Supplements For Athletes Research Articles

EFEITOS DA SUPLEMENTAÇÃO DIETÉTICA SOBRE O TREINO DAS ATLETAS TENISTAS EM CLIMAS QUENTES

ABSTRACT Introduction A tennis match may last up to four hours with long intervals between moves of medium to high exercise intensity for 10 minutes and aerobic characteristic that requires specific sources of energy. Inappropriate diets can negatively impact sports performance and delay the recovery phase. Fortified wheat germ protein powder has the supplementation characteristics required in aerobic activities, although there are no practical studies on its impacts on the work performance of female tennis athletes. Objective Explore the influence of two weeks of training in a warm environment combined with nutritional intervention on the performance of female tennis players. Methods It was observed by testing the immunological indices of elite female tennis players while training their changes and their effects on nutritional intervention. Results The increase in serum CK activity was closely related to the amount of exercise. Many studies have shown that serum CK activity increased significantly after strenuous exercise, and the serum CK value of subjects in the test group was significantly lower than that of the control group, showing better adaptability to exercise. Compared with before the nutritional intervention, the athletes’ weight decreased slightly, and the body fat percentage decreased significantly after the nutritional intervention. Compared with before nutritional intervention, sugar and salt supplements in athletes were significantly increased (P<0.05). Sweating rate, hydration rate, and hydration/sudden rate were also significantly increased (P<0.05). Conclusion Strengthening wheat germ protein supplementation may improve the nutritional albumin level in female tennis players, manifested in blood levels and immune function performance. Level of evidence II; Therapeutic studies - investigation of treatment outcomes.

Caffeine and sport.

Caffeine is a trimethylxanthine found in coffee and several other foods and beverages. Its stimulatory effects make it an interesting strategy to boost performance for athletic populations. Scientific evidence supports its efficacy to improve high-intensity endurance exercise, explosive and high-intensity efforts, resistance exercise, team sports and combat sports, though individual variation in the ergogenic response to caffeine exists. Supplementation can be taken in many forms including dissolved in water, via capsules, coffee, energy drinks and caffeinated gum; ingestion via capsules, dissolved in water or in caffeinated gum appear to be most effective. Variability in the exercise response following caffeine supplementation may be explained by genetic factors or habitual caffeine consumption. Caffeine is an excellent supplement for athletes looking to improve their exercise performance, though some consideration of side-effects and impact on sleep are warranted.

Suplementy diety dla sportowców w aspekcie przepisów antydopingowych

Motywacja w zakresie stosowania suplementów diety w sporcie jest duża i silnie skorelowana z potrzebą osiągania coraz lepszych wyników przez konsumenta. Dane pochodzące z Centrum Badań Opinii Społecznej wskazują, że dziewięciu na dziesięciu dorosłych Polaków stosuje suplementację, a sportowcy wielokrotnie sięgają po kilka suplementów jednocześnie. Korzystanie z suplementów zależy przede wszystkim od rodzaju uprawianej dyscypliny sportowej i wzrasta wraz z intensywnością treningu oraz wiekiem respondentów. Opublikowane dane sugerują również, że sportowcy są skłonni przyjmować suplementy bez gromadzenia wiarygodnych informacji o zawartych w nich substancjach aktywnych. Dlatego w historii sportu udokumentowanych jest wiele przypadków dopingu, również tego niezamierzonego. Znaczącym problemem w przypadku stosowania suplementów diety przez zawodowych sportowców są również potencjalne zanieczyszczenia substancjami z listy Światowej Agencji Antydopingowej (World Anti-Doping Agency – WADA). Ocena dotychczasowego sposobu odżywiania powinna być pierwszym krokiem w doborze suplementacji. Proces ten powinien uwzględniać ocenę danych antropometrycznych, biochemicznych, klinicznych i środowiskowych sportowca. Zatem kompleksowe podejście do oceny takiej potrzeby powinno być zadaniem sztabu szkoleniowego. Decyzja zaś powinna się opierać na złożonej analizie potrzeb żywieniowych sportowca. Podstawą niniejszej analizy są raporty WAD-y oraz piśmiennictwo naukowe, a jej celem jest przybliżenie informacji na temat wykorzystania suplementów w sporcie, z uwzględnieniem danych dotyczących przepisów prawnych i potencjalnych zagrożeń wynikających z ich zastosowania.

