Supplementary Component Research Articles

In adult dogs is supplementary tryptophan in the diet effective in reducing signs of anxiety?

Question In adult dogs, is dietary supplementation with tryptophan compared with no dietary tryptophan supplement effective in reducing signs of anxiety? Clinical bottom line The category of research question was: Treatment. The number and type of study designs that were critically appraised were: Two studies were found to be considered appropriate in the level of hierarchy of evidence pyramid. One study was a randomised double-blinded, placebo-controlled study and the other was a single-blind, placebo-controlled study. Critical appraisal of the selected papers meeting the inclusion criteria collectively provide zero/weak/moderate/strong evidence in terms of their experimental design and implementation: Moderate. The outcomes reported are summarised as follows… One study found no overall significant influence of tryptophan in the diet as an aid in reducing anxiety and fear-related behaviour in anxious dogs in household conditions. In contrast, the second study reported lower anxiety-related behaviour in dogs by owners but did not find significant differences in cortisol levels based on urine cortisol-to-creatinine ratio. In view of the strength of evidence and the outcomes from the studies the following conclusion is made… Current evidence reveals two studies that have evaluated the effectiveness of tryptophan as a supplement to the diets of anxious canines for pet owners. One study conducted did not find a significant effect or interaction in reducing anxiety-related behaviour whilst the second study reported lower anxiety-related behaviour in dogs by owners but did not find significant differences in cortisol levels based on urine cortisol-to-creatinine ratios. The use of tryptophan as a supplementary component in the diet is thus not enough as a sole treatment to assist in reducing anxiety in anxious adult dogs.

Gut-derived metabolite 3-methylxanthine enhances cisplatin-induced apoptosis via dopamine receptor D1 in a mouse model of ovarian cancer.

Platinum-based chemotherapy failure represents a significant challenge in the management of ovarian cancer (OC) and contributes to disease recurrence and poor prognosis. Recent studies have shed light on the involvement of the gut microbiota in modulating anticancer treatments. However, the precise underlying mechanisms, by which gut microbiota regulates the response to platinum-based therapy, remain unclear. Here, we investigated the role of gut microbiota on the anticancer response of cisplatin and its underlying mechanisms. Our results demonstrate a substantial improvement in the anticancer efficacy of cisplatin following antibiotic-induced perturbation of the gut microbiota in OC-bearing mice. 16S rRNA sequencing showed a pronounced alteration in the composition of the gut microbiome in the cecum contents following exposure to cisplatin. Through metabolomic analysis, we identified distinct metabolic profiles in the antibiotic-treated group, with a notable enrichment of the gut-derived metabolite 3-methylxanthine in antibiotic-treated mice. Next, we employed a strategy combining transcriptome analysis and chemical-protein interaction network databases. We identified metabolites that shared structural similarity with 3-methylxanthine, which interacted with genes enriched in cancer-related pathways. It is identified that 3-methylxanthinesignificantly enhances the effectiveness of cisplatin by promoting apoptosis both in vivo and in vitro. Importantly, through integrative multiomics analyses, we elucidated the mechanistic basis of this enhanced apoptosis, revealing a dopamine receptor D1-dependent pathway mediated by 3-methylxanthine. This study elucidated the mechanism by which gut-derived metabolite 3-methylxanthine mediated cisplatin-induced apoptosis. Our findings highlight the potential translational significance of 3-methylxanthine as a promising adjuvant in conjunction with cisplatin, aiming to improve treatment outcomes for OC patients.IMPORTANCEThe precise correlation between the gut microbiota and the anticancer effect of cisplatin in OC remains inadequately understood. Our investigation has revealed that manipulation of the gut microbiota via the administration of antibiotics amplifies the efficacy of cisplatin through the facilitation of apoptosis in OC-bearing mice. Metabolomic analysis has demonstrated that the cecum content from antibiotic-treated mice exhibits an increase in the levels of 3-methylxanthine, which has been shown to potentially enhance the therapeutic effectiveness of cisplatin by an integrated multiomic analysis. This enhancement appears to be attributable to the promotion of cisplatin-induced apoptosis, with 3-methylxanthine potentially exerting its influence via the dopamine receptor D1-dependent pathway. These findings significantly contribute to our comprehension of the impact of the gut microbiota on the anticancer therapy in OC. Notably, the involvement of 3-methylxanthine suggests its prospective utility as a supplementary component for augmenting treatment outcomes in patients afflicted with ovarian cancer.

