Ingredients In Supplements Research Articles

Herbal supplement Spirulina stimulates inflammatory cytokine production in patients with dermatomyositis in vitro

Spirulina, an herbal supplement and popular ingredient in health foods, is a potent stimulant of the immune system. Spirulina use is temporally associated with the onset or exacerbation of Dermatomyositis (DM), an autoimmune connective tissue disease that frequently affects the skin and muscle. In this study, we investigated the effect of Spirulina on peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) in DM and Healthy Controls (HCs), showing that Spirulina stimulates Interferon β (IFNβ), Tumor necrosis factor α (TNFα), and Interferon γ (IFNγ) production of DM PBMCs primarily via Toll-Like Receptor 4 (TLR4) activation using ELISA (enzyme linked immunosorbent assay) and flow cytometry. We show that classical monocytes and monocyte-derived dendritic cells are stimulated by Spirulina and are activated via TLR4. Skin from patients with Spirulina-associated DM exhibits an inflammatory milieu similar to that of idiopathic DM but with a stronger correlation of TLR4 and IFNγ.

A crystallisation protocol designed for the isolation of lycopene from tomato processing by‐products

SummaryThe antioxidant and anticancer properties of lycopene make it an excellent ingredient for daily food supplements. The present study developed a novel protocol based on crystallisation to produce lycopene of high purity from a complex extract obtained by n‐hexane from tomato peel. The crystallisation process aimed to achieve a higher recovery and purity of lycopene. The crystallisation system was optimised using ethanol and n‐hexane at a volume ratio of 0.8:1 after evaporating the extract to a solid concentration of 66%. The recovery of lycopene reached 78.45% with a purity of 96.12%. The combination of the two crystallisation methods used, antisolvent and evaporation crystallisation, removed most impurities from the lycopene crystals. This novel protocol thus proved to be effective for recovering lycopene from tomato waste.

Investigation of the content of anabolic steroids in food supplements used in sports practice

The goal of this study is to establish the presence or absence of anabolic androgenic steroids in food supplements implemented in sports practice, to assess the health risk from intake of food supplements with quality and content discrepancies in conflict with the recommendations. The authors analysed 23 samples of food supplements by using liquid chromatographic methods. The presence/absence of substances with steroid structure was determined by considering the resulting chromatograms and using reference substances. The analysis of the resulting data showed that 11 out of 23 samples of food supplements did not contain anabolic steroid substances, while different amounts of androgenic steroid substances were identified in the other 12 samples. The results from the analyses confirmed the hypothesis formulated by the authors for possible presence of undeclared steroid ingredients in food supplements, and enabled the following conclusion: more than half of the tested food supplements contained undeclared anabolic steroids, all banned by the World Anti-Doping Agency, and their number in one of the samples could be more than one. The authors also revealed that the information on the product label and package concealed the undeclared ingredients of the food supplement and claimed for high efficacy and safety. Highlights The findings of the analyses with chromatographic methods confirmed the hypothesis set by the authors for the possible presence of undeclared steroid ingredients in food supplements (FS) and point to the following highlights: More than half of the tested FS (52.2%) contained undeclared anabolic steroids and their number in one of the samples could be more than one (sample 16 contained 9 steroid substances). The label and product package information conceal the undeclared ingredients of the food supplement and claim high efficacy and safety. All anabolic steroids detected in the composition of the tested FS have been banned by the World Anti-Doping Agency (WADA).

Influence of Diet on the Bioavailability of Active Components from Zingiber officinale Using an In Vitro Digestion Model

Ginger (Zingiber officinale Rosc.) is a plant known all over the world that is used as a spice and as an ingredient in drinks, dietary supplements, and cosmetics. The growing availability of its fresh rhizomes makes it even more likely to be used in the diet, mainly due to its beneficial health properties and high content of polyphenols (gingerols and shogaols). The main goal and motivation of the authors was to assess the bioavailability of active substances contained in the extract from ginger rhizomes in the presence of various types of diets using the in vitro digestion method, enabling simulation of the processes occurring during the digestion and absorption of metabolites in the small intestine. For the qualitative and quantitative analyses, the HPLC-MS (High Performance Liquid Chromatography–Mass Spectrometry) and HPLC (High Performance Liquid Chromatography) techniques were used, respectively. Based on the obtained results, it was found that the best bioavailability of the selected ginger polyphenols (6-gingerol, 8-gingerdione, 8-shogaol, and 10-gingerdione) was estimated for a high-fiber diet, while the weakest results were obtained for standard and basic diets. In the case of the high-fiber diet, the bioavailability of the mentioned compounds was estimated as 33.3, 21.4, 6.73, and 21.0%, while for the basic diet, it was only 21.3, 5.3, 2.0, and 1.0%, respectively.