Nutritional supplements for athletes and personalization; a short review

The main argument for the optimization of nutritional strategies in athletes, besides improved performance, is the preservation of health and the prevention of unwanted training effects. This highlights the importance of personalized nutrition strategies, as well as functional foods and phytonutrients based on individual requirements which can be precisely defined by detailed analyses, including genetics, epigenetics, gut microbiota, gender, and environmental factors. Recently, a miRNA-based “Fitness Score to Assess the Individual Response to Diet, Metabolism and Exercise” was developed by our group. Formulations of sports drinks and sports foods should be carefully considered, as they frequently contain a mixture of multiple ingredients. Macronutrient supplements, such as carbohydrates, proteins, protein components, fatty acids and probiotics are known to provide benefits for athletes with energy deficits, electrolyte imbalance, gastrointestinal issues, fatigue, and cardiovascular problems. However, micronutrient supplements, such as vitamins, minerals, trace elements and ergogenic aids (e.g., caffeine) must be administered in specific doses based on individual need. Considering the novel data on inter-organ communication (e.g., gut-muscle-brain-axis), data from systems biology highlight the importance of holistic aspects, where nutrients and probiotic supplements are gaining importance for improved performance, reduced risks of illness/ injury and enhanced recovery.Keywords: Nutrition, additives, functional foods, exercise, microbiome, epigenetics, personalization

RESPOSTAS HORMONAIS INDUZIDAS POR EXERCÍCIOS À ADMINISTRAÇÃO DO HMB: UMA REVISÃO SISTEMÁTICA E META-ANÁLISE

ABSTRACT Introduction: The β-hydroxy β-methyl butyrate (HMB) is an amino acid leucine metabolite with several ergogenic benefits. It is known that it can benefit testosterone and cortisol concentration in athletes. However, no systematic review and meta-analysis has focused on the effects of HMB supplementation on testosterone and cortisol in trained athletes. Objectives: The meta-analysis evaluates the effect of HMB supplementation on testosterone and cortisol in trained athletes and verifies conflicting results between studies. Methods: A systemic review was performed in Scopus, Medline, and Google scholar databases of articles published until August 2021. The Cochrane Collaboration tool was used to assess the risk of bias and assess the quality of the studies. Random effects model, weighted mean difference (WMD), and 95% confidence interval (CI) were used to estimate the overall effect. Results: Although the meta-analysis showed that HMB consumption does not alter cortisol and testosterone concentration, subgroup analysis based on exercise type exhibited a significant decrease in cortisol concentration in resistance training exercises (P<0.05) and a significant increase in testosterone concentration in combined aerobic and anaerobic sports (P<0.05). Conclusion: The results indicate that HMB supplementation in athletes can reduce cortisol concentration in endurance exercise and increase testosterone concentration in combined aerobic and anaerobic exercise. Evidence Level II; Therapeutic Studies – Investigating the results.

Oral Branched-Chain Amino Acids Supplementation in Athletes: A Systematic Review.

Branched-chain amino acids (BCAAs) are oxidized in the muscle and result in stimulating anabolic signals—which in return may optimize performance, body composition and recovery. Meanwhile, among athletes, the evidence about BCAA supplementation is not clear. The aim of this study was to review the effects of BCAAs in athletic populations. The research was conducted in three databases: Web of Science (all databases), PubMed and Scopus. The inclusion criteria involved participants classified both as athletes and people who train regularly, and who were orally supplemented with BCAAs. The risk of bias was individually assessed for each study using the revised Cochrane risk of bias tool for randomized trials (RoB 2.0). From the 2298 records found, 24 studies met the inclusion criteria. Although BCAAs tended to activate anabolic signals, the benefits on performance and body composition were negligible. On the other hand, studies that included resistance participants showed that BCAAs attenuated muscle soreness after exercise, while in endurance sports the findings were inconsistent. The protocols of BCAA supplements differed considerably between studies. Moreover, most of the studies did not report the total protein intake across the day and, consequently, the benefits of BCAAs should be interpreted with caution.

