Supplementary Values Research Articles

Contrast-enhanced guided endoscopic ultrasound procedures

Contrast-enhanced endoscopic ultrasound (CH-EUS) can overcome the limitations of endoscopic ultrasound-guided acquisition by identifying microvessels inside inhomogeneous tumours and improving the characterization of these tumours. Despite the initial enthusiasm that oriented needle sampling under CH-EUS guidance could provide better diagnostic yield in pancreatic solid lesions, further studies did not confirm the supplementary values in cases of tissue acquisition guided by CH-EUS. This review details the knowledge based on the available data on contrast-guided procedures. The indications for CH-EUS tissue acquisition include isoechoic EUS lesions with poor visible delineation where CH-EUS can differentiate the lesion vascularisation from the surrounding parenchyma and also the mural nodules within biliopancreatic cystic lesions, which occur in select cases. Additionally, the roles of CH-EUS-guided therapy in patients whose pancreatic fluid collections or bile ducts that have an echogenic content have indications for drainage, and patients who have nonvisualized vessels that need to be highlighted via Doppler EUS are presented. Another indication is represented if there is a need for an immediate assessment of the post-radiofrequency ablation of pancreatic neuroendocrine tumours, in which case CH-EUS can be used to reveal the incomplete tumour destruction.

Research of histopathology and immunohistochemistry classification in lung cancer patients

Background: Lung cancer is the most common cancer and one of the leading causes of cancer-related deaths worldwide. In Vietnam, there have been many research associated with lung cancer, focusing mainly on the aspects of epidemiology, histopathological diagnosis and treatment therapy. The research of the expression of immunohistochemical markers to determine the immunophenotype of tumor cells in lung cancer and their relationship to histopathology and stage of the disease has not been systematically studied. Objectives: (1) To determine the expression of IHC markers in lung cancer, histopathology classification during immunohistochemistry evaluation, (2) to investigate the supplementary values of immunohistochemical test and immunophenotypes of common types of lung cancer. Materials and methods: 104 samples of patients who came for lung cancer examination and treatment at Hue Central Hospital and Hue University of Medicine and Pharmacy Hospital from October 2019 to July 2021, using cross-sectional descriptive study methods. Results: Histopathologically, the most common types were adenocarcinoma 36.5%, followed by squamous cell carcinoma (34.6%), small cell carcinoma (17.3%), and squamous cell carcinoma (17.3%), large cells carcinoma (2.9%), others (8.7%). after Immunohistochemical staining indicates that the most popular types were adenocarcinoma (48.1%), squamous cell carcinoma (24.0%), small cell carcinoma (15.4%), large cell carcinoma (3.8%), adeno-squamous cell carcinoma (1.0%) and other types (7.7%). Conclusions: Immunohistochemistry helps to determine the immunophenotype, which will contribute to the routine histopathological diagnosis of HE staining of lung cancer types, supporting targeted treatment for patients. Keywords: Lung cancer, Histopathology, Immunohistochemistry, Immunophenotype

Cyclic patterns in the Lower Ordovician Dumugol Formation, Korea: Influence of compaction on sequence-stratigraphic interpretation in mixed carbonate–shale successions

The Lower Ordovician mixed carbonate–shale Dumugol Formation of Korea was analysed to compare the stratal thickness and facies proportion of measured and decompacted successions and to assess the effect of compaction on the interpretation of cyclicity. Metre-scale cyclic units (MSUs) in the formation consist in part of outer-shelf shale, distal to intermediate mid-ramp limestone–shale couplets, and proximal mid-ramp lime mudstone facies. A total of 119 MSUs were recognised in the studied section. Thickness reduction was estimated based on petrographic evidence, including compressed to uncompressed burrows, firm- to hardground surfaces and differentially compacted laminae, and supplementary values of decompaction factors taken from the literature. Five oscillatory units in the apparent Fischer plots consist of thickening- to thinning-upward packages composed of shallowing- to deepening-upward MSUs. Similar thickness–facies relationships were observed in the lower two oscillatory units of the decompacted Fischer plots; these units are rich in shale. In contrast, a transition to an antithetic thickness–facies pattern occurs in the following units, with common occurrences of limestone facies. The different thickness–facies relationships in the measured and decompacted Dumugol successions indicate that a large portion of the major controls on the formation of sedimentary cyclicity changed from sediment accumulation rate to relative sea-level fluctuations. Such modification by compaction of the original sediment column appears to have been caused by early cementation in calcareous sediments, which resulted in differential thinning between limestone and shaly deposits. These findings reveal that diagenetic influences on sequence-stratigraphic and cyclostratigraphic interpretations have been underestimated, with consequent potential effects on associated local to regional geodynamic models, particularly for mixed carbonate–siliciclastic successions.