Escherichia coli LTB26 mutant enhances immune responses to rotavirus antigen VP8 in a mouse model

Adjuvant is a major supplementary component of vaccines to boost adaptive immune responses. To select an efficient adjuvant from the heat-labile toxin B subunit (LTB) of E. coli, four LTB mutants (numbered LTB26, LTB34, LTB57, and LTB85) were generated by multi-amino acid random replacement. Mice have been intranasally vaccinated with human rotavirus VP8 admixed. Among the four mutants, enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) revealed that LTB26 had enhanced mucosal immune adjuvanticity compared to LTB, showing significantly enhanced immune responses in both serum IgG and mucosal sIgA levels. The 3D modeling analysis suggested that the enhanced immune adjuvanticity of LTB26 might be due to the change of the first LTB α-helix to a β-sheet. The molecular mechanism was studied using transcriptomic and flow cytometric (FCM) analysis. The transcriptomic data demonstrated that LTB26 enhanced immune response by enhancing B cell receptor (BCR) and major histocompatibility complex (MHC) II+-related pathways. Furthermore, LTB26 promoted Th1 and Th2-type immune responses which were confirmed by detecting IFN-γ and IL-4 expression levels. Immunohistochemical analysis demonstrated that LTB26 enhanced both Th1 and Th2 type immunity. Therefore, LTB26 was a potent mucosal immune adjuvant meeting the requirement for use in human clinics in the future.

Reporting on Antibiotic Resistance in Two US Newspapers Before and During Covid-19

Antibiotic resistance (AR) is a growing health crisis that has remained underrepresented in coverage across major news publications in the U.S. despite increasing rates of related disease outbreaks and mortality worldwide. This study used content analysis to examine the coverage of AR in two major U.S. news publications before the COVID-19 pandemic (2018-2019) and during it (2020-2021). Coverage of AR in The New York Times (NYT) and The Washington Post (WP) was analyzed according to the use of frames, the quantity of articles published, and a number of other variables including stakeholders, diseases, and terms referring to AR. These factors were used to assess how coverage of AR differed before and during the COVID-19 pandemic, and how it differed between the two newspapers. Pre-COVID-19 coverage focused on AR as an isolated pandemic, while coverage during the early years of the COVID-19 pandemic often used AR as a supplementary component of the coverage to the main topic of COVID-19. This study found that both before and during the outbreak of COVID-19, the majority of the observed articles did not fully explain the scope, severity, or solution for the AR crisis. Instead, they provided readers with baseline information, framing AR as a contemporary issue and generally encouraging action but included very few tangible suggestions for every day, individual action for readers. KEYWORDS: Superbugs; Frames; Antibiotic Resistance; Coronavirus; COVID-19; Media Coverage; Health Crises; Medicine

Effects of basic carbohydrate counting versus standard dietary care for glycaemic control in type 2 diabetes (The BCC Study): a randomised, controlled trial