The UHPLC-MS/MS determination of ostarine in food supplements for athletes

Ostarine, also called enobosarm or MK-2866, is one of the Selective Androgen Receptor Modulators (SARMs). A number of preclinical data suggest the beneficial use of these substances to increase muscle mass growth and bone density. Unlike anabolic steroids, they have suppressed androgenic side effects and are therefore thought to be useful in the treatment of health conditions associated with insufficient muscle growth. For the same reason, substances from the SARMs group are abused in sports and bodybuilding. They have been added on the World Anti-Doping Agency (WADA) list in 2008 and their use in sports is prohibited. In many countries, products containing these substances are available through a number of e-shops offering supplements for athletes. The positive effects on muscle growth and body fat loss and the absence of side effects are emphasized. Because SARMs are banned in sports and are not approved for any therapeutic use, they are marketed as “Research Only”. However, the products are sill quite popular among athletes. As with anabolic steroids, there are a variety of dosing regimens for both beginners and advanced athletes, which end up recommending a combination of three to four SARMs over several weeks. Although more extensive clinical data are lacking, case studies are beginning to appear describing liver damage or heart attack in people taking ostarine or other SARMs products. However, due to the lack of clinical data, no positive or negative effect on the organism is objectively confirmed. For these reasons, it is very appropriate to have an analytical method available that allows the rapid and correct determination of the ingredients in preparations that have ostarine declared in the list of ingredients. Equally important is the possibility of identifying this substance in preparations that should not contain any active substance and appear as purely natural products. For the ostarine determination a simple and fast UHPLC-MS/MS method was developed. For extraction of ostarine the content of the studied capsule was weighted and transferred to a volumetric flask, which was then made up with methanol to 100 mL. The mixture was shaken for one hour. After filtration 10 μL of extract was transferred to a new flask and made up to 5 mL with 10% methanol with 0,1% acetic acid and 10 mM ammonium acetate. This solution was used for UHPLC-MS/MS analysis. An UHPLC system Infinity 1290 and chromatographic column Eclipse Plus C18 (50 × 2.1 mm; 1.8 μm) (both Agilent Technologies, USA) were used for the separation. 0.1% acetic acid and 10 mM ammonium acetate in water and methanol were chosen as mobile phases for gradient elution. For the MS/MS detection 6460 Triple Quadrupole mass spectrometer (Agilent Technologies, USA) with negative ESI ionization were used. For dynamic MRM mode two transitions of m/z were chosen for the detection: 388.1 → 117.9 and 269.0. Limit of detection was 0.2 ng/mL and limit of quantification 0.5 ng/mL. The method was used for quantitation of ostarine in dietary supplements for athletes. The content of ostarine in one capsule ranged from 10 to 15 mg and did not differ from the quantity indicated on the label. The described method is suitable for the determination of ostarine and can be used in toxicological and forensic practice.

Evaluation of the Drive to be Muscular and the Use of Nutritional Ergogenic Supplements in Athletes

