Supplementation Of Basal Diet Research Articles

Performance of laying birds fed diets containing forage meal of Tithonia diversifolia (Hemsl A. Gray) and antibiotics

A study was conducted to evaluate the effects of dietary inclusion of the forage meal of Tithonia diversifolia with or without antibiotic on the laying performance and egg quality of birds for a period of eleven weeks. T. diversifolia is also known as wild sunflower leaf. Wild sunflower leaf meal (WSFLM) was incorporated in the diets at 75g/kg (basal diet). Streptomycin and penicillin were added to basal diet at 100 ppm each. Mixture of penicillin and streptomycin, each at 100 ppm added to the fourth diet. Control diet neither contained WSFLM nor antibiotic. The results of weekly performance at first week of the study, showed that there were significant (P<0.01) increases for egg production, hen day production and feed efficiency for birds fed diets containing WSFLM, while egg weight and feed intake were not affected. Haugh Unit (P <0.05) and egg breadth (P <0.01) 8th week, whereas food consumption at second (P <0.05), fourth and fifth weeks (P <0. 01) were all significantly influenced by the dietary treatments. Yellow pigmentation of egg yolks was significantly (P <0.01) enhanced by WSFLM throughout 77 days. The summary of the data at the end of the study indicated that WSFLM significantly (P <0.01) enhanced egg. Weight, egg production, Egg yolk and hen day production (P < 0.05). Control birds and those fed basal diets with antibiotic significantly (P <0.05) retained protein and ether extract than those fed basal diet. Supplementation of basal diet with either penicillin or streptomycin positively affected the egg production and egg weight at 77th day, whereas the mixture of the two antibiotics adversely affected the performance of the birds. It is therefore advisable that WSFLM at 75 g kg-1 in combination with either penicillin or streptomycin at 100ppm may be included in the diet of laying birds

Does commercial probiotics improve the growth performance and hematological parameters of Nile tilapia, Oreochromis niloticus?

Oreochromis niloticus be-coming a promising aqua-culture species globally, but recent disease outbreaks and poor growth with commer-cial feed making it chal-lenging. A 60 days long aquarium trial and series of laboratory assays have been conducted to assess the growth performance of O. niloticus fed with a locally available commercial pro-biotic. O. niloticus fry’s were fed with a mixture of basal diet and probiotics supplementation at a level of 0% (control), 0.2%, 0.4% and 0.8%. After the trial phase weight gain, length gain, specific growth rate (SGR), percentage of weight gain (PWG), percentage of length gain (PLG) were not-ed. Among all, highest val-ues of above parameters were observed at T1 (0.2%) treatment group. Weight gain, length gain, PLG and PWG were significantly im-proved in T1 treatment group (p<0.05). Additional-ly, hematological parame-ters including hemoglobin (Hb), white blood cell (WBC) and red blood cell (RBC) were also observed for all groups and T1 was found to have highest values for all these parameters, alt-hough there were no statis-tically significant differ-ences between the values of T1 and T2. The results of this study showed that 0.2% dietary probiotics supple-ments in basal diet would optimize the growth per-formance and hematological parameters of aquarium reared O. niloticus.

Effects of Bacillus subtilis on growth performance, serum parameters, digestive enzyme, intestinal morphology, and colonic microbiota in piglets

The present study was conducted to investigate effects of Bacillus subtilis on growth performance, serum parameters, digestive enzymes, intestinal morphology, and colonic microbiota in piglets. A total of 72 piglets were weighed and randomly allotted into three treatments (four replication pens per treatment with six piglets/pen) for a 28-day experiment. The dietary treatments were as follows: basal diet (control group, CTR), basal diet supplementation with antibiotic (antibiotic group, ABT), and basal diet supplementation with 0.1% Bacillus subtilis (probiotic group, PBT). The average daily gain of body weight increased in both the ABT and PBT groups, and dietary antibiotics decreased the feed:gain ratio (F:G), as compared to the CTR group (P < 0.05). Both ABT and PBT piglets had increased serum triglycerides and lipase, amylase, maltase activities and villus height:crypt depth ratio (V/C) in ileum (P < 0.05). The PBT group also showed an increase in serum glucose and villus height in the ileum (P < 0.05). Dietary antibiotics increased Lactobacillus johnsonii, as compared to the CTR group, but decreased bacterial diversity and increased Escherichia coli, as compared to the PBT group (P < 0.05). Piglets dietary with B. subtilis modulated the microbiota by increasing the abundance of Firmicutes (L. johnsonii, L. reuteri) and decreasing the abundance of E. coli, as compared to the control group (P < 0.05). These results indicate that dietary of B. subtilis improves growth performance and intestinal health and can be a promising alternative to antibiotics in piglets diet.