Platelet-Rich and Platelet-Poor Plasma Might Play Supportive Roles in Cancer Cell Culture: A Replacement for Fetal Bovine Serum?

Platelet-Rich (PRP) and Platelet-Poor plasma (PPP) are widely used in research and clinical platforms mainly due to their capacities to enhance cell growth. Although the short half-life (5 days) and the high price of platelet products pose challenges regarding their usage, they maintain the growth regulatory functions for weeks. Thus, we aimed to assess the supplementary values of these products in human CCRF- CEM cancer cells. Mechanistically, we also checked if the PRP/PPP treatment enhances YKL-40 expression as a known protein regulating cell growth. The PRP/PPP was prepared from healthy donors using manual stepwise centrifugation and phase separation. The viability of the cells treated with gradient PRP/PPP concentrations (2, 5, 10, and 15%) was measured by the MTT assay. The YKL-40 mRNA and protein levels were assessed using qRT-PCR and western blotting. The data were compared to FBS-treated cells. Our findings revealed that the cells treated by PRP/PPP not only were morphologically comparable to those treated by FBS but also showed greater viability at the concentrations of 10 and 15%. Moreover, it was shown that PRP/PPP induce cell culture support, at least in part, via inducing YKL-40 expression at both mRNA and protein levels in a time- and dose-dependent manner. Collectively, by showing cell culture support comparable to FBS, the PRP/PPP might be used as good candidates to supplement the cancer cell culture and overcome concerns regarding the use of FBS as a non-human source in human cancer research.

Abstract A106: Key differences in muscular index and tumor burden reveal unique biology in ethnically diverse patients with pancreatic cancer

Abstract Introduction: The racial disparities in pancreatic cancer (PC), while not fully appreciated, are recognized amongst PC experts. African Americans are diagnosed more frequently, present with more advanced disease, and suffer from higher mortality rates than White patients. Overall, cancer cachexia, or cancer-associated muscle wasting, greatly contributes to both morbidity and mortality. While cachexia is experienced by more than 80% of patients with PC, PC-induced cachexia and how it contributes to a disparity amongst African Americans is under investigation. African Americans with PC present with increased muscle wasting (-29%) than their White counterparts with PC (-14%). Therefore, we hypothesize that an established radiographically obtained muscular index (a psoas index) uniquely corresponds to increased disease burden in African Americans with early-stage disease. Methods: African American and White patients with pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma who underwent surgery at our institution between 2010 and 2017 were included in this retrospective study. A muscular index for each patient was measured from preoperative CT scans by dividing the average area of the psoas muscles at L3 by the L3 vertebral body area to normalize the measurement for patient size. Supplementary relevant clinical, pathologic, and laboratory values were used for comparison. Results: 15 African American and 15 White surgical patients with PC were matched by gender and history of neoadjuvant therapy; age was similar in both groups (65.7 vs. 64.3, p=0.6566). Gross tumor size was similar in African Americans and Whites (2.553 vs. 3.093, p=0.3097). Tumor size, however, inversely correlated to psoas index in African Americans (r=0.4330, p=0.0077), but not in Whites (r=0.002525, p=0.8588). African Americans with lower psoas indices generally had larger tumors. Similar to tumor size, the positive lymph node ratio (LNR) inversely correlated to psoas index in African Americans (r=0.3930, p=0.0124), but not in Whites (r=0.08673, p=0.2867). LNR was significantly greater in Whites than African Americans (0.0627 vs. 0.2253, p=0.0020). Overall survival was, however, similar in both groups (15.8 vs. 14.3, p=0.7117). Conclusion: A decreased psoas index in African American patients is associated with greater tumor size and an increased positive LNR. Notably, the most powerful outcome variable (LNR) did not correlate with psoas index in White patients even in the presence of increased nodal metastases. Most surprisingly, overall survival was similar in both patient groups. This suggests that a limited tumor burden does not provide a survival benefit for African Americans. We conclude that recognizing biologic variance among patients with ethnic diversity will allow better strategies to characterize metabolism, tumor microenvironment, and muscle architecture in PC. Together this will lead to improved overall survival. Citation Format: Miles E. Cameron, Patrick W. Underwood, Michael H. Gerber, Steven J. Hughes, Andrew R. Judge, Jennifer B. Permuth, Jose G. Trevino. Key differences in muscular index and tumor burden reveal unique biology in ethnically diverse patients with pancreatic cancer [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the Eleventh AACR Conference on the Science of Cancer Health Disparities in Racial/Ethnic Minorities and the Medically Underserved; 2018 Nov 2-5; New Orleans, LA. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev 2020;29(6 Suppl):Abstract nr A106.