Bu çalışmanın amacı; sporcularda kaslı olma dürtüsü (KOD) ve besinsel ergojenik destek ürünleri kullanımının incelenmesidir. Çalışmaya farklı spor branşlarında aktif spor yapan 440 erkek sporcu gönüllü olarak katılmıştır. Çalışmada verileri “Kaslı Olma Dürtüsü Ölçeği ve “Besinsel Ergojenik Destek Ürünleri Kullanımı Tutum Ölçeği” kullanılarak elde edilmiştir. İstatistiksel analizlerde, Kruskal Wallis-H test, One-Way Anova ve Pearson ki-kare testi kullanılmıştır. Sporcuların KOD ve alt boyutları olan; kaslı olmaya yönelik antrenman davranışları (KOAD), kaslı olmaya yönelik tutumlar (KOT) ile kaslı olmaya yönelik yeme ve takviye kullanımı (KOYTK) puan ortalamaları sırasıyla 43,2±12,3, 21,8±7,7, 43,2±12,3, 12,2±4,0 ve 9,1±3,9 olarak tespit edilmiştir. Besinsel ergojenik destek ürünlerine yönelik tutum ölçeğinde (BEDÜYTÖ) ise fayda, yan etkiler ve etik, doğal beslenme alt boyutlarına ilişkin puanlama ortalamaları sırasıyla 2,4±0,8, 3,5±0,8 ve 2,8±0,7 olarak belirlenmiştir. Sporcuların eğitim düzeyi ile kaslı olmaya yönelik tutumları arasında istatistiksel olarak fark bulunmuştur. Ayrıca spor branşına göre ise KOAD, KOYTK, yan etkiler ve etik ile doğal beslenme alt boyutları puan ortalamaları incelendiğinde, birbiri arasında anlamlı farklar olduğu görülmektedir (p<0,05). KOD’nün KOT (0,869), KOAD (0,763) ve KOYTK (0,653) ile yüksek düzeyde, BEDÜYTÖ’nin fayda alt boyutuyla (0,266) zayıf düzeyde ve spor yapılan süre (0,236) ile negatif zayıf yönde bir ilişkiye sahip olduğu belirlenmiştir. KOD puanının erkeklerde, kuvvet/güç sporcularında, lise ve öncesi eğitim düzeyine sahip olanlarda daha yüksek olduğu belirlenmiştir. Sporcuların beslenme destek ürünleri kullanımında, “ürünlere erişim serbestliği ve doping etkisi olduğuna inanmak” nedenler arasındadır.

Elemental bioavailability in whey protein supplements

Whey protein (WP) as a dietary supplement for athletes and gym-users is characterized by a content of high-quality amino acids. The benefits of their consumption are well-known and mainly related to the improvements of strength and body composition. Nevertheless, there is a scarce information about the risk associated to their elemental composition. The aim was to evaluate the total content and bioavailability of twenty-five elements in twenty whey protein powder samples, using Inductively Coupled Plasma Mass Spectrometry, and to evaluate the possible risk associated to the excessive daily intake of such products. Results showed that Na, K, Ca and Mg were the most predominant elements. After Hierarchical Cluster Analysis three different groups of whey protein supplements were observed. ANOVA analysis indicates that the concentration of the Na, K and Mg above mentioned elements is the key for the observed classification. The average elemental bioavailable fraction in the stomach is 45 % whereas in the intestine is 64 %. Most of the elements tested (nineteen) show gastric bioavailability higher than 60 %, being Al the lowest (37 %) and Co the highest one (76 %). According to our results, previously published data and recommendations of producers, WP samples can be considered save from the elemental composition point of view.

The Effects of Vitamin D Supplementation on Athletic Performance and Injury Prevention

Vitamin D supplementation has numerous effects on athletic performance and plays a significant role in preventing an athlete’s risk of getting injuries. Vitamin D has an impact on numerous physiological functions such as: bone health, muscle function, inflammatory response, and immune function. An athlete’s bone and muscle health are essential for maximum performance and career success. A bone fracture due to vitamin D deficiency can delay an athlete’s training and ultimately inhibit obtaining a collegiate scholarship and/or contract. A cross sectional study found that more than half of athletic trainers did not view 25-hydroxyvitamin D(25[OH]) testing and vitamin D supplementation as a necessary use of athletic program funds. There is disagreement over vitamin D in the applied and clinical setting. Further studies are needed in which a host of variables are investigated regarding the optimal dosages of vitamin D supplements for athletes. The objective of this review is to investigate current research looking at the effects of vitamin D supplementation on athletic performance and injury prevention as well as optimal doses of vitamin D3 for athletes. Adequate vitamin D supplementation can be utilized to prevent and reduce the risk of frequent injuries among athletes.

Testosterone and cortisol responses to ß-hydroxy ß-methylbutryate consumption and exercise: A meta-analysis.

