Supplementary Product Research Articles

A DETAILED FAR-ULTRAVIOLET SPECTRAL ATLAS OF MAIN-SEQUENCE B STARS

We have constructed a detailed spectral atlas covering the wavelength region 930A to 1225A for 10 sharp-lined B0-B9 stars near the main sequence. Most of the spectra we assembled are from the archives of the FUSE satellite, but for nine stars wavelength coverage above 1188A was taken from high-resolution IUE or echelle HST/STIS spectra. To represent the tenth star at type B0.2 V we used the Copernicus atlas of tau Sco. We made extensive line identifications in the region 949A to 1225A of all atomic features having published oscillator strengths at types B0, B2, and B8. These are provided as a supplementary data product - hence the term detailed atlas. Our list of found features totals 2288, 1612, and 2469 lines, respectively. We were able to identify 92%, 98%, and 98% of these features with known atomic transitions with varying degrees of certainty in these spectra. The remaining lines do not have published oscillator strengths. Photospheric lines account for 94%, 87%, and 91%, respectively, of all our iden- tifications, with the remainder being due to interstellar (usually molecular H2) lines. We also discuss the numbers of lines with respect to the distributions of various ions for these three most studied spectral subtypes. A table is also given of 167 least blended lines that can be used as possible diagnostics of physical conditions in B star atmospheres.

Retrievals of Thick Cloud Optical Depth from the Geoscience Laser Altimeter System (GLAS) by Calibration of Solar Background Signal

Abstract Laser beams emitted from the Geoscience Laser Altimeter System (GLAS), as well as other spaceborne laser instruments, can only penetrate clouds to a limit of a few optical depths. As a result, only optical depths of thinner clouds (< about 3 for GLAS) are retrieved from the reflected lidar signal. This paper presents a comprehensive study of possible retrievals of optical depth of thick clouds using solar background light and treating GLAS as a solar radiometer. To do so one must first calibrate the reflected solar radiation received by the photon-counting detectors of the GLAS 532-nm channel, the primary channel for atmospheric products. Solar background radiation is regarded as a noise to be subtracted in the retrieval process of the lidar products. However, once calibrated, it becomes a signal that can be used in studying the properties of optically thick clouds. In this paper, three calibration methods are presented: (i) calibration with coincident airborne and GLAS observations, (ii) calibration with coincident Geostationary Operational Environmental Satellite (GOES) and GLAS observations of deep convective clouds, and (iii) calibration from first principles using optical depth of thin water clouds over ocean retrieved by GLAS active remote sensing. Results from the three methods agree well with each other. Cloud optical depth (COD) is retrieved from the calibrated solar background signal using a one-channel retrieval. Comparison with COD retrieved from GOES during GLAS overpasses shows that the average difference between the two retrievals is 24%. As an example, the COD values retrieved from GLAS solar background are illustrated for a marine stratocumulus cloud field that is too thick to be penetrated by the GLAS laser. Based on this study, optical depths for thick clouds will be provided as a supplementary product to the existing operational GLAS cloud products in future GLAS data releases.

Oral drug absorption and the Biopharmaceutics Classification System

Bioavailability (BA) and bioequivalence (BE) play a central role in pharmaceutical product development and BE studies are presently being conducted for New Drug Application (NDAs) of new compounds, in supplementary NDAsfor new medical indications and product line extensions, in Abbreviated New Drug Applications (ANDAs) of generic products and in applications for scale-up and post-approval changes. The Biopharmaceutics Classification System (BCS) has been developed to provide a scientific approach for classifying drug compounds based on solubility as related to dose and intestinal permeability in combination with the dissolution properties of the oral immediate release (IR) dosage form. The aim of BCS is to provide a regulatory tool for replacing certain BE studies by accurate in vitro dissolution tests. The aim of the present review is to present the status of BCS and discuss its future application in pharmaceutical product development. This will be discussed in relation to novel findings in human intestinal absorption, permeability and solubility. The future application of BCS is likely to be increasingly important if the BCS borders for certain Class II and III drugs are extended. The BCS is also a simple tool in early drug development to determine the rate-limiting step in the oral absorption process, which has facilitated the information between different experts involved in the overall drug development process. In the future, this increased awareness of a proper biopharmaceutical characterization of new drugs may result in drug molecules with a sufficiently high permeability, solubility and dissolution rate that will automatically increase the importance of BCS as a regulatory tool over time.

Optimum timing and placement of a supplementary food spray Envirofeast® for the establishment of predatory insects of Helicoverpa spp. in cotton systems in Australia