Enhancing stability of curcumin-loaded casein nanoparticles by adding liposomal nanoparticles

Curcumin (Cur) is a natural polyphenol found in turmeric. Its application as a functional ingredient in foods, supplements, and pharmaceuticals is dramatically limited due to its poor stability, water solubility, and bioavailability. The purpose of this research was to enhance the performance of curcumin using advanced encapsulation technologies. Curcumin-loaded casein nanoparticles (CCNP) were prepared using the pH-driven method, and then different concentrations of liposomes (LP) were added to assess their impact on the stability of this delivery system. Then, CCNP, curcumin liposome nanoparticles (CLP), and the optimal ratio of CCNP/LP complexes were selected for thermal and storage stability studies. Their formation mechanism was studied by atomic force microscopy (AFM), isothermal titration calorimetry (ITC), and Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) methods. Furthermore, the impact of pH and salt (NaCl) on their stability was also investigated. The results show that LP can adsorb onto the surfaces of CCNP through hydrogen bonding and electrostatic attractive interactions at certain concentrations, which reduces the surface hydrophobicity of the nanoparticles, thereby improving their resistance to environmental stresses. This study provides information that can be used to improve the bioavailability of curcumin.

RNAseq analysis of Cellvibrio japonicus during starch utilization differentiates between genes encoding carbohydrate active enzymes controlled by substrate detection or growth rate.

Understanding the bacterial metabolism of starch is important as this polysaccharide is a ubiquitous ingredient in foods, supplements, and medicines, all of which influence gut microbiome composition and health. Our RNAseq and growth data set provides a valuable resource to those who want to better understand the regulation of starch utilization in Gram-negative bacteria. These data are also useful as they provide an example of how to approach studying a starch-utilizing bacterium that has many putative amylases by coupling transcriptomic data with growth assays to overcome the potential challenges of functional redundancy. The RNAseq data can also be used as a part of larger meta-analyses to compare how C. japonicus regulates carbohydrate active enzymes, or how this bacterium compares to gut microbiome constituents in terms of starch utilization potential.

Winemaking: “With One Stone, Two Birds”? A Holistic Review of the Bio-Functional Compounds, Applications and Health Benefits of Wine and Wineries’ By-Products

The plethora of bio-functional compounds present in fermented alcoholic beverages like wine, as well as the valorisation of bioactives from wineries’/breweries’ by-products like grape pomace and grape seed, has gained significant interest in the functional foods sector. This functional beverage, wine, has always accompanied humanity, for religion or for health, especially in the Mediterranean, while the benefits of its moderate consumption were documented even by the Greek physician Hippocrates of Kos (460–370 BC). After a big gap, an outbreak of research on wine benefits has surfaced only since the 1990s, when the term “French paradox” was introduced to the US public during a CBS show, while recent evidence has outlined that the beneficial effects of wine consumption are derived by the synergisms of its bio-functional compounds and their digestion-derived metabolites. Within this article, the proposed health benefits of moderate wine consumption, as a functional component of a balanced diet (i.e., the Mediterranean diet) against inflammation-related chronic disorders, is thoroughly reviewed. The various bio-functional compounds of both wine and wineries’ by-products, such as their bioactive phenolics, unsaturated fatty acids, polar lipids and dietary fibres, and their functional antioxidant, anti-inflammatory and antithrombotic health-promoting properties, are also thoroughly evaluated. The mechanisms of action and synergism, by which the health benefits are elicited, are also explored. Functional properties of non-alcoholic wine products are also introduced. Emphasis is also given to applications of wineries’ by-products bioactives, as ingredients of bio-functional foods, supplements and nutraceuticals. Limitations and future perspectives for this popular functional alcoholic beverage (wine) and its rich in bioactives by-products are also addressed.

Total Polyphenols and Antioxidant Activity of Yellow Velvetleaf (Limnocharis flava) Extract

An increase in free radicals can cause damage to cells and tissues in the body. This is caused by a lack of antioxidant ability in the body, so it requires antioxidants outside the body. One of the plants that can be used as a source of antioxidants is the yellow velvetleaf (Limnocharis flava), which has a class of polyphenolic compounds. The crude extract of this plant still has other components that are not included in the polyphenol compound. This study aimed to measure the total polyphenol and flavonoid contents as well as the antioxidant activity of the yellow velvetleaf plant (L. flava) before and after purification. The purification process is carried out using the solid-phase extraction method. The antioxidant activity was determined by using the 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) method. The total polyphenol and flavonoid contents increase after the purification process. Therefore, the antioxidant activity of purified extract is also increased when compared to crude extract. These results show that the purification process successfully increased the levels of polyphenol compounds from the yellow velvetleaf plant and its antioxidant activity. Thus, the purified extract can be used as an alternative source of natural antioxidants and can be developed as a food supplement ingredient.