Backgroundβ‐hydroxy β‐methylbutryate (HMB) is a metabolite of leucine amino acid and it has several ergogenic benefits. Previous studies also showed that it may affect beneficially the testosterone and cortisol concentration in athletes. Due to the contradiction results between studies, we aimed to conduct this meta‐analysis to assess the HMB supplementation effect on testosterone and cortisol in trained athletes.MethodsScopus, Medline, and Google scholar were systematically searched up to August 2021. The Cochrane Collaboration tool for evaluating the risk of bias was applied for assessing the studies' quality. Random‐effects model, weighted mean difference (WMD), and 95% confidence interval (CI) were used for estimating the overall effect. Between‐study heterogeneity was evaluated applying the chi‐squared and I2 statistic.ResultsSeven articles were included in the meta‐analysis. Although the meta‐analysis generally showed that HMB consumption did not have any effect on the cortisol and testosterone concentration (p > .05), subgroup analysis based on the exercise type showed a significant decrease in the cortisol concentration in resistance training exercises (WMD = −3.30; 95% CI: −5.50, −1.10; p = .003) and a significant increase in the testosterone concentration in aerobic and anaerobic combined sports (WMD = 1.56; 95% CI: 0.07, 3.05; p = .040).ConclusionThe results indicate that HMB supplementation in athletes can reduce the concentration of cortisol in resistance exercises and increase the concentration of testosterone in aerobic and anaerobic combined exercises. Nevertheless, more studies are required to confirm these results.

Use and cardiovascular side effects of nutritional supplements in athletes

Use and cardiovascular side effects of nutritional supplements in athletes

N1-Methylnicotinamide: Is it Time to Consider it as a Dietary Supplement for Athletes?

Exercise is considered to be a "medicine" due to its modulatory roles in metabolic disorders, such as diabetes and obesity. The intensity and duration of exercise determine the mechanism of energy production by various tissues of the body, especially by muscles, in which the requirement for adenosine triphosphate (ATP) increases by as much as 100-fold. Naturally, athletes try to improve their exercise performance by dietary supplementation with, e.g., vitamins, metabolites, and amino acids. MNAM, as a vitamin B3 metabolite, reduces serum levels and liver contents of triglycerides and cholesterol, and induces lipolysis. It stimulates gluconeogenesis and prohibits liver cholesterol and fatty acid synthesis through the expression of sirtuin1 (SIRT1). It seems that MNAM is not responsible for the actions of NNMT in the adipose tissues as MNAM inhibits the activity of NNMT in the adipose tissue and acts as an inhibitor of its activity.NNMT-MNAM axis is more activated in the muscles of individuals undergoing the high-volume-low-intensity exercise and caloric restriction. Therefore, MNAM could be an important myokine during exercise and fasting where it provides the required energy for muscles through the induction of lipolysis and gluconeogenesis in the liver and adipose tissues, respectively. Increased levels of MNAM in exercise and fasting led us to propose that the consumption of MNAM during training, especially endurance training, could boost exercise capacity and improve performance. Therefore, in this review, we shed light on the potential of MNAM as a dietary supplement in sports medicine.

The Effect and Application of Beta-Hydroxy-Beta-Methyl Butyrate (HMB) Supplementation in Exercise Science

PURPOSE: The effect of hydroxymethylbutyrate (HMB) supplementation on leucine is a major area of interest in exercise science. The present review aimed to investigate the various effects of HMB supplementation and provide guidelines for its practical use.METHODS: This review collected and analyzed previous studies on HMB supplementation from online databases including PubMed, Web of Science, and Wiley Online Library.RESULTS: Although studies suggest different results, this review found that HMB supplementation before or after exercise could have positive effects on body composition (muscle mass), exercise performance (strength and power, endurance), and recovery after muscle damage (creatine kinase and lactate dehydrogenase). In particular, HMB supplementation had a significant effect on resistance exercise, and in general, a daily dose of 3 g is recommended. However, the effects of combined HMB and creatine supplementation remain unclear.CONCLUSIONS: HMB can be a useful and effective supplement for athletes with various purposes and for ordinary people who regularly exercise. Further research should investigate several limitations of HMB supplementation, as suggested in previous studies.