PSVII-2 Differentially expressed genes and their biological function in skeletal muscle of calves born from cows with or without protein supplementation during mid-gestation

Abstract Gestating cows have an increased nutrient demand to meet the needs of developing the fetus and the mid-gestation is a critical period for the fetal skeletal muscle development. The aim of this study was to evaluate the skeletal muscle transcriptome in the progeny as a function of the maternal protein nutrition during mid-gestation. Eleven Tabapuã cows and their male calves were used in this study. In the first third of gestation (0 to 100 days of gestation; dg), all cows were kept on pasture. From 100 to 200 dg, the control group (CTRL; 7 animals) received a basal diet achieving 5.5% crude protein (CP), whereas the supplemented group (SUPPL; 4 animals) received a basal diet plus protein supplementation (40% CP). After 200 dg, all animals received the same diet. Weaning was performed at 205 ± 7.5 days of age and animals were kept on pasture until reaching 240 days of age, when they were transferred to a feedlot. Muscle samples were collected at 260 days of age and RNA was extracted for RNA-seq analysis. Gene expression data was analyzed with a negative binomial model to identify (q-value ≤ 0.05) differentially expressed genes (DEG) between treatments. A total of 716 DEG were identified (289 DEG up-regulated and 427 down-regulated in SUPPL group; q-value ≤ 0.05). From the 10 most significant down-regulated DEG in the SUPPL group, two genes associated with apoptotic process were identified: MAPK8IP1 and GRINA, with log2 Fold-Changes (log2FC) of 1.04 and 0.49, respectively. From the 10 most significant up-regulated DEG in the SUPPL group, mTOR was identified, with log2FC=0.31. This is a well-known gene involved in muscle protein synthesis. In conclusion, maternal protein supplementation during mid-gestation affects the expression of genes related to energy metabolism and muscle development, which can lead to long-term impacts on production efficiency.

Effects of cassava peel mash on chemical composition, nutrient intake, and rumen environment parameters of West African dwarf rams supplemented with dried Ficus thonningii foliage

The study evaluated effects of feeding cassava peel mash (CPM) supplemented with dried foliage of Ficus thonningii (DFF) on the performance of rams. Twenty rams were allotted to four dietary treatments (ad libitum CPM+2 per cent urea (control), ad libitum CPM supplemented with DFF at 0.6, 1.2 and 1.8 per cent of body weight respectively) for 90 days. From the results, crude protein content ranged from 1.99 per cent in CPM to 10.35 per cent in CPM+2 per cent urea. The total dry-matter intake ranged from 247.94 g.d−1 for rams fed with CPM+2 per cent urea to 377.00 g.d−1 for rams supplemented with DFF at 1.8 per cent BW. Higher (P < 0.05) rumen ammonia nitrogen was obtained in animals fed diets containing CPM+2 per cent urea. As the supplementation of DFF increased, total volatile fatty acids concentration as well as microbial contents increased (P < 0.05). In conclusion, supplementation of basal diet of cassava peel mash with dried Ficus thonningii foliage up to 1.8 per cent of body weight of rams is recommended for improved animal performance.

Mineral-Vitamin Combining Versus Herbal Supplementationto Enhance Performance Ongole Crossbred Bull