Randomized controlled trial of hydrolyzed fish diets in dogs with chronic enteropathy.

The role of diet in the pathogenesis and treatment of chronic enteropathies (CE) in dogs is unresolved. To compare the ability of diets composed of hydrolyzed fish, rice starch, and fish oil without (HF) or with prebiotics, turmeric, and high cobalamin (HF+) against a limited ingredient diet containing mixed nonhydrolyzed antigens and oils (control) to resolve clinical signs and maintain serum cobalamin and folate concentrations in dogs with nonprotein losing CE (non-PLE). To determine the ability of hydrolyzed fish diets to support recovery and remission in dogs with PLE. Thirty-one client-owned dogs with CE: 23 non-PLE, 8 PLE. Randomized, blinded, controlled trial. Diets were fed for 2 weeks; responders continued for 12 weeks. Nonresponders were crossed over to another diet for 12 weeks. Response was determined by standardized clinical evaluation with long-term follow-up at 26 weeks. Concurrent medications were allowed in PLE. Nineteen of 23 (83%; 95% confidence interval [CI], 60%-94%) non-PLE CE responded clinically to their initial diet, with no difference between diets (P > .05). Four nonresponders responded to another diet, with sustained remission of 18/18 (100%; 95%CI, 78%-100%) at 26 weeks. Serum cobalamin concentration was increased (P < .05) and maintained by diet. Serum folate concentration decreased posttreatment (P < .05) but was restored by dietary supplementation. Hydrolyzed fish diets supported weight gain, serum albumin concentration, and recovery (P < .05) in dogs with PLE. Changing diet, independent of antigen restriction or supplemental ingredients, induced long-term remission in dogs with non-PLE CE. Serum cobalamin and folate concentrations were maintained by diet. Hydrolyzed fish diets supported clinical recovery and remission in PLE.

Polysaccharide extracted from cultivated Sanghuangporous vaninii spores using three-phase partitioning with enzyme/ultrasound pretreatment: Physicochemical characteristics and its biological activity in vitro

Sanghuangporous vaninii, as a valuable dietary supplement and medicinal ingredient, contains abundant bioactive polysaccharides that have health-promoting effects. In the present study, four polysaccharides (SVSPs-C, SVSPs-E, SVSPs-U, and SVSPs-E/U) were extracted for the first time from S. vaninii spores by three-phase partitioning (TPP), enzyme pretreatment before TPP (E-TPP), ultrasonic pretreatment before TPP (U-TPP), and enzyme pretreatment followed by ultrasonic before TPP (E/U-TPP) methods, respectively. Their physicochemical characteristics and in vitro pharmacological functions were determined and compared. Results showed that four TPP-based extraction methods had remarkable impacts on the extraction yield, chemical properties, monosaccharide compositions, and molecular weights (Mw) of SVSPs. Specifically, SVSPs-E/U obtained by E/U-TPP showed the highest extraction yield (25.40 %), carbohydrate content (88.50 %), and the lowest protein content (0.86 %). The four SVSPs had high-Mw (183.8–329.1 kDa) and low-Mw (23.0–156.4 kDa) fractions and mainly consisted of galactose, glucose, and mannose with different contents. In vitro bioactivities assays indicated that SVSPs-E/U possessed stronger antioxidant, hypoglycemic, hypouricemic, immunostimulatory, and antitumor activities than those of SVSPs-C, SVSPs-E, and SVSPs-U. Therefore, our results provide an efficient and promising extraction technique for bioactive polysaccharides from S. vaninii spores, as well as SVSPs had the potential to be applied in functional food, pharmaceutical, and cosmetics fields.

Over the Counter Supplements for Memory: A Review of Available Evidence.