Formulation and Evaluation of Nutrient and Nutraceutical Potentials of Energy Rich Nutri Bar Designed for Athletes

Athletics is a collection of sporting events that involve competitive running, jumping, throwing, and walking. The most common types of athletic competitions are track and field, road running, cross country running, and race walking. A variety of running events are held on the track which falls into three broad distance categories: sprints, middle-distance, and long-distance track events. Sprinting is running over a short distance in a limited period. It is used in many sports that incorporate running, typically as a way of quickly reaching a target or goal, or avoiding or catching an opponent. The nutrient rich bar is a nutritional enhancement frequently used by athletes to preserve their energy requirements in daily life. Nutri Bars supply an adequate quantum of nutrients for strength, vitality for sustained physical and mental activity. It is an ideal supplement for athletes, which is energy-dense, nutraceutical rich ready to eat, and easy to carry as a pregame and postgame snack. In the present study, Nutri Bar was developed using nutraceutical energy-rich food ingredients. A ready-to-eat Nutri Bar was prepared with locally available energy-rich nutraceutical food products. The developed bar was evaluated for sensory attributes by 9-point Hedonic scale. The highly accepted variation was chosen for the nutrient analysis. Nutrient analysis and nutraceutical potentials per 100g of bar revealed that the developed bar was rich in nutrients and anti-oxidants.

A Brief Review of the Impact of Ergogenic Supplements for Athletes

Background: The study aims to investigate and evaluate the impacts of energy drink and ergogenic aid use among athletes and examine the possible results of these consumptions. Materials and methods: In the search for scientific literature related to this review the US National Library of Medicine (PubMed) used MEDLINE and Sport Discus data and the terms “energy drink”, “ergogenic aid”, “physical activity” and ‘’sports drink ‘’were used. The relevant literature has also taken its source from the research of relevant articles from reference lists derived from data studies. Results: Energy drinks are known to enhance performance. However, they also pose a possible threat to the athletes’ health. The consequences of energy drink use may result in a variety of disorders such as nervousness, headaches, nausea, organ damage, cardiac disorders, and even sudden death. Conclusion: Achieving top athletic performance is the primary goal for every athlete. For this reason, the use of ergogenic aids is a very common choice among athletes. Water and minerals lost by athletes during exercise and competitions should be replaced with water consumption and sports drinks.

Regulatory Framework of Fortified Foods and Dietary Supplements for Athletes: An Interpretive Approach.

A varied and well-planned diet can meet the nutritional needs of an athlete; however, in certain cases, it could be advisable to increase the intake of some vitamins, minerals or other components through the controlled intake of fortified foods or dietary supplements. In the European Union, a high number of sport foods and supplements are marketed; athletes could at times consume them indiscriminately or even choose products that have not been evaluated and approved by scientific evidence. In this sense, it is necessary to know and interpret the specific regulations for these products in order to make adequate use of them. The aim of this manuscript is to describe the current status of the European regulatory framework, focusing on: (1) regulation of the marketing and labelling of both fortified foods and supplements; (2) regulation of the use of substances used as ingredients in fortified foods; and (3) regulation of nutritional claims and/or health properties associated with nutrients, ingredients and other related substances. This review can facilitate knowledgeable decision making by sports nutrition professionals in order to counsel or manage adequate food choices as well as help consumers make better-informed food decisions. Other experts, such as producers who ensure food safety, might also be interested in this review.

Carnosine, Small but Mighty-Prospect of Use as Functional Ingredient for Functional Food Formulation.

