradual increase in the level of concentrate mixture supplementation to the finisher kids. Whereas, meat moisture and ash per cent remained unaltered due to different levels of concentrate supplementation to kids. Therefore, it may be concluded that supplementation of concentrate mixture @ 2.1% of the body weight in the roughage-based diet increased DMI in finisher Barbari kids with greater energy and protein values, which attributed to enhanced ADG in such kids by 408.3% over the control (supplemented with barley grain only), and also improved feed conversion ratio, carcass yield, carcass traits, and meat quality.

Impact of Supplementation of Different Levels of Rumen Protected Fat on Productive Performance, Lipid Profile and Hot Carcass Characteristics in Fattening Sheep

The present study was aimed at establishing an association between productive performance, lipid profile, and hot carcass quality in fattening sheep supplemented with different levels of rumen protected fat (RPF). Twenty-four adult ewes of 8 - 12 months of age were randomly divided into three groups with eight animals in each; one without supplementation (CSFA0); two supplementation groups (CSFA3 and CSFA5) that were supplemented with 3% and 5% additional RPF in the form of calcium salts of long chain fatty acids (CSFAs), respectively on dry matter intake (DMI). Productive performances and the blood lipid profile were evaluated at fortnightly intervals, and at the end of 60 days, animals were slaughtered and hot carcass characteristics were recorded. Body condition score (BCS) was higher (P&lt;0.05) in CSFA3 and CSFA5 sheep fed with 3% and 5% additional fat by 34.17% and 37.40%, respectively than CSFA0. The average daily gain (ADG) was higher (P&lt;0.05) in sheep fed with CSFAs by 1.51-1.65-fold and enhanced live body weight (LBW) in the CSFA3 and CSFA5 groups by 11.36% and 14.48%, respectively. Plasma HDL and LDL concentrations were higher (P&lt;0.05) in CSFA3 and CSFA5 sheep supplemented with additional RPF. Inclusion of CSFAs in the diet increased (P&lt;0.05) fatness score of hot carcasses in CSFA3 and CSFA5 by 26.19% and 59.52%, respectively. Hot carcass weight (HCW), separable fat, neck, shoulder, flank and breast weights, and carcass compact index (CCI) were higher (P&lt;0.05) in supplementation groups, which increased the dressing percentage (DP) by 3.21% to 3.68%. The BCS, LBW, slaughter weight, separable fat, fore and hind saddle weights were positively (P&lt;0.01) associated with the HCW. Further, HCW, shoulder, and chest circumferences showed a positive (P&lt;0.01) correlation with CCI and DP. The results of the current study concluded that supplementation of 3% and 5% CSFAs improved BCS, ADG, and LBW which enhanced the hot carcass characteristics and quality with an extra DP of 3.21 to 3.68%. However, we were unable to discern a discernible change in productive performance and hot carcass features between 3% and 5% administration of CSFAs. Therefore, inclusion of a 7% (basal diet 4% + 3% supplementation) source of lipids or fat on DMI is preferred for maximizing the desired productive performance and hot carcass quality in fattening sheep.

Enriched pasta incorporating typical vegetables of mediterranean diet: in vitro evaluation of inhibitory potential on digestive enzymes and predicted glycaemic index

Swiss chard (Beta vulgaris L.) and chicory (Cichorium intybus L.) contain biologically active compounds with proven health benefits. Durum wheat noodle-shaped pasta enriched with dried and powder leaves of chard or chicory, at two different levels of supplementation (3%, 6%) was prepared on a laboratory scale. The content of polyphenols, pigments, carotenoids, in vitro inhibition of digestive enzymes and the predicted glycaemic response of the fortified pasta were evaluated. All formulations showed in vitro enzyme inhibition of amylase, glucosidase, and lipase and a low pGI <43. The lowest predicted glycaemic index (pGI = 34 ± 1.1) was found for pasta enriched with 3% beet powder. The incorporation of Beta vulgaris and Cichorium intybus leaf powders improved the nutritional properties of the pasta and also imparted an attractive natural colour to the products.