BackgroundClinical guidelines recommend basic carbohydrate counting (BCC), or similar methods to improve carbohydrate estimation skills and to strive for higher consistency in carbohydrate intake potentially improving glycaemic control. However, evidence for this approach in type 2 diabetes (T2D) is limited.ObjectiveTo examine the efficacy of a structured education program in BCC as add-on to standard dietary care on glycaemic control in individuals with T2D.MethodsThe BCC Study was a randomized, controlled, open-label, parallel-group trial. Individuals with T2D aged 18-75 years with glycated haemoglobin A1c (HbA1c) 53–97 mmol/mol (7.0–11.0%) were randomly assigned (1:1) to BCC or standard dietary care. The primary outcomes were differences in changes in HbA1c or glycaemic variability (calculated as mean amplitude of glycaemic excursions [MAGE]) between groups after six months of intervention.ResultsBetween September 2018 and July 2021, 48 participants were randomly assigned, 23 to BCC and 25 to standard dietary care. Seven participants did not receive the allocated intervention. From a baseline-adjusted mean of 65 mmol/mol (95% CI 62-68 [8.1%, 7.8-8.4]), HbA1c changed by −5 mmol/mol (−8 to −1 [−0.5%, −0.7 to −0.1]) in BCC and -3 mmol/mol (−7 to 1 [−0.3%, −0.6 to 0.1]) in standard care with an estimated treatment effect of −2 mmol/mol (−7 to 4 [−0.2%, −0.6 to 0.4]); p = 0.554. From a baseline-adjusted mean of 4.2 mmol/l (3.7 to 4.8), MAGE changed by −16% (−33 to 5) in BCC and by −3% (−21 to 20) in standard care with an estimated treatment effect of −14% (−36 to 16); p = 0.319. Only median carbohydrate estimation error in favour of BCC (estimated treatment difference −55% (−70 to −32); p < 0.001) remained significant after multiple testing adjustment.ConclusionsNo glycaemic effects were found but incorporating BCC as a supplementary component to standard dietary care led to improved skills in estimating carbohydrate intake among individuals with T2D.

Active video games as an adjunct to pulmonary rehabilitation of patients with Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease: a commentary on a systematic review

Pulmonary rehabilitation is a key evidence-based intervention to improve the outcomes of people living with Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease (COPD). However, there are challenges in delivering pulmonary rehabilitation including reduced referral rates and suboptimal uptake and completion rates. Active video game interventions, when used as an adjunct, may increase the adoption of and access to pulmonary rehabilitation. This commentary summarises and critically appraises a systematic review which investigated the effectiveness of active video games as a supplementary component in the pulmonary rehabilitation of individuals suffering from chronic obstructive pulmonary disease.

Capacity building and community of practice for women community health workers in low-resource settings: long-term evaluation of the Mobile University For Health (MUH).

Lebanon has been facing a series of crises, significantly increasing health challenges, and straining its healthcare infrastructure. This caused deficiencies in the system's ability to attend to population health needs, and it profoundly impacted vulnerable and refugee communities who face additional challenges accessing healthcare services. In response, the Global Health Institute at the American University of Beirut designed and implemented the Mobile University for Health (MUH), which promotes task-shifting through capacity building complemented by communities of practice (CoP). The program aimed to prepare vulnerable women to assume the role of community health workers (CHW) within their communities, and to promote positive health knowledge and behaviours. A mixed-methods approach was used to evaluate MUHs' three certificates (women's health, mental health and psychosocial support, and non-communicable diseases). Implementation took place between 2019 and 2022, with 83 CHWs graduating from the program. Short-term data including knowledge assessments, course evaluations, and community member feedback surveys were collected. 93 semi-structured interviews with CHWs and 14 focus group discussions with community members were conducted to evaluate the long-term impact of the capacity building and CoP components. Data revealed multiple strengths of the initiative, including increased access to education for the community, effectiveness of blended learning modality, successful planning and delivery of CoP sessions, and improved knowledge, skills, and health behaviours over time. The supplementary CoP sessions fostered trust in CHWs, increased community empowerment, and increased leadership skills among CHWs. However, some challenges persisted, including limited access to healthcare services, implementation logistical issues, difficulties with some aspects of the learning modality, and some resistance within the communities. MUH promoted and improved positive health knowledge and behaviours within targeted vulnerable populations in Lebanon. The supplementary CoP component proved instrumental in empowering CHWs and enhancing their impact within their communities. The study highlights the need for ongoing training and support for CHWs and underscores the importance of continued investment and adaptation of such initiatives through a gendered lens. This evaluation provides evidence on the successes of a capacity building model that has strong potential for scale and replication across health topics in conflict-affected contexts.