Excellent performance of bull as sperm producer was needed to maintain and increase the high pregnancy cows rate.The study aimed to determine the effect of mineral-vitamin combining [MVC] and herbs supplementing [HS]on feed intake, feed efficiency, average daily gain[ADG], linear body, semen quality and B/C ratio of OngoleCrossbred bull. Eight animals [aged 3 to 5 years] within initial weight 505.2 ± 70.5 kg were examined. They were grouped in two feed regimes, firstly, the basal diet was given with the inclusion of Vitamin A, E and Zinc-minerals [P1] and secondly, were basal diet plus herbs supplementation [P2]. The basal diet consisted of elephant grass, gliricidia, and commercial concentrates. Feeding was assigned to dry matter[DM] of 3% of body weight [BW] to meet the balance nutrient intake. The experimental which conducted as long as three months, was designed in two treatments and four replicates. Data analysed by using the T-test. There was no significant different between P1 and P2 in the results on feed intake, efficiency, ADG, and linear body. However, the sperm concentration of P1 [1,366.7 ± 768.9 million/ml] was higher[P<0.05] than those of P2 [873,3 ± 488.7 million/ml]. Meanwhile, the sperm viability of P1[90.4 ± 8.5%] was also higher than that of P2 [78.7 ± 16.2%]. Both P1 and P2 were recommended for being usedcommercially [due to requirement of Indonesia National Standard/SNI 4869-1:2017], but the P1 was the efficient one in regards of the B/C ratios.

Nutritive Value and Quality of Sweet Basil Leaves in an Animal Model of Nonalcoholic Fatty Liver Disease

This study was carried out to identify the nutritive value of sweet basil leaves and investigate their effects as a functional food on CCl4-intoxicated rats previously fed on high fat diet as a novel nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) model. Fresh sweet basil leaves were chemically analyzed in order to determine their nutritive value. The biological experiment was conducted using thirty two male albino rats (Sprague Dawley strain) weighing 80 ± 5 g, which were divided into four groups including normal control group, untreated liver –injured group, while the other two groups were treated with 2 and 4% sweet basil leaves powder (SBLP), respectively. The curative trial lasted for 4 weeks. Results showed that protein, total fat, carbohydrates, dietary fiber, calcium, iron and tocopherols contents in 100 g of the used sample of fresh sweet basil leaves represent 6.4, 0.77, 0.89, 6.07, 14.23, 17.78 and 5% of the new DVs for adults, while vitamin C content was found to represent 17.8% and 21.36% of the new DVs for males and females (19-30 years), respectively. Thus, they are considered good source of calcium and iron and good/ excellent source of vitamin C. Results of the biological experiment showed that the developed NAFLD model characterized by overweight, liver enlargement and dysfunction along with oxidative stress, which was further confirmed by histological staining using H&E. Due to its known high antioxidant capacity, supplementation of basal diet with SBLP, especially at the high concentration, reduced the abnormalities noticed in liver tissue and alleviated the disorders associated with its dysfunction. Accordingly, the present study shows that sweet basil leaves are a good source of some health promotive nutrients, and recommends that they should be consumed regularly (about 2 tablespoons/day as shade dried leaves) and implicated in the dietary interventions directed to patients with NAFLD.

Bacillus amyloliquefaciens BLCC1-0238 Can Effectively Improve Laying Performance and Egg Quality Via Enhancing Immunity and Regulating Reproductive Hormones of Laying Hens.

In this study, we sought to evaluate the effects of dietary Bacillus amyloliquefaciens (B. amyloliquefaciens) BLCC1-0238 supplementation on laying performance, egg quality, antioxidant enzyme activities, reproductive hormone, and immunity of laying hens. A total of 240 Hy-Line Brown laying hens (28weeks old) were randomly divided into four groups, and three replicates per group (n = 20 per replicate). The control group was fed a standard basal diet, and the three treatment groups were provided the basal diet supplemented with either 0.01%, 0.03%, or 0.06% B. amyloliquefaciens BLCC1-0238 (2×1010CFU/g), respectively. Hens were allowed 2weeks to acclimate prior to initiation of the 8-week experiment. It was observed that dietary supplementation with 0.01% or 0.03% B. amyloliquefaciens BLCC1-0238 significantly increased egg production and egg mass. However, no significant differences in feed intake, egg weight, and feed conversion ratio among the four groups were observed. Different levels of B. amyloliquefaciens BLCC1-0238 supplementation also significantly increased egg shell strength and thickness. With respect to the levels of reproductive hormones in the hens, B. amyloliquefaciens BLCC1-0238 supplementation significantly reduced serum adrenal cortical hormone (ACTH) levels, while increasing estradiol (E2) and follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH) secretion in the treatment groups compared to the control group. Relative to the control group, supplementation with 0.03% and 0.06% B. amyloliquefaciens BLCC1-0238 was observed to significantly increase serum glutathione S-transferase (GST) concentration, and supplementation significantly reduced serum IL-1 and IL-6 levels, whereas IL-4 levels increased for all concentrations tested. In conclusion, supplementation of a basal chicken diet with B. amyloliquefaciens BLCC1-0238 can improve laying performance and egg quality through the reduction of stress responses, up-regulation of growth hormones, and supporting immunity in laying hens.