Supplementary values saturation program among students in the Philippines: Students’ stance and value

Good morals and behaviours are acquired and developed. There are claimed that people do not uphold values become irresponsible of their time and energy. When this happens, intervention is needed. For this reason, this study aims to evaluate the effectiveness of the supplementary values saturation program on discipline and responsibility implemented to 179 Grade 7 students in Benjamin B. Esguerra Memorial National High School. Kohlberg stated a clear hierarchy of moral values and prescriptive action kind of moral education is more effective and the use of bible-based principles through reflective activities creates impact on students’ behaviour modification. Quantitatively, pre-test and post-test control research design and a validated researchers’ questionnaire with 0.92 Cronbach’s alpha at significant level of 0.05 are used to answer the following research questions: What are the students’ stance on situations anchored on discipline and responsibility? Is there a significant difference between the pre-test and post-test of the students? Through Paired T-test and descriptive statistics, findings are: (1) There are situations commonly apply and uphold by the respondents and (2) the computed p-value is less than the significance level alpha=0.05, hence, the null hypothesis (Ho) is rejected. This study concludes that continues values saturation help students increase their intention to apply and uphold the virtue of discipline and responsibility. Hence, findings of this study therefore recommend conducting values saturation as one of the strategies to make students more discipline and responsibility. Keywords: Behaviour modification, instructional design, values saturation

Supplementary Values of Axillary Lymph Node Ultrasound Imaging in the Diagnosis of Breast Diseases

Supplementary Values of Axillary Lymph Node Ultrasound Imaging in the Diagnosis of Breast Diseases

Formation of Range-Doppler Maps Based on Sparse Reconstruction

This paper presents an application of compressed sensing in a pulsed system, such as a radar or sonar to form range-Doppler maps. Instead of transmitting a train of pulses, we portrait a system where the pulse emission itself takes place in a sparse manner. We show that any empty data segments can effectively be filled in by sparse reconstruction, which can also be used to extrapolate supplementary values. Simulations covering various conditions are used to demonstrate the effectiveness of the proposed setup.

Supplementary values of the dosimetric parameters kNR and Em for various types of detectors in 6 and 15 MV photon fields

The present communication broadens the data base for determinations of the non-reference condition correction factor kNR needed in high-energy photon dosimetry to accomplish the use of various detectors under non-reference conditions. Following our previous strategy of calculating semiempirical values of kNR and correlating them with the mean photon energy Em at the point of measurement in a large water phantom, the values of Em are now stated for 6 and 15 MV photon radiations of accelerators with and without flattening filters, square field sizes from 1 to 30 cm side length and depths from 0 to 28 cm. The unambiguity of the kNR-Em correlation is again confirmed and is quantified by fitting formulae for air-filled ionization chambers, TLD detectors and Si diodes. This survey provides a practicable access to the kNR values, particularly for the non-water equivalent detectors to be used in small-field dosimetry

Second-line pemetrexed versus docetaxel in Chinese patients with locally advanced or metastatic non-small cell lung cancer: A randomized, open-label study