Carnosine is a dipeptide synthesized in the body from β-alanine and L-histidine. It is found in high concentrations in the brain, muscle, and gastrointestinal tissues of humans and is present in all vertebrates. Carnosine has a number of beneficial antioxidant properties. For example, carnosine scavenges reactive oxygen species (ROS) as well as alpha-beta unsaturated aldehydes created by peroxidation of fatty acid cell membranes during oxidative stress. Carnosine can oppose glycation, and it can chelate divalent metal ions. Carnosine alleviates diabetic nephropathy by protecting podocyte and mesangial cells, and can slow down aging. Its component, the amino acid beta-alanine, is particularly interesting as a dietary supplement for athletes because it increases muscle carnosine, and improves effectiveness of exercise and stimulation and contraction in muscles. Carnosine is widely used among athletes in the form of supplements, but rarely in the population of cardiovascular or diabetic patients. Much less is known, if any, about its potential use in enriched food. In the present review, we aimed to provide recent knowledge on carnosine properties and distribution, its metabolism (synthesis and degradation), and analytical methods for carnosine determination, since one of the difficulties is the measurement of carnosine concentration in human samples. Furthermore, the potential mechanisms of carnosine’s biological effects in musculature, metabolism and on immunomodulation are discussed. Finally, this review provides a section on carnosine supplementation in the form of functional food and potential health benefits and up to the present, neglected clinical use of carnosine.

State of The Art on The Main Randomized Clinical Studies, Meta-Analysis, and International Consensus on The Influence of Serum Levels and Supplementation of Vitamin D on Athletes Performance


 
 
 
 Introduction: Vitamin D (VD) deficiency (serum 25-hydroxyvitamin D (25 (OH) D) <50 nmol/L or 20 ng/mL) is more common than is thought in the majority of the world population. In this context, athletes have the same predisposition to low levels of vitamin D, with the majority of their concentrations below 20 ng/mL in a wide variety of sports, especially in the winter months. RV is also essential in extra-skeletal functions, including skeletal muscle growth, immune and cardiopulmonary functions, and inflammatory modulation, which influence athletic performance. Vitamin D can also interact with extra-skeletal tissues to modulate injury recovery and also influence the risk of infection. Objective: Performed a wide analysis of the world literature to compose the State of the Art on the main effects of vitamin D supplementation on the performance of athletes through randomized clinical studies, meta-analysis, and the latest international conferences and consensus. Methods: The present study followed a broad literature review of randomized clinical studies, meta-analysis, and the latest international consensus. The Cochrane instrument was adopted to assess the quality of the studies. Main findings and conclusion: One of the main aspects that must be taken into account is important evidence that suggests that free (bioavailable) 25(OH)D may be a better marker of vitamin D status. Many researchers do not take into account that athletes may need a greater supply of vitamin D to meet the requirements of muscle metabolism due to the potential routes of vitamin D use. A significant debate seems to be needed to determine and standardize the classification of vitamin D deficiency. There are still information gaps on the correlation between vitamin D supplementation and athletes' exercise performance. However, because vitamin D induces myogenesis and muscle protein synthesis, causing an increase in the percentage of rapidly contracting muscle cells, and because vitamin D receptors (VDR) play a significant role in muscle regeneration after injury, supplementation in athletes is recommended.
 
 
 

Study of the combined effect of a biologically active composition based on apiculture products and peptides extracted from fish scalein the training of athletes in speed and strength athletics disciplines

The efficiency indicators of using a biologically active composition based on apiculture products and low-molecular-weight peptides extracted from fish scales were studied. The food supplement for athletes was named “Apicolltonus”. Spectrophotometry has shown that sardine scale peptides with molecular weight under 10 kDa with concentration of 1 mg/ml exhibit the greatest resistance to cytotoxicity when exposed to cobalt chloride on mesenchymal stem cells. The safety indicators of the food supplement “Apicolltonus” meet the requirements of the technical regulations of the Eurasian Customs Union. The physiological effect of the food supplement “Apicolltonus” on the body of female track and field athletes specializing in the long jump during the training process was evaluated. According to the results of clinical and biochemical blood tests of the testees a positive dynamics of growth in the levels of red blood cells, hemoglobin, total protein, calcium and iron was established, while reducing the content of urea, uric acid, lactate, total cholesterol and low-density lipoproteins. Improved adaptation of the test group to physical activity in terms of heart rate (HR) was noted. The positive effect of the bio-product on the speed and strength indicators of the athletes in terms of long jump from a standstill, triple jump from a standstill, long jump with 4 running steps, multi-jumps from foot to foot 30 m, shuttle run 3 to 10 m, run 30 m was indictaed. It is recommended to use the bio-product for athletes and people with active lifestyle.