Effects of the Use of a Combination of Two Bacillus Species on Performance, Egg Quality, Small Intestinal Mucosal Morphology, and Cecal Microbiota Profile in Aging Laying Hens.

Sixty-week-old Hy-Line brown laying hens were randomly divided into five groups and fed different diets over a period of 84days. Experimental treatments included a basal diet (control); the basal diet supplemented with 1.0 × 106B. licheniformis yb-214245; the basal diet supplemented with 1.0 × 106B. subtilis yb-114246; a combination of both strains in a 2:1 ratio (6.6 × 105:3.3 × 105B. licheniformis yb-214245:B. subtilis yb-114246); and the latter, added with 5mg/kg flavomycin. Basal diet supplementation with the combined Bacillus species improved egg-laying performance in aging hens significantly (P < 0.05). Eggshell strength improved significantly with this treatment, compared to the control or the antibiotic-supplemented groups (P < 0.05). The levels of total cholesterol, triglycerides, and very low-density lipoprotein cholesterol in egg yolk declined significantly more in the Bacillus-treated group than in the control or the antibiotic-supplemented groups (P < 0.01). Small intestinal morphology was better in the hens treated with the Bacillus combination than in the hens in the control group (P < 0.05). The total number of aerobic bacteria (Bacillus, Lactobacillus, and Bifidobacterium) in the cecum was significantly higher in all the Bacillus-supplemented hens than either in the control or the antibiotic-supplemented hens (P < 0.01); additionally, the number of E. coli and Salmonella was significantly lower than in the control group (P < 0.01). In conclusion, diet supplementation with the combination of Bacillus species used here for aging laying hens improved their growth performance, cecal bacterial composition, egg quality, and small intestine morphology.

The effect of Epigallocatechin‐3‐gallate on small intestinal morphology, antioxidant capacity and anti‐inflammatory effect in heat‐stressed broilers

This study was to investigate the effects of Epigallocatechin-3-gallate (EGCG) on intestinal morphology, antioxidant capacity and anti-inflammatory response in heat-stressed broiler. A total of 192 2-week-old Arbour Acres broilers chickens were divided into four groups with six replicates per group and eight chickens per replicate: one thermoneutral control group (28°C, group TN), which was fed the basal diet; and three cyclic high-temperature groups (35°C from 7:00 to 19:00hr; 28°C from 19:00hr to 7:00hr, heat stress group), which were fed the basal diet supplementation with EGCG 0mg/kg (group HS0), 300mg/kg (group HS300) and 600mg/kg (group HS600). The gut morphology and intestinal mucosal oxidative stress indicators, as well as intestinal barrier-related gene expression, were analysed. The results showed that compared with group TN, heat stress reduced the villus height (VH), activities of glutathione peroxidase (GSH-Px), superoxide dismutase (SOD)and catalase (CAT), increased the crypt depth (CD) and malondialdehyde (MDA)content at 21, 28 and 35days (p<0.05). After the heat-stressed broilers were supplemented with EGCG, VH, VH/CD (V/C), and the activities of GSH-Px, SOD and CAT were increased, and CD and MDA content were reduced compared with those in group HS0 without EGCG supplementation at 21, 28 and 35days (p<0.05). The EGCG supplementation promoted the gene expression of nuclear factor-erythroid 2-related factor 2 (Nrf2), Claudin-1, Mucin 2 (Muc2) and alleviated the nuclear factor-kappa B (NF-κB) and lipopolysaccharide-induced tumour necrosis factor (LITAF) gene expression compared with group HS0 (p<0.05). Moreover, intestinal morphology was strongly correlated with antioxidant ability and inflammatory response. In conclusion, EGCG alleviated the gut oxidative injury of heat-stressed broilers by enhancing antioxidant capacity and inhibiting inflammatory response.