Effect of The Combination of Protected and Non-Protected Soybean Oil (Glycine max L.) Supplementation on Characteristics of Rumen Fermentation, Nutrient Digestibility, and Nitrogen Balance in Garut Sheep

Soybean oil is a high source of unsaturated fatty acids which if given to sheep have the potential to accumulate in the meat. However, in the rumen unsaturated fatty acids undergoes biohydrogenation by rumen microbes, and the addition of fat in the feed has the potential to reduce fiber fermentation in the rumen which can have an impact on animal performance. This study aimed to determine the effect of the combination of protected and non-protected soybean oil supplementation on the characteristics of rumen fermentation, nutrient digestibility, and nitrogen balance of Garut sheep. Twelve male Garut lambs aged 13 months and weighing 29±3.23 kg were kept in a metabolic cage and divided into three groups. The basal diet of 60% King grass and 40% pollard bran was supplemented with protected and non-protected soybean oil with the ratio of 3%:0%, 1.5%:1.5%, and 0%:3%, respectively, based on the dry matter of ration. The data obtained were analyzed by One-Way ANOVA, followed by the Duncan Multiple Range Test (DMRT). The results showed that supplementation had no effect on rumen fatty acids profile, microbial protein, ammonia concentration, total volatile fatty acids, acetat, propionate, butirat, and pH. The digestibilities of dry matter, organic matter, crude protein, crude fibre, and crude fat were not affected. Supplementation also had no effect on nitrogen balance. Hence supplementation of different levels of protected fats did not influence animal performance in Garut sheep.

Feeding strategy during growing phase on the performance and carcass traits in beef bulls finished on the pasture.

The objective of this study was to evaluate the performance, feed intake, carcass traits, and economic aspects of cattle fed different levels of supplementation during the growing phase (mineral supplementation-MS; low protein supplementation-PS, at 0.15% of body weight (BW); and a high protein-energy supplementation-PES at 0.40% of BW) and finished on the pasture with concentrate supplementation at 1.6% of BW. Ninety bulls were distributed in a completely randomized design and allocated into paddocks predominantly composed of Urochloa brizantha cv. Marandu grass. During the finishing phase, cattle were managed in paddocks of Urochloa decumbens grass. The average daily gain (ADG) and total weight gain during the growing phase were not different between animals fed PS (0.670kg/day; 57.1kg, respectively) and PES (0.730kg/day; 62.4kg, respectively), but both differed significantly from those supplemented with MS (0.540kg/day; 45.1kg). There was no difference between groups for average daily gain and total weight gain during the finishing phase (0.600kg/day; 48.3kg) and the same response was observed for carcass yield (55.18%, on average). However, bulls fed PES had higher hot carcass weight compared with those supplemented with MS and PS. Protein supplementation (0.15% of BW) and protein-energy supplementation (0.40% of BW) improved beef cattle performance during the growing phase. However, supplementation during the growing phase has a small impact on cattle performance in the finishing phase, although protein-energy supplementation at the growing phase improves the hot carcass weight and carcass traits during the finishing phase.

Economic impact of poisoning by Brachiaria grass in lambs from birth to finishing receiving to different levels of supplementation.