IntroductionThis randomized, open-label study compared pemetrexed versus docetaxel as second-line therapy for Chinese patients with locally advanced or metastatic non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC). The primary endpoint tested non-inferiority of overall survival (OS) on the combined data from these patients and those in the global registration trial. Data from patients in the current study only (Chinese patients) were the basis for the study's secondary objectives. MethodsPatients with stage IIIB/IV disease were randomized (1:1) to receive pemetrexed (500mg/m2; 107 randomized; 106 treated) or docetaxel (75mg/m2; 104 randomized; 102 treated) on Day 1 of each 21-day cycle. Treatment continued until progressive disease, unacceptable toxicity or patient/investigator decision. All efficacy and safety data were analyzed at the pre-specified study completion; supplementary OS analyses were performed later, after additional events had been recorded. ResultsThe primary endpoint of OS noninferiority of pemetrexed to docetaxel was not met, the lower CL was <50% and P>0.025 (efficacy retained=97.9% [95% CLs: 47.1, 141.9]; P=0.0276), in the combined population (pemetrexed: n=390, docetaxel: n=392). Supplementary values were 101.3% (95% CLs: 57.9, 148.8), P=0.0186. For the secondary objectives, assessed in the population from the current study (pemetrexed: n=107, docetaxel: n=104), median OS was 11.7 and 12.2 months for the pemetrexed and docetaxel arms, respectively (HR [95% CLs]: 1.14 [0.78, 1.68], P=0.492). Supplementary values were 11.4 and 11.5 months, respectively (HR [95% CLs]: 1.02 [0.74, 1.40], P=0.926). Median PFS values were 2.8 and 3.1 months (HR [95% CLs]: 1.05 [0.75, 1.46], P=0.770) and ORR values were 9.6% and 4.1% (odds ratio [95% CLs]: 2.50 [0.76, 8.25], P=0.133) for pemetrexed and docetaxel, respectively. Pemetrexed-treated patients had significantly fewer drug-related grade 3–4 adverse events (pemetrexed: 20.8%, docetaxel: 40.2%; P=0.003). Few drug-related serious adverse events were reported (pemetrexed: 5 patients, docetaxel: 8 patients). ConclusionThe comparable efficacy and superior tolerability of pemetrexed compared with docetaxel in this study supports the use of single-agent, second-line pemetrexed for advanced non-squamous NSCLC in Chinese patients.ClinicalTrials.gov: NCT00391274.

A UK comparison for measurements of low levels of gamma-emitters in waste drums

Much of the work of the UK nuclear industry is now concerned with decommissioning many of the existing power stations and other facilities. An important aspect of this work is the accurate measurement of low levels of radioactivity in waste forms such as building materials in order that these materials can be assigned to the correct waste streams. This has led to a call for suitable standards and reference materials, and the specific needs of UK users were identified at an NPL workshop in 2005. One of the highest priorities was for ‘soft waste’ spiked with γ-emitters in a 200 L drum format, with an activity concentration of just under 0.4 Bq g −1. In response, NPL prepared a single reference drum meeting this specification. The low density was achieved by loading the drum with plastic bottles, each partially loaded with ion-exchange resin. The resin in each bottle had been previously spiked with a mixture of 241Am, 137Cs and 60Co, all traceable to national standards. The drum would be used primarily as the basis of a comparison exercise, but feedback on its usefulness as a calibration standard would also be sought. The drum was measured by 17 radioassay groups at 15 UK sites. The monitors used were mostly commercial γ-spectrometry systems designed to accommodate waste drums. Some groups measured the drum on more than one monitor and some used more than one efficiency calibration. Many of the groups used mathematical modelling to derive their efficiencies. The results of the exercise were discussed at a second NPL workshop (2007), after which the participants were allowed to submit supplementary or replacement results (with reasons for any changes clearly stated). In total, 88 results were submitted. A total of 51 results were in agreement with the NPL values; of the remaining results, 24 were explained by the participants concerned (or were revised to provide supplementary values), but the other 13 results were either clearly discrepant or questionable. The exercise demonstrated differences between laboratories who had used the same modelling software for their efficiency calibrations, and indeed facilitated an exchange of models between these laboratories. The importance of an accurate knowledge of the form and structure of the sample in efficiency modelling was clearly demonstrated. Uncertainty budgets were of variable quality. Some participants quoted MDA values for one or more of the radionuclides. A follow-up comparison was requested and this is now being planned.

Verification of dC(1) Parameter for Measuring the Effectiveness of a Personalized Ventilation System

An analysis of the ventilation effectiveness of a prototype personalized ventilation system of working places named PERMICS-LOS1 (Personal Microclimate System) was made, based on measurements of the air velocity field and of tracer gas concentrations using the decay method. The emphasis of the analysis was mainly on an experimental verification of a parameter based on the relative decrease of tracer gas concentration in the first minute of system operation dC(1) and on local ventilation efficiency using the local air-change index ∊L.. A system analysis was made for several different operating regimes of personalized ventilation, where changes in air quantity and the direction of supplied air in the breathing zone were applied. The results of the experimental analysis were statistically evaluated, compared, and included in the existing database of previous research for use as supplementary values. The performed analysis has confirmed previous findings as well as the connection between the dC(1) parameter and ventilation effectiveness parameters, especially with the local air-change index.