Effects of Dietary Supplementation with Red Algae Powder (Chondrus crispus) on Growth Performance, Carcass Traits, Lymphoid Organ Weights and Intestinal pH in Broilers

ABSTRACT The aim of this study was to determine the effects of dietary supplementation with red algae powder (Chondrus crispus) on the growth performance, carcass traits, lymphoid organ weights and intestinal pH y in broiler chickens. A total of 300 1-day-old B34 line male broiler chickens were randomly allotted to three treatments, four replicates per treatment and 25 birds per replicate. The experimental treatments consisted of a basal diet (T0) and dietary supplementation of 0.30 (T2) and 0.40% (T2) red algae powder. Body weight at 1, 21 and 32 days did not show significant differences (p>0.05) among treatments. At 21 days, T1decreased (p 0.05) with the red algae supplementation. The dietary supplementation of 0.30% red algae improved the growth performance (at 21-day-old) and some edible parts; also, the dietary supplementation of 0.40% increased the relative weight of the lymphoid organs, without changing the intestinal pH of broilers.

USING FEED ADDITIVES FOR BETTER UTILIZATION OF PHOSPHORUS AND NITROGEN IN BROILERS FEEDS

One hundred fifty Arbor Acers broiler chicks were distributed into five groups to study effects of using sodium formate, formic acid, Lactobacillus acidophilus and beta mannanase enzyme, in broiler feeds, on production performance, carcass traits, blood parameters, tibia properties and economic efficiency. Each group of birds, was divided into three replicates of ten chicks. The control group was fed basal (starter, grower and finisher) with no additives (T1), while other groups were offered basal diets supplemented with 2g sodium formate/kg (T2); 2 ml formic acid / kg (T3); 1g Lactobacillus acidophilus/ kg (T4) and 0.3 g beta mannanase/ kg (T5), respectively. The results indicated that all production performance parameters: initial and final body weight, daily body weight gain, daily feed intake and feed conversion ratio, were not significantly affected by treatments throughout experimental period. Also, data of carcass, indicated that treatments had no significant effects compared with control group. Plasma total protein, uric acid, calcium, phosphorus and activity of alkaline phosphatase, were significantly different within groups. Tibia bone parameters: breaking force, density, robusticity index, Seedor index, were not significantly affected by treatments. Economical evaluation showed that, relative economic efficiency, was improved with chicks fed (T2) or (T3) diets, while those fed (T4) or (T5) diets, recorded lower values. It could be concluded that, supplementation of basal diets with sodium formate or formic acid enhanced economic efficiency of broiler chickens, without affecting performance or carcass traits.

NUTRITIONAL EVALUATION OF FORMIC ACID AND ITS SALT AND PROBIOTICS IN BROILER DIETS

An experiment was conducted to determine the effect of adding formic acid (FA) , sodium diformate (SDF) and probiotics [(Lactobacillus acidophilus (LA)] or Lactic acid bacteria and enzymes (LAE) to a typical corn soybean meal diets on growth performance, some blood parameters, carcass traits, ileum bacterial counts and economic efficiency of broiler chicks. A total number of 150 one-day-old Arbor Acers broiler chicks were classified into 5 equal groups, each was subdivided into 3 replicates with 10 chicks. The control group was fed basal (starter, grower and finisher) diets without supplementation (T1), while the other groups (T2: T5) were fed the basal diets supplemented with 2 g (SDF)/ kg diet (T2); 2 ml (FA)/ kg diet (T3); 1 g (LA)/ kg diet (T4) and 1 g (LAE)/ kg diet (T5), respectively. Feed and water were supplied ad-libitum, throughout the whole experiment which lasted till 35 days of age. The results indicated that: Productive performance of broiler chicks; live body weight, daily weight gain, daily feed intake, feed conversion ratio, protein conversion ratio and energy conversion ratio were not affected significantly by different dietary treatments at whole experimental period, but numerically (T2 and T3) represented the best feed conversion ratio being (1.56 and 1.57), respectively, without significant differences among treatments compared with that fed control diet (1.62). Plasma total protein, albumin and uric acid were significantly different compared to control group. Carcass traits indicated that different dietary treatments (T2: T5) had no effects on carcass characteristics compared with control group. Feed additives used, in the current study tended to increase values of total bacterial count and lactic acid bacteria, but the values of coliform and salmonella counts were decreased in comparison with the control group. Economical evaluation showed that, relative economic efficiency, was improved when broiler chicks fed 2 g (SDF)/ kg diet (T2) or 2 ml (FA)/ kg diet (T3) and the values were 5.49 and 4.77% more, respectively when compared with that fed control diet. It could be concluded that, supplementation of basal diets with FA or SDF enhanced productive economic efficiency of broiler chickens, without affecting carcass traits.