This study aims to evaluate the economic impact of poisoning by Brachiaria grass in lambs from birth to weaning (suckling) and from weaning to slaughter (finishing) different levels of energy protein supplementation (EPS). In addition, we estimated the economic efficiency of removing lambs from the pasture as a control measure to minimize the losses caused by Brachiaria grass poisoning. Seventy lambs were used in the suckling phase, distributed in two nutritional treatments (control and creep feeding). Hospitalization expenses were US$ 1580.80 for the control treatment and US$ 256.16 for the creep feeding treatment. In the finishing phase, 48 lambs were distributed in four nutritional treatments, which consisted of increasing levels of EPS (mineral salt, 0.8, 1.6 and 2.4% of LW). The largest difference in total revenue (US$) was observed between 2.4% of BW EPS and mineral salt (- 2300.28) treatments. Hospitalization expenses were similar between nutritional treatments, being higher in the treatment 1.6% of BW EPS (US$ 578.15). The biggest difference in gross income (US$) observed was between 2.4% of BW EPS and mineral salt (- 1439.43) treatments. The Brachiaria grass poisoning caused economic losses to the sheep farming system, due to the death of lambs, reduced weight gain and lower weights at weaning and in the finishing phase. Brachiaria grass poisoning caused economic damage to the production system. There were direct losses, with the death of the lambs without supplementation, in the suckling and finishing phases. The supplementation increases the performance and reduces the mortality. The supplementation in high levels is efficient in reducing the economic impact of poisoning by Brachiaria grass in both periods of suckling and finishing.

Effect of Supplementation of Different Levels of Urtica dioica Seeds to the Diet on the Immune Response and Microbial Composition of the Gastrointestinal Tract of Broiler Chickens.

This experiment was conducted in the poultry field of the Department of Animal Production, College of Agriculture, Al-Qasim Green University in order to assess the effect of adding different levels of Urtica dioica seeds to the diet on the immune response and microbial composition of the gastrointestinal tractof broiler chickens. This study was performed on 180 one-day-old unsexed broiler chickens (Ross 380) which were randomly divided into four treatments, with 45 birds per treatment and 3 replicates in each treatment (15 birds per replicate). The treatments were conducted as follows: First treatment (control) without the addition of Urtica dioica seeds to the diet, second treatment: the addition of 5g/kg Urtica dioica seeds, third treatment: the addition of 10g/kg Urtica dioica seeds, and treatment Fourth: the addition of 15g/kg Urtica dioica seeds. The experiment included the following traits: antibody titer against Newcastle disease, investigating sensitivity against Newcastle disease, the relative weight of bursa of Fabricius, bursa of Fabricius index, as well as estimating the total number of bacteria, Coliform bacteria, and Lactobacillus bacteria. The results indicated that the addition of Urtica dioica seeds led to significant improvement in cellular immunity (DHT) and antibody titer against Newcastle disease (ELISA), as well as significant improvement in the relative weight of bursa of Fabricius and bursa of Fabricius index, a significant decrease in the logarithmic number of total aerobic bacteria and Coliform bacteria, as well as a significant increase in the logarithmic number of Lactobacillus bacteria in the Duodenum contents for the small intestine and the Ceca, compared to the control treatment. Based on the obtained results, it can be concluded that the addition of Urtica dioica seeds to the diet can improve the immune traits and microbial compositions of the digestive tract of broiler chickens.

Effects of Different Levels of Garlic Straw Powder on Growth Performance, Meat Quality, Antioxidant and Intestinal Mucosal Morphology of Yellow-Feathered Broilers.

The full utilization of garlic straw can partially alleviate shortage of feedstuff and waste of resources. The purpose of this study was to investigate the effects of garlic straw as an unconventional feed on yellow-feathered broilers. 360 28-day-old yellow-feathered broilers were randomly divided into 4 groups with 6 replicates (cage) per group, 15 per cage. The 4 groups were as follows: control group (basal diet) and experimental group I (basal diet supplemented with 3% garlic straw powder), II (basal diet supplemented with 6% garlic straw powder) and III (basal diet supplemented with 9% garlic straw powder). There was no significant difference in the initial body weight of the broilers among groups (p > 0.05). The test period was 28 days in total. The experiment results showed that there were no significant difference in the average final weight, ADG, ADFI and F/G among groups (p > 0.05). On the one hand, for the breast muscle, the drip loss of experimental group I, II and III were reduced by 17.24% (p <0.05), 20.11% (p <0.05) and 20.50% (p <0.05), respectively, compared with the control group; the redness a* of the experimental groups had a trend of improvement (0.05 <p < 0.1). On the other hand, compared with the control group, the redness a* of the experimental group II increased significantly by 23.18% for the leg muscles (p < 0.05). Furthermore, compared with the control group, GSH-Px of the experimental group III significantly increased by 21.38% (p < 0.05), and SOD of the experimental group I significantly increased by 21.85% (p < 0.05). Finally, there were no significant differences in the intestinal villus height, crypt depth, V/C and intestinal wall thickness among four groups (p >0.05). In conclusion, dietary supplementation of different levels of garlic straw powder can improve meat quality and antioxidant capacity of yellow-feathered broilers without affecting growth performance and intestinal mucosal morphology.