Performance of West African dwarf goats fed Guinea grass–Verano stylo mixture, N-fertilized and unfertilized Guinea grass

The supplementary values of Verano stylo in a mixed Guinea grass ( Panicum maximum cv. Ntchisi)–Verano stylo ( Stylosanthes hamata cv. Verano) diet from a sown grass–legume mixture and N fertilized grass were compared in West African dwarf (WAD) goats. Liveweight (LW) gain, feed intake, digestibility and N utilization were determined using 15 goats in two trials lasting for 98 days. Goats were fed Guinea grass–Verano stylo mixture (GSM), N-fertilized (NFG) and unfertilized grass (UFG). The goats were divided into three groups of five animals each and randomly allocated to the dietary treatments in a randomized complete block design. Total DM and OM intakes of the goats did not vary significantly among the forage diets and averaged 55.1 and 50.4 g kg −1 W 0.75 per day, respectively. CP intake (g kg −1 W 0.75 per day) was highest with NFG (5.6) followed by GSM (4.8) and the UFG (3.5). Total N excreted followed the same trend as the CP intake. There was no significant difference between N-retention of GSM and NFG (28.5 and 26.7%), but goats on UFG had a negative N balance (−9.16%). Animals on GSM had significantly higher liveweight gain (31.9 g per day) than those of NFG (25.1 g per day) and UFG (21.9 g per day) which also differed significantly. The digestibilities of total DM, OM, CP, NDF were higher with GSM than NFG or UFG. It is concluded that growing Verano stylo in mixture with Guinea grass is a better option for improving the feed quality of forage diets for goats than direct application of inorganic fertilizer at 200 kg N ha −1 to the pure grass.

Thermodynamic studies on YBa 2Cu 3O 7−δ and Y 2BaCuO 5 by solution calorimetry

We have measured calorimetrically the enthalpies of solution of superconducting YBa 2Cu 3O 7−δ ( δ = 0.09) which has a T c( off- set) of 90 K and semiconducting Y 2BaCuO 5 in IN HCl aqueous solution at 298 K. The standard enthalpies of formation of YBa 2Cu 3O 7−δ and Y 2BaCuO 5 have been calculated in combination with supplementary values from the literature as follows: Δ f H m o ( YBa 2 Cu 3 O 6.91) = − (3027 ± α) kJ mol −1 and Δ f H o m ( Y 2 BaCuO 5) = − (2716 ± α) kJ mol −1 (α is from the supplementary values and experimental error and is less than 5). An increase in the stability of YBa 2Cu 3O 7− δ is expected relative to the parent oxides (Y 2O 3, BaO and CuO) from 300 up to 1156 K by applying the entropy value to the calculation of the free energy change of formation for YBa 2Cu 3O 7−δ, which is the reason why the high- T c superconductor YBa 2Cu 3O 7−δ has a tendency to decompose above 1200 K.

The capillary rise between two concentric cylinders supplementary values

The capillary rise between two concentric cylinders supplementary values

INFLUENCE OF INDUCED CURRENTS IN CONDUCTORS ON LEAKAGE AND LOSSES IN A TRANSFORMER

ABSTRACT The precision of the classical equivalent circuit of a transformer is not sufficient for the software simulation of a high frequency power supply to be true. In this paper we show that, by adding some components to the classical circuit, eddy currents in windings can be taken into account. First, this modification was deduced from experimental results. Then, thanks to an homogeneous layer model, an analytical study was carried out. This enabled the above circuit to be justified and expressions to be derived for the supplementary components values. Finally, a more exact geometry was investigated thanks to an electromagnetic software simulation. The corresponding results agree well with analytical and experimental ones.

First and second thermodynamic mixing properties of ethylbenzene +n-alkanes: Experimental and theory

Isobaric expansibilities αP and isothermal compressibilities κT have been determined at 25 and 45°C for binary mixtures of ethylbenzene + n-tetradecane and + n-hexadecane and the corresponding excess functions (∂VE/∂T)P and (∂VE/∂P)T have also been obtained. With these data and supplementary literature values, the following second order mixing properties are also reported at 25°C: κSE, (∂VE/∂P)T, ΔCV and Δ(ΔγVT). All mixing quantities have been compared with the results obtained at 25°C by using the Prigogine-Flory-Patterson theory of liquid mixtures. The predicted values suggest that the ability of ethylbenzene as a breaker of the pure n-Cn orientations is similar to what we found for toluene and higher than for p-xylene.