Investigations to determine the optimum timing and placement of a supplementary food spray, Envirofeast® on the abundance of predatory insects on cotton was conducted in irrigated commercial cotton fields at Yarral near Narrabri, New South Wales, Australia, in 1998 v - v 99. Plots treated with the supplementary food product at the four-true leaf stage recorded a significantly higher number of predatory beetles, bugs and lacewings per metre compared with plots treated at two, six and eight-true leaf stages and unsprayed (control) plots. The cumulative total number of predatory beetles, bugs and lacewings recorded throughout the season in both treated and control plots was 23.81 per m. Of this total, plots treated at four true leaf stage recorded the highest (7.15 per v m) (i.e 30.03%), followed by two true leaf (5.81 per m) (24.41%), six true-leaf (4.31 per v m (18.12%), eight true-leaf stage (4.63 per v m) (i.e. 19.44%) and the unsprayed (control) plot recorded the lowest (1.91 per m (8.03%). The number of spiders per metre were not significantly different ( p v > v 0.05) among treatments and the control plots. The number of predators recorded in cotton crops treated with the supplementary food product as a band spray (33 v - v 50% band) or skip row spray (i.e. to every second row) was not significantly different ( p v > v 0.05) from plots where the product was applied as a solid spray to the entire crop (no skip row and/or no banding). Thus, tailoring Envirofeast® treatment in this way will ultimately reduce the quantity of product used, the cost of the product and allow cotton growers to adopt a multiple-use pattern for the product to support integrated pest management programmes in cotton.

The structure of 1-phenyl-3-methyl-4-benzoylpyrazol-2-in-5-selenone and its derivatives

It is shown that 1-phenyl-3-methyl-4-benzoylpyrazol-2-in-5-selenone exists in a SeH-tautomeric form in the solid phase. Crystal and molecular structure of bis(1-phenyl-3-methyl-4-benzoylpyrazolyl-5)selenide as a supplementary product of the synthesis of selenopyrazolone and di(1-phenyl-3-methyl-4-benzoylselenopyrazolyl-5)diselenide as the product of oxidation of the latter were characterised by X-ray single crystal diffraction.

Development and acceptability of a ready-to-eat beta-carotene rich, maize based supplementary product.

Low cost supplementary products using maize were developed and made using extrusion. Beta-carotene rich sources like curry leaf, carrot, red palm oil were used at different level to increase vitamin A precursor Levels and, therefore, vitamin A. Incorporation of curry leaf powder and carrot powder at 30 percent level and 30:70 blend of red palm oil and groundnut oil were found to be more acceptable than the products made with other levels. These products were tasted for acceptability by preschool children and were analysed for energy, protein, fat and beta-carotene contents. The control, fresh and stored supplementary products contained 1.707, 1.922, 1.919 MJ, 11.0, 11.6, 10.36 g protein, 10.2, 10.4, 9.64 g fat, 0, 7.37, 6.72 mg beta-carotene per 100 g, respectively. The loss of beta-carotene in processing and storage of curry leaf and carrot supplemented products was 13.69, 6.25 and 20.24, 8.06 percent, respectively.

The integration of psychosocial components in nutrition education in northeastern Thai villages.

The impact of a series of interactive video nutrition education programmes was studied in northeastern villages in Thailand. One of the five modules (VTR-4) was particularly child development oriented, aimed at creating maternal awareness of the child as an individual with early perceptual ability, importance of mother-child interaction, play and supplementary feeding. Village mothers with children under two years old were interviewed individually prior to the introduction of the media and at two, ten and 14 months later when the VTR-4 had been shown three, four and seven times, respectively in each village. A supplementary food product was produced and made commercially available at a low cost. Four hundred and seventy-eight men, 930 women and 3, 225 school children watched the VTR-4. Nutritional status of the children, maternal knowledge and attitude towards child rearing were assessed as well as some aspects of practice observed during home visits. There was a significant improvement in maternal awareness of infants' perceptual abilities, knowledge and attitude toward breast feeding, childplay and play materials and supplementary feeding, especially a more positive approach to tongue thrusting. Random observation during home visits revealed some changes in accordance with the media, i.e., mother-child interaction, existing play materials and the type of cradle used. Significant difference was also noted in the percentage of mothers intending to give their next baby colostrum compared to the control group at post tests 2 and 3. Although the prevalence of malnutrition among those under two years old in these villages has not decreased significantly during the study period, it was clear that the integration of psychosocial components into nutrition education had a considerable impact on maternal knowledge, attitudes and some aspects of child-rearing practice.

(1) Investigating an Industry: a Scientific Diagnosis of the Diseases of Management (2) Principles of Economics

(1) MR. KENT'S book belongs to a branch of investigation which has been specially developed in America. It might seem at first that business management scarcely belonged to science, but was rather a question of personal qualification, tact, and resource. When we speak of good management in this country we are inclined to regard it mainly as concerned with labour-saving methods. But this book, and others on the same lines, aim at applying to the faults of business the scientific methods of medical diagnosis; and Mr. Kent has given great vividness to his analysis by working it out in the concrete case of an individual business faced with competition and a falling market. To meet the case, each aspect of organisation, within and without the factory, is examined in detail by an expert. Is the location of the works where it should be, in view of the buying and selling markets, and conditions of transport? Are the buildings well equipped, and are they too large or too small for the most economical output? Is the power plant modern, or does it waste fuel? Are the high-priced men on work which really requires their skill, or are they being wasted on low-price work? What is the “load-factor” of the machinery—its percent-age of running full—both in general and for each machine? How are accounts kept and audited? Are the directors and manager “running full” themselves? An inquisition into each aspect shows, in the case taken, that the main technical fault is the want of a supplementary product to balance fluctuations in the main output, and occupy the spare factory space; while the main defect of organisation is in the work of the directors themselves. The book is full of the keen business spirit of America. Students of scientific economics will be interested to see how, in various detailed ways, the broad principles of the “marginal” method are illustrated.