Numerical simulation of soot and NO formation in DME/gasoline laminar co-flow diffusion flames

Dimethyl ether (DME) is regarded as a promising alternative fuel to reduce greenhouse gases and soot emission. However, the application of DME in actual engines is difficult because of its low calorific value and viscosity. DME is commonly utilized as a supplementary component in traditional fuels to enhance their combustion efficiency and emission performance. This study investigated the effect of DME blending on the soot and NO formation in laminar diffusion gasoline flames. The results showed that the peak soot volume fraction (SVF) reduced by 12.3 %, while the peak temperature increased by 19.2 K and the peak concentration of NO increased by 18.2 % when the blending ratio of DME increased from 0 % to 15 %. The primary reason for the reduction in the soot inception rate was the decrease in benzo(ghi)fluoranthene (BGHIF) concentration. The formation of BGHIF was controlled by the C6H5CH3 → A1 → A1-→A1C2H → A2R5 → A2 → A2-→BGHIF pathways. The decrease of initial soot particles led to a reduction in Hydrogen Abstraction Carbon Addition (HACA) surface growth rate. The increase in A4 concentration was due to the increase in the concentration of C4H2 in the reaction A2R5 + C4H2 = A4. Therefore, more benzo[a]pyrene (BAPYR) was formed through A4 + C4H2 = BAPYR, promoted the process of soot condensation. The increase in OH concentration promoted the oxidation of OH, and the decrease in soot inhibited the oxidation of O2. The majority of NO was primarily produced through the NO thermal pathway in the DME/gasoline flame, and N + OH = NO + H was the main reaction to form NO. The increase of O, H and OH radicals caused the increase in NO concentration.

Unveiling group activity recognition: Leveraging Local–Global Context-Aware Graph Reasoning for enhanced actor–scene interactions

Group activity recognition aims to recognize holistic activity in multi-person scene, necessitating consideration of the interactions between actors and their surroundings. It has various applications, such as public surveillance, video analysis. Nonetheless, existing works merely extract scene features as a supplementary component of activity features, failing to adequately explore the interplay between the scene and actors. To address this limitation, this paper proposes a Local–Global Context-Aware Graph Reasoning Model (LG-CAGR), which leverages and reasons through local and global context features to gain deeper insights into group activity within the scene. In particular, we present an innovative feature extraction strategy to harness local location features and global scene attributes, effectively complementing actor features by capturing spatial group topology and determining relative positions between actors. Subsequently, we delve into these features by devising a local–global group reasoning module that deduces pair-wise interactions between actors and scenes within Graph Convolutional Network, comprehensively elucidating correlations between overall scene and local individuals to construct group-level features. Multi-graphs are constructed considering actor’s features, scene features as nodes, and interactions as edges. A self-attention graph pooling network is introduced to automatically integrate key actor features and form rich group-level features to recognize group activity. The results on Collective Activity Dataset, Collective Activity Extended Dataset, Volleyball Dataset and Public Life in Public Space dataset have reached 94.0%, 97.7%, 92.7% and 56.1%. Compared with existing methods using the same backbone, we exceeded 1%, 2.1%, 0.3%, and 14.9% respectively, affirming the superiority of the proposed method compared with state-of-the-art methods.

Unveiling the anticancer effects of SGLT-2i: mechanisms and therapeutic potential.