Design-Adjusted Parameter Estimation

SUMMARY The problem of adjusting for the effect of sample design in parametric estimation is examined and a general model-based approach to parametric inference with sample survey data is proposed. This approach includes, as a special case, recent results on model-based regression estimation with sample survey data. How does one adjust for the effect of sample design when estimating superpopulation model parameters from survey data? Recent papers by Nathan and Holt (1980), Holt, Smith and Winter (1980) and Holt and Scott (1981) have explored this problem from a model-based viewpoint when estimating regression parameters from sample survey data. The traditional way of dealing with this problem uses a design-based (randomisation theory) argument, which precludes any direct reference to a model. Essentially, in this case, one estimates a finite population parameter, which itself is an estimator of the superpopulation parameter of interest. See Kish and Frankel (1974) and Binder (1983). This paper describes a general approach to model-based inference with survey data which includes, as a special case, the results on model-based regression estimation referred to above. It also embodies a philosophy which turns out to be close to that underlying the design-based ap- proach to survey inference. The perceived differences between the model-based and design- based approaches in this area may not therefore be as wide as is sometimes believed to be the case. The suggested model-based approach is as follows. Suppose a finite population of N elements is generated by a stochastic process which involves a (possibly vector-valued) parameter 0. If observations could be made on all N elements of that population, the optimal estimator of 0 based on all these observations would usually be that value which minimised an appropriately chosen population level loss function. That is, a loss function for 0 defined in terms of data for all N elements in the population. This optimal estimator of 0 is then the same as the finite population parameter which design-based theory aims to estimate. Now suppose a sample can be used to estimate the values of that population loss function. The value which minimises this estimated population loss function can then be taken to be the optimal sample estimate of 0. This sample estimate is clearly also an estimate of the above finite population parameter. So far, the argument is only driving the inference problem one step back - from direct estimation of the superpopulation parameter itself to estimation of the population loss function. But, if the underlying stochastic process involves a matrix Z of known supplementary population values and a parameter A which characterises the conditional distribution of the

Debate on health services in the European Economic Community: Why did Norway say no?

By a percentage of S3 against 47 of those who voted on September 25, 1972 (approximately 70 per cent of the electorate), Norway rejected full membership in the European Economic Community (EEC). This result came as a shock to the vast majority of those holding power and influence in Norway, including the leading political parties and organizations. The Social Democratic Party, with nearly half of the population behind it, and the National Federation of Trade Unions had made it a condition of loyalty to vote for full membership. The Conservative Party, with about 20 per cent of the voters backing it, had also taken a strong stand for full membership. The discussion for or against membership goes back to 1962–1963, and was resumed 2 years ago. A movement against membership had been built up from the grass roots, crossing party lines and organizations. The author discusses this unique situation, where overriding values and philosophies were able to unite a majority of the nation. All age groups and social classes were involved, although younger people probably were in majority. In the author's view, this movement had very little to do with narrow nationalism or fear of contact. On the contrary, it was a forward-looking movement, motivated, among other factors, by the importance of international cooperation at a global level; by the feeling that the economic growth model of the Treaty of Rome was now outmoded; that the supplementary values to be created must be developed by decentralization in smaller units at a local level; that spreading alienation can only be counteracted by more active participation by and responsibility of the individual citizen; and that the bigger was not always a better unit. The victorious movement was, in fact, carried by a feeling that one had to break loose from the conventional development model and consciously try to lay the foundation for the coming postindustrial society.

Nutritive values of oilseed proteins.

AbstractA protein seldom serves independently as a source of dietary amino acids—it works in concert with other proteins. Hence, the most important characteristic of each protein in the diet is its ability to fill gaps between the quantities of essential amino acids needed and those supplied by other foods. When examined from this viewpoint, oilseed proteins differ somewhat, but they all appear to be more valuable as supplementary proteins than their individual protein qualities imply. In general, feeding tests substantiate the theoretical supplementary values. Properly processed oilseed flakes, flour or concentrates of proteins prepared from them have great potential value as human food.