Integrative analysis of transcriptomics and metabolomics profiling on flesh quality of large yellow croaker Larimichthys crocea fed a diet with hydroxyproline supplementation.

A previous study showed that flesh quality of large yellow croaker (LYC) was improved by feeding dietary hydroxyproline (Hyp, 0·69 %). The aim of the present study was to explore the underlying mechanisms using transcriptomics and metabolomics analysis. The metabolomics analysis showed that muscle metabolite profiles could be clearly separated between the basal diet and Hyp supplementation diet. Metabolites including betaine, Hyp, lactate, glucose-6-phosphate, trimethylamine N-oxide, taurine, creatine, inosine monophosphate, histamine and serine made significant contribution to the separation. Compared with the control diet, the transcriptomics analysis identified a total of 334 different expressed genes, of which 298 genes were up-regulated and thirty-six genes were down-regulated in the Hyp supplementation group. The altered genes of the Hyp supplementation group were involved in collagen metabolism, lipid metabolism and energy metabolism. The integrated results revealed that the increased muscle collagen content in the Hyp supplementation diet was partly because of its enhancement of biosynthesis and the reduction of degradation. The improvement of muscle quality by dietary Hyp supplementation could also be related to a good utilisation of glucose through enhancement of glycolysis. It was concluded that dietary Hyp supplementation could improve flesh quality because of comprehensive metabolism changes including elevated collagen content, glycolysis, lipid metabolism and flesh flavour of LYC. The present study provided a novel strategy to understand the underlying molecular mechanism of flesh quality of LYC fed diet with Hyp supplementation.

Effect of zinc oxide and zinc oxide nano particles on performance, carcass characteristics and metallotheionine (MTmRNA) expression in broiler chicken

The present study was conducted to evaluate the effect of supplementation of zinc oxide and zinc oxide nanoparticles (ZnO NPs) on performance, carcass characteristics, concentration of Zn in tibia and serum and metallothionein (MT) mRNA expression on different organs in commercial broiler chicken. A total of120 day-old broiler chickens were assigned to 4 dietary treatments with 3 replicate and 10 broiler chicken per replicate. Dietary treatment includes T1 (Basal diet without Zn), T2 and T3 supplementation of basal diet (BD) with 40 and 80 mg/kg of zinc oxide and the last T4 supplementation of ZnO NPs at 20 mg/kg, respectively. The study lasted for 42 days. Lower as only one dose of ZnO NPs supplementation up to 20 mg/kg did not affect the growth performance which was comparable with Zn oxide treatment groups. Carcass traits remained comparable to all other treatment groups. Meanwhile, it was noticed that supplementation of Zn either in oxide or in Nanoparticles had a significantly higher concentration of Zn in tibia and serum. ZnO NPs at 20 mg/kg showed the increased MT mRNA expression in all the organs. Hence, the present study indicated that dietary Zn supplementation could be reduced up to 20 mg/kg when supplemented as ZnO NPs without affecting growth performance and carcass traits.

Response of sheep fed on corn cob silage or elephant grass basal diet with or without Calliandra leaf meal supplementation