Cancer and diabetes are significant diseases that pose a threat to human health. Their interconnection is complex, particularly when they coexist, often necessitating multiple therapeutic approaches to attain remission. Sodium-glucose cotransporter protein two inhibitors (SGLT-2i) emerged as a treatment for hyperglycemia, but subsequently exhibited noteworthy extra-glycemic properties, such as being registered for the treatment of heart failure and chronic kidney disease, especially with co-existing albuminuria, prompting its assessment as a potential treatment for various non-metabolic diseases. Considering its overall tolerability and established use in diabetes management, SGLT-2i may be a promising candidate for cancer therapy and as a supplementary component to conventional treatments. This narrative review aimed to examine the potential roles and mechanisms of SGLT-2i in the management of diverse types of cancer. Future investigations should focus on elucidating the antitumor efficacy of individual SGLT-2i in different cancer types and exploring the underlying mechanisms. Additionally, clinical trials to evaluate the safety and feasibility of incorporating SGLT-2i into the treatment regimen of specific cancer patients and determining appropriate dosage combinations with established antitumor agents would be of significant interest.

The Hidden Curriculum in Islamic Education: Developing Critical Thinking and Moderate Attitudes among Students

The hidden curriculum serves as a supplementary component to the formal curriculum, emphasizing the cultivation of students' character. One crucial aspect of character development for students is the ability to exhibit critical thinking and moderation. This research aims to make a hidden curriculum as a tool and effort to build students' critical thinking and moderate attitudes. The method of this study is qualitative. Data is collected through observation, interviews, and written documentation and literature. The sources of data and information are obtained from 9 informants which are the school principal, deputy principal for the curriculum section, Pancasila, Islamic and Christian Education teachers, class teachers, and 3 students at SMAN 60 Jakarta. The scope of this research only covers the development, implementation, and obstacles of the hidden curriculum increase students' critical and moderate attitudes. The implications of this research are the awareness of schools regarding the importance of paying attention to the hidden curriculum in schools and addressing existing constraints. Additionally, further research is needed on the role of government policies in hidden synchronization.

Bioinspired stormwater control measure for the enhanced removal of truly dissolved polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons and heavy metals from urban runoff

Stormwater harvesting (SWH) addresses the UN's Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs). Conventional stormwater control measures (SCMs) effectively remove particulate and colloidal contaminants from urban runoff; however, they fail to retain dissolved contaminants, particularly substances of concern like polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) and heavy metals (HMs), thereby hindering the SWH applicability. Here, inspired by protein folding in nature, we reported a novel biomimetic SCM for the efficient removal of dissolved PAHs and HMs from urban runoff. Lab-scale tests were conducted together with a more mechanistic investigation on how the contaminants were removed. By integrating hydrophobic organic chains with low-cost hydrophilic flocculant matrixes, our biomimetic flocculants achieved a 1.4–9.5 times removal of all detected dissolved PAHs and HMs, while enhancing the removal of a wide-spectrum of particulate and colloidal contaminants, compared to existing SCMs. Ecotoxicity, as indicated by newborn Daphnia magna as experimental organisms, was reduced from “acute toxicity” of the original runoff sample (toxic unit of ∼2.6) to “non-toxicity” (toxic unit < 0.4) of the treated water. The improved performance is attributed to the protein-folding-like features of the bioinspired flocculants providing: (i) stronger binding to PAHs (via hydrophobic association) and HMs (via coordination), and (ii) the ability of spontaneous aggregation. The bio-inspired approach in this work holds strong promise as an alternative or supplementary component in SCM systems, and is expected to contribute to sustainable water management practices in relation to SDGs.

Development of an overarching framework for anticipating and assessing adverse and other unintended consequences of public health interventions (CONSEQUENT): a best-fit framework synthesis

IntroductionDespite the best intentions and intended beneficial outcomes, public health (PH) interventions can have adverse effects and other unintended consequences (AUCs). AUCs are rarely systematically examined when developing, evaluating or...