Effects of dietary supplementation of different levels of vitamin B12 on the liver metabolism of laying hens.

Vitamin B12 plays an important role in lipid, protein, carbohydrate and nucleic acid metabolism. We investigated the effect of supplementing layers' diets with different vitamin B12 levels on liver metabolism using a liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry-based metabolomic approach to observe and analyse wide-target metabolomics in the liver. We assigned hens to three groups, namely blank control group without vitamin B12 diet (BCG), normal control group with 25 μg kg-1 vitamin B12 (NCG) and vitamin B12 supplement group I with 100 μg kg-1 vitamin (VBSG I). The VBSG I group layers had higher (P < 0.05) vitamin B12 concentration than those from other groups. The egg yolk vitamin B12 concentration increased (P < 0.01) with the increasing vitamin B12 dietary supplemental level. Between the NCG versus BCG, VBSG I versus BCG, and VBSG I versus NCG groups, 11, 20 and 11 metabolites were significantly changed, respectively. The KEGG pathway of vitamin B6 metabolism was significantly impacted in the NCG layers than those from BCG; seven and five pathways were significantly impacted in the VBSG I layers compared with those from BCG and NCG, including pyrimidine metabolism, vitamin B6 metabolism, glycerophospholipid metabolism, etc. CONCLUSION: We concluded that 25 μg kg-1 vitamin B12 supplementation in corn-soybean meal-based layer diet increased the egg yolk vitamin B12 concentration and impacted the vitamin B6 metabolic pathway, and 100 μg kg-1 of it increased the egg yolk and liver vitamin B12 concentrations and impacted vitamin B6 , lipid, nucleic acid and amino acid metabolic pathways. © 2022 Society of Chemical Industry.

Evaluation of in vitro degradability of total mixed ration by synergistic supplementation of herbal extract-probiotic mixture in ruminants

In Kerala, crossbred cattle feeding is restricted to grazing on low-quality forages with meagre allowances of concentrates and this necessitates the supplementation of feed additives for better utilisation of low quality feed resources. The probiotic culture of Aspergillus oryzae is widely used in ruminant nutrition because of its buffering function in stabilizing the rumen environment and stimulation of microbial activity especially fibrolytic activity. Psidium guajava leaves are antimethanogenic in action and the biological activities of these leaves include improving rumen fermentation and nutrient utilization in livestock. Hence a preliminary screening of the synergistic supplementation of different levels of A. oryzae and P. guajava leaf extracts at 0, 0.5, 0.25, and 0.125 per cent respectively in the total mixed ration (TMR) of concentrate: roughage (60:40) on dry matter(DM) basis was studied using in vitro gas production technique (IVGPT) with a view to estimate the metabolisable energy, digestible organic matter, methane production and in vitro degradable nitrogen(IVDN). The percentage of IVDN was significantly (p&lt;0.01) higher for the treatment group supplemented with the herbal extract-probiotic mixture at 0.25% level. The percentage of methane production was significantly (p&lt;0.01) lower for the treatment groups supplemented with the herbal extract-probiotic mixture at 0.5% and 0.25% with values of 8.42% and 10.8% respectively. The results indicated that synergistic supplementation of P. guajava leaf extract and A. oryzae probiotic culture each at 0.25% level in the TMR gave the best performance in terms of methane mitigation and optimum availability of IVDN for improved growth performance in crossbred dairy calves.