&lt;p class="abstrak2"&gt;Limited availability of forage diet throughout the year could be overcome by utilization of crop by-products. Corn cob, a by-product from maize production is potential to be used as a fiber source for grass replacement. The objective of the study was to compare the effect of two different basal diets (basal grass diet and corn cob silage) with or without Calliandra supplementation on feed intake, nutrient digestibility, nitrogen utilization, rumen fermentation and growth of sheep. The study used 20 male sheep St Croix breed. The sheep were divided into 5 groups based on body weight. Each group was fed with one of four diet treatments for 13 weeks. The treatments were grass basal diet + concentrate, Corn cob silage (CCS) + concentrate, Grass basal diet + concentrate + 5% Calliandra leaf meal, CCS + concentrate + 5% Calliandra leaf meal. The ratio of basal diet (grass or CCS) to concentrate was 40 : 60% and was formulated in iso protein (crude protein content 14%). The diet was offered in total mix ration. The experiment was conducted in a randomized complete block design and arranged in factorial 2 x 2 (2 type basal diets and 2 Calliandra supplementation levels) with 5 replications. Results showed that there was no interaction between basal diet and Calliandra supplementation on feed consumption, average daily gain (ADG), nutrient digestibility, rumen fermentation, except for crude protein (CP) intake. Feed consumption was not affected by basal diets or Calliandra supplementation. Feed conversion ratio and protein conversion ratio were better in grass basal diet than CCS. CP digestibility was higher in corn cob silage than basal grass diet without Calliandra supplementation. N retention was higher in corn cob basal diet than basal grass diet. Rumen fermentation was significantly affected by basal diet in which rumen ammonia and VFA concentrations were higher in grass basal diet. Grass basal diet had higher propionic acid production than CCS basal diet. From this study, it could be concluded that in iso protein diet, basal grass diet was comparable to corn cob basal diet as revealed by average daily gain was similar in both diets with average 107.5 g/head/day. Calliandra supplementation at 5% in the grass or CCS basal diet did not improve sheep performance.&lt;/p&gt;

Dietary Supplementation of Selenium-Enriched Probiotics Enhances Meat Quality of Broiler Chickens (Gallus gallus domesticus) Raised Under High Ambient Temperature.

We investigated the effects of selenium-enriched probiotics (SP) on broiler meat quality under high ambient temperature and explore their underlying mechanisms. A total of 200 1-day-old male broiler chicks (Ross 308) were randomly allotted to four treatment groups, each with five replicates, in groups of ten birds. These birds were fed a corn-soybean basal diet (C), a basal diet plus probiotics supplementation (P), a basal diet plus Se supplementation in the form of sodium selenite (SS, 0.30mg Se/kg), and a basal diet with the addition of selenium-enriched probiotics (SP, 0.30mg Se/kg). The experiment lasted for 42days. The birds were sacrificed by cervical dislocation, and the breast muscles were removed for further process. Our results showed that SP diet significantly increased (p<0.05) the physical (pH, colors, water holding capacity, drip loss, shear force) and sensory characteristics of breast meat. All P, SS, and SP supplementation enhanced the antioxidant system by increasing (p<0.05) the Se concentrations, glutathione (GSH) levels, activities of glutathione peroxidase (GSH-Px), and superoxide dismutase (SOD) whereas decreasing (p<0.05) malondialdehyde (MDA) levels, with SP being higher than P and SS. Moreover, SP diet significantly upregulated (p<0.05) the mRNA levels of glutathione peroxidase genes (GPx1, GPx4) while it downregulated heat stress biomarkers such as heat shock protein (HSP) 70 as compared to C, P, and SS diets. In conclusion, our findings suggest that SP may function as beneficial nutritive supplement that is capable of improving meat quality during the summer season.

The effect of dietary folic acid on biochemical parameters and gene expression of three heat shock proteins (HSPs) of blunt snout bream (Megalobrama amblycephala) fingerling under acute high temperature stress

The effects of dietary folic acid on biochemical parameters and gene expression of three heat shock proteins (HSPs) of blunt snout bream (Megalobrama amblycephala) fingerling under acute high temperature stress. Six dietary folic acid groups (0.0, 0.5, 1.0, 2.0, 5.0, and 10.0) mg/kg diets were designed and assigned into 18 tanks in three replicates each (300l/tank) and were administered for 10weeks in a re-circulated water system. The fingerlings with an initial weight of 27.0±0.03g were fed with their respective diets four times daily. At the end of the experiment, samples were collected before challenge, 0, 24, 72h, and 7days. Serum total protein (TP), alanine aminotransferase (ALT), aspartate aminotransferase (AST), alkaline phosphatase (ALP), cortisol, glucose, complement C3 (C3), complement C4 (C4, immunoglobulin M (IgM) hepatic superoxide dismutase (SOD), catalase (CAT), malondialdehyde (MDA), and the expression of heat shock protein 60 (HSP60), 70 (HSP70), and 90 (HSP90) were studied. The results showed that fish fed with dietary folic acid between 1.0, 2.0, and 5.0mg/kg significantly (P<0.05) increased serum TP, C3, C4 hepatic SOD, CAT, and the expression of HSP60, HSP70, and HSP90 before and after temperature challenge of 32°C. Also, serum ALP, cortisol, glucose, and hepatic MDA were significantly (P<0.05) reduced by supplementation of dietary folic acid level 1.0, 2.0, and 5.0mg/kg before and after the same temperature challenge of 32°C. Before stress, 0, 24, 72h, and 7days significantly (P<0.05) affects serum biochemical parameters, immune and antioxidant capacities, and expression level of three HSPs. Furthermore, there was no statistical evidence to show that dietary folic acid inclusion level and temperature duration have significant interactive effect on serum biochemical parameters, antioxidant parameters, and gene expression level (P>0.05) of the three HSPs. However, there were statistical significant interactive effect between dietary folic acid inclusion level and temperature duration on serum C3 and C4 (P<0.05) except IgM (P>0.05). The present results indicate that supplementation of basal diet from 1.0mg/kg; 2.0 and 5.0mg/kg can enhance acute high temperature resistance ability in M. amblycephala fingerling to some degree and improve physiological response, immune and antioxidant capacities, and expression level of three HSPs.