Analyzing the potency of Viscosity Modifying Agents on the Characteristics and Static Segregation of Fresh and Hardened Fluid Concrete

Self-compacting concrete (SCC) represents a recent advancement in the field of concrete technology due to its ease of handling and placement. In order to regulate the internal integrity of the concrete, a supplementary mixture component is employed. The term used to refer to this particular component is a viscosity-modifying agent (VMA). Different quantities of VMA were incorporated into the concrete mixture in order to evaluate its performance in both the fresh and hardened states. This study focused on the impact of VMA (Viscosity Modifying Agent) on various characteristics of concrete mixes. Specifically, the features under examination included flowing time, slump flow, flow time into a 500-mm diameter, and resistance to vertical segregation. In contrast, a measurement was conducted on the compressive strength of the cured concrete. The utilization of the column of segregation test allows for the identification and assessment of static segregation in SCC mixtures. This test offers a direct quantitative determination of the stability of segregation in fresh concrete. The purpose of this experiment is to determine the precise quantity of coarse aggregate with a diameter above 8 mm present within a specimen of 300 mm in height. This can be achieved by conducting sedimentation tests at a specific time interval of 30 minutes after the pouring of concrete. The research results indicate that the addition of VMA had a substantial impact on the rheological characteristics of the concrete mixture. It effectively stabilized the mixture, minimized static segregation, and improved the compressive strength when compared to the reference mixture without VMA. Furthermore, a comprehensive illustration of the segregation phenomenon is provided by the column of static segregation tests.&#x0D;

Dekonstruksi Makna dan Bahasa dalam Perspektif Jacques Derrida

Advertisement prevalence in society has been increasing throughout its growth. The field of advertising is always evolving in society, with settings and characteristics that are continually advancing. Advertisements has a formidable capacity to captivate individuals by using compelling language in suitable written content. In this scenario, advertising no longer serves as a supplementary component, but rather has evolved into a crucial aspect. The interpretation that arises in individuals' brains about a document or commercial often transforms into a collective and universally comprehended meaning. Deconstruction is a method that involves dissecting established meaning into smaller components, analyzing them, and reconstructing a new meaning that deviates from the commonly accepted understanding. Deconstruction fundamentally reconfigures established meanings into novel interpretations that may be seen as identical, like, or divergent significations. This article examines the principles of deconstruction from the viewpoint of Derrida. Through the adoption and use of advertising and deconstruction, one may get fresh perspectives on the significance and utility of deconstruction in the selection of language and text for commercials.

Synthesis and warm white emission performance of single-component Ca7Mg2(PO4)6:Dy3+, Eu3+ phosphor for white light-emitting diodes

A single-component Ca7Mg2(PO4)6:Dy3+, Eu3+ white-emitting phosphor was synthesized by a sol-gel approach. The effects of the amounts of Dy3+ ions and Eu3+ ions on the luminescence characteristics and crystal structure of Ca7Mg2(PO4)6:Dy3+, Eu3+ were systematically investigated. The Ca7Mg2(PO4)6:Dy3+, Eu3+ phosphors had a Ca7Mg2(PO4)6 structure with an R3c (161) space group. The Ca7Mg2(PO4)6:Dy3+ phosphor showed emission peaks at both 484 nm (blue) and 576 nm (yellow), which led to the realization of white light. Furthermore, after codoping Eu3+ ions into the structure, a red emission peak (∼617 nm) appeared in the spectrum as a supplementary red component. A warm white light with a low correlated colour temperature (CCT) is obtained from Dy3+/Eu3+-codoped Ca7Mg2(PO4)6. The luminescence intensity at 483 K still reaches more than 73 % of that at 303 K. The packaged LEDs display a bright warm white light with CCT value and colour rendering index (CRI) of 3878 K and 86.7, respectively, which is comfortable for the human eye. With excellent luminescence performances, the white-emitting Ca7Mg2(PO4)6:Dy3+, Eu3+ phosphor had a significant application potential in the w-LED field.

A systematic review of real-world contact tracing strategies at the onset of the COVID-19 pandemic

Abstract Background Contact tracing (CT) represented one of the core activities for the prevention and control of COVID-19 in the early phase of the pandemic, before the availability of effective vaccines. Poor evidence is available on the real-world implementation of CT strategies and adoption of CT digital tools during the initial phase of the emergency. Methods We aimed to provide a comprehensive picture of the organizational aspects of CT activities during the first wave of the pandemic, through the identification and description of CT strategies used in different settings during the period March-June 2020 and of digital tools adopted in the early phase. A systematic review of published studies describing organizational models of COVID-19 CT strategies and digital tools used in real-world settings was conducted. PubMed, Embase and Cochrane Library were searched. Results We retrieved a total of 1,637 studies, 30 of which met all our inclusion criteria. Seven studies target the general population, 10 studies described CT activities carried out in specific population subgroups, 13 described the use of CT apps in real world settings. Main activities implemented to rapidly scale-up CT activities included decentralization of CT, involvement of trained non-public health resources (e.g. University students, civil servants), use of digital tools for CT management, inter-agency collaboration, community engagement. Digital apps proved to be a useful supplementary component in CT strategies, however their acceptability was hampered by privacy, equity and effectiveness's concerns. Conclusions Despite the lack of data on CT effectiveness, available evidence provides indication on coordination mechanisms and use of human and technical resources needed for the rapid scale up of CT activities. Further research on real world implementation of CT strategies during the COVID-19 pandemic would be needed to contribute to a more robust evidence-making process. Key messages • Decentralization of CT activities, involvement of trained non public health professionals, intersectoral collaboration were the key components of early COVID-19 CT strategies. • The use of smartphone apps and other digital tools proved to be a substantial support for CT activities. However, privacy, ethics and equity issues must be clearly addressed.

Investigating the Importance and Goals of Economic Fish Farming in Faryab Province

This research is about the importance and goals of fish farming in Faryab province, considering the world's population which is constantly increasing and its growth will not stop at any time, there is no doubt that the world's current food industry will not meet the needs and humans must Think about food sources for new protein sources.&#x0D; Fish is one of the most important resources for humans, especially food sources: major fishermen and people who catch fish only for a living catch these animals from the wild.&#x0D; The importance of this current research on the importance of fish farming in our Faryab, regardless of the fact that it provides part of the food rich in protein needed by our country. It is an important source of employment for unemployed people in the rural areas of Faryab province. On the other hand, Faryab Province, with its diverse climatic conditions, and abundant natural facilities, has a good background for breeding activities of freshwater and warm water fish. It can be seen that different districts of Faryab Province have a blessed sea that has prepared a colorful table for thousands of living creatures.&#x0D; The main purpose of conducting research is to obtain information about the importance and objectives of fish farming in Faryab province, and with the increase in population, the demand for aquatic products, especially fish meat, is increasing. At present, fish meat food is promoted in many restaurants in Faryab province and fish meat has a good market in this province, so in this regard, every day tens of kilos of high-quality raw fish enter Faryab province from the provinces and districts of Afghanistan. This is proof of having a good domestic market for fish meat in Faryab province.&#x0D; Fish resources are renewable resources. A large number of people in developed and developing countries are busy working in this sector. Fish breeding and hunting are one of the most beneficial jobs for the people of the world, Afghanistan, and especially the people of Faryab province. Fish meat provides approximately 14 percent of the animal protein needed by the world's population. In a number of developing countries, fish is a supplementary food component of the people's diet. Fish farming and fishing are a source of employment and foreign currency income in developed and developing countries. The necessary information about the background of this research was collected from books, articles, and authentic scientific journals, and in the findings section, the necessary information was collected using a questionnaire, and the results after analysis were included in the findings section.