A comparison between different concentrations and sources of cobalt in goat kid nutrition

There have been extensive studies in sheep and cattle considering cobalt (Co) supplementation and its effects on vitamin B12 concentrations in the body. However, there are limited studies on goats. The aim of this study was to compare two different sources of Co (sulfate v. glucoheptonate) at two different concentrations (0.25 and 0.5 mg/kg dry matter) in goat kid nutrition, and to evaluate the effects of these supplements on performance, serum vitamin B12, blood biochemistry and rumen volatile fatty acids. For this purpose, 30 weaned male goat kids were randomly allotted to five treatments. Serum vitamin B12 increased during the trial in the Co-supplemented groups. Co supplementation increased serum glucose concentrations. On day 35, Co-supplemented groups had greater glucose concentrations compared with control. Propionic+iso-butyric acid concentrations increased only in the 0.5 mg Co glucoheptonate treatment (P<0.05). Our results suggest that, despite the two sources of Co proving mostly similar, the main advantage of Co glucoheptonate compared with Co sulfate was in the ruminal synthesis of vitamin B12. However, although providing Co at National Research Council recommendation levels maintained vitamin B12 above or at normal concentrations, Co supplementation of the Co sufficient basal diet increased vitamin B12 and glucose concentrations.

P.1.c.008 - Effect of early life supplementation of non-digestible oligosaccharides on brain development and behaviour in healthy mice

Since numerous natural components in Eucommia ulmoides belong to phytoestrogen, its effect on hens production deserve more attention. To investigate the potential of E. ulmoides extract used as a feed additive, laying performance, egg quality, yolk cholesterol, yolk fatty acids, yolk fatty, yolk volatile components, albumen amino acids, plasma biochemical parameters, intestinal histology, and gut microbiota of hens (n = 120) were determined between basal diet (A) and dietary supplementation low (B), middle (C), and high (D) level E. ulmoides extract for 11 wk. When compared to A group, 2 percentage points elevation in laying rate was observed of D group. Significant up-regulation of immunoglobulin indexes and down-regulation of lipid related indexes in D group were also found if comparison with A group, suggesting that supplementation E. ulmoides extract at a relative high content benefited in immunity enhancing and blood-fat depressing. Meanwhile, obvious variation in albumen amino acids and yolk volatile compounds were inspected as dietary supplementation E. ulmoides extract, especially in D group, implied that the flavor of egg would change under high-level E. ulmoides extract treatment. Besides, villus height and villus height to crypt depth ratio of duodenum, jejunum, and ileum in D group were also significantly higher than that of in A group, indicating high-level E. ulmoides extract contributed to nutrient adsorption via intestinal histology changing. Moreover, the richness, diversity, and composition of gut microbiota in D group also significantly altered with a comparison of A group. These variation caused gut microbiota in D group major enriched in the KEGG pathway of insulin signing pathway, systemic lupus erythematosus, and bacterial invasion of epithelial cells, which were conducive to egg production elevation via facilitating nutrient adsorption, inflammation relieving, blood lipid amelioration, and insulin resistance alleviation. These results indicated that dietary supplementation E. ulmoides extract at high content could serve as a feed additive in the hens industry.