Efficacy of Acute Oral Supplementation of Aquilaria malaccensis Leaves Aqueous Extract on Adult Female Sprague Dawley Rat Growth Performance

Aquilaria malaccensis belongs to the Thymelaceae family and is frequently encountered in select states of Peninsular Malaysia, notably Terengganu, Kelantan, Pahang, and Johor. Its favorable pharmacological and nutritional attributes have attracted the attention of experts in the pharmaceutical and food industries. They are currently investigating its potential as an organic substitute herb for the formulation of diverse medicinal commodities. In spite of its growing utilization as a supplementary component, it is crucial to acknowledge that improper or excessive consumption of Aquilaria malaccensis leaf extract might pose a risk of oral toxicity. To evaluate this aspect, an acute study was carried out to investigate both the immediate and delayed toxic repercussions of aqueous extract from Aquilaria malaccensis leaves on rats during a 14-day span.The study involved twenty-four female Sprague Dawley rats, divided into four groups: Control (C); 1 ml of distilled water, Treatment 1 (T1); 1 g of Aquilaria malaccensis per kg of body weight, Treatment 2 (T2); 2 g per kg of body weight, and Treatment 3 (T3); 3 g per kg of body weight. The data were analyzed using appropriate statistical methods; one-way analysis of variance (ANOVA) for parametric data and the Chi-Square test for non-parametric data.The results indicated that both T2 and T3 led to a significant increase in the mean weight of the organ (i.e.,ovary) compared to the control group. However, no significant differences were observed among the treatment groups with regard to weekly food intake (WFI), feed conversion ratio (FCR), and body weight gain (BWG) throughout the 14-day acute oral toxicity assessment. In conclusion, this preliminary study involving female rats suggests that doses of Aquilaria malaccensis up to 3 g/kg of body weight do not result in immediate (within 3-4 hours) or delayed toxic effects over a 14-day period, as evidenced by behavioral and physical, and growth parameter assessments (weekly food intake (WFI), feed conversion ratio (FCR), and body weight gain (BWG). The study indicates that exposing the animals to Aquilaria malaccensis aqueous extract at doses of 1 g, 2 g, and 3 g/kg of body weight does not adversely affect their overall condition. No instances of mortality or severe clinical effects were observed in any of the female rats during this acute oral toxicity study.

The interplay of quaternary ammonium lipid structure and protein corona on lung-specific mRNA delivery by selective organ targeting (SORT) nanoparticles

Messenger RNA (mRNA) can treat genetic disease using protein replacement or genome editing approaches but requires a suitable carrier to circumnavigate biological barriers and access the desired cell type within the target organ. Lipid nanoparticles (LNPs) are widely used in the clinic for mRNA delivery yet are limited in their applications due to significant hepatic accumulation because of the formation of a protein corona enriched in apolipoprotein E (ApoE). Our lab developed selective organ targeting (SORT) LNPs that incorporate a supplementary component, termed a SORT molecule, for tissue-specific mRNA delivery to the liver, spleen, and lungs of mice. Mechanistic work revealed that the biophysical class of SORT molecule added to the LNP forms a distinct protein corona that helps determine where in the body mRNA is delivered. To better understand which plasma proteins could drive tissue-specific mRNA delivery, we characterized a panel of quaternary ammonium lipids as SORT molecules to assess how chemical structure affects the organ-targeting outcomes and protein corona of lung-targeting SORT LNPs. We discovered that variations in the chemical structure of both the lipid alkyl tail and headgroup impact the potency and specificity of mRNA delivery to the lungs. Furthermore, changes to the chemical structure alter the quantities and identities of protein corona constituents in a manner that correlates with organ-targeting outcomes, with certain proteins appearing to promote lung targeting whereas others reduce delivery to off-target organs. These findings unveil a nuanced relationship between LNP chemistry and endogenous targeting, where the ensemble of proteins associated with an LNP can play various roles in determining the tissue-specificity of mRNA delivery, providing further design criteria for optimization of clinically-relevant nanoparticles for extrahepatic delivery of genetic payloads.