In 2021, the Global Brain Health Supplement Industry Market size was valued at US$7.6 billion. It is predicted to increase to US$15.59 billionby 2030. Memory and its enhancement are a segment of the market that comprised the highest global revenue share in 2021. In the USA alone, dietary supplement sales reached US$18 billion in 2018. The US Food and Drug Administration (FDA) does not have the authority to approve dietary supplements' safety, effectiveness, or labeling before products go on the market. The FDA often does not even review supplements before they go to market. Supplement manufacturers are thus responsible for ensuring their products are safe and that their claims are truthful. An extensive review of current supplements on the market was performed by surveying memory products for sale at local and national pharmacies and grocery stores. A list of 103 supplements was compiled and the ingredients in these memory supplements were reviewed. The 18 most common ingredients in these supplements were identified. Each of the supplements included at least one of the 18 most common ingredients. Scientific data relative to these ingredients and their effect on memory was searched using PubMed and Cochrane library databases. Currently, there is no compelling evidence for use of apoaequorin, coenzyme Q10, coffee extracts, L-theanine, omega-3 fatty acids, vitamin B6, vitamin B9, or vitamin B12 supplementation for memory. On the other hand, there is some current evidence for memory benefit from supplementation with ashwagandha, choline, curcumin, ginger, Lion's Mane, polyphenols, phosphatidylserine, and turmeric. There are current studies with mixed results regarding the benefit of carnitine, gingko biloba, Huperzine A, vitamin D, and vitamin E supplementation for memory. Dietary supplements geared toward improving cognition are a billion-dollar industry that continues to grow despite lacking a solid scientific foundation for their marketing claims. More rigorous studies are needed relative to the long-term use of these supplements in homogenous populations with standardized measurements of cognition. Health care providers need to be aware of any and all supplements their older adult patients may be consuming and be educated about their side effects and interactions with prescription medications. Lastly, the FDA needs to take an active position relative to monitoring marketed supplements regarding safety, purity and claims of efficacy.

Recent Advances in the Preparation, Structure, and Biological Activities of β-Glucan from Ganoderma Species: A Review.

Ganoderma has served as a valuable food supplement and medicinal ingredient with outstanding active compounds that are essential for human protection against chronic diseases. Modern pharmacology studies have proven that Ganoderma β-d-glucan exhibits versatile biological activities, such as immunomodulatory, antitumor, antioxidant, and antiviral properties, as well as gut microbiota regulation. As a promising polysaccharide, β-d-glucan is widely used in the prevention and treatment of various diseases. In recent years, the extraction, purification, structural characterization, and pharmacological activities of polysaccharides from the fruiting bodies, mycelia, spores, and fermentation broth of Ganoderma species have received wide attention from scholars globally. Unfortunately, comprehensive studies on the preparation, structure and bioactivity, toxicology, and utilization of β-d-glucans from Ganoderma species still need to be further explored, which may result in limitations in future sustainable industrial applications of β-d-glucans. Thus, this review summarizes the research progress in recent years on the physicochemical properties, structural characteristics, and bioactivity mechanisms of Ganoderma β-d-glucan, as well as its toxicological assessment and applications. This review is intended to provide a theoretical basis and reference for the development and application of β-d-glucan in the fields of pharmaceuticals, functional foods, and cosmetics.

Top and Side Lighting Induce Morphophysiological Improvements in Korean Ginseng Sprouts (Panax ginseng C.A. Meyer) Grown from One-Year-Old Roots.

Nowadays, not only the roots, but also leaves and flowers of ginseng are increasingly popular ingredients in supplements for healthcare products and traditional medicine. The cultivation of the shade-loving crop, ginseng, is very demanding in terms of the light environment. Along with the intensity and duration, light direction is another important factor in regulating plant morphophysiology. In the current study, three lighting directions-top (T), side (S), or top + side (TS)-with an intensity of 30 ± 5 μmol·m-2·s-1 photosynthetic photon flux density (PPFD) were employed. Generally, compared with the single T lighting, the composite lighting direction, TS, was more effective in shaping the ginseng with improved characteristics, including shortened, thick shoots; enlarged, thick leaves; more leaf trichomes; earlier flower bud formation; and enhanced photosynthesis. The single S light resulted in the worst growth parameters and strongly inhibited the flower bud formation, leading to the latest flower bud observation. Additionally, the S lighting acted as a positive factor in increasing the leaf thickness and number of trichomes on the leaf adaxial surface. However, the participation of the T lighting weakened these traits. Overall, the TS lighting was the optimal direction for improving the growth and development traits in ginseng. This preliminary research may provide new ideas and orientations in ginseng cultivation lodging resistance and improving the supply of ginseng roots, leaves, and flowers to the market.

Vitamin C bioaccessibility of commercially available dietary supplements: Quantity vs efficiency, does it matter?

Knowing the label claims and bioaccessibility of vitamin C supplements is essential for determining daily vitamin C intake. The purpose of the present study was to investigate the bioaccessibility of vitamin C in commercial dietary supplements by an in vitro digestion model. In our study, 17 products were examined, including 2 capsules, 15 tablets (9 of these 15 tablet were effervescent tablets). In most commercial dietary supplements, the measured amounts of vitamin C were very close to or higher than the declared amounts. The average measured vitamin C amount of the products were between 90.3 % and 107.5 % of the declared amount. The in vitro bioaccessibility of vitamin C in dietary supplements was ranged from 4.0 % to 88.0 %. We observed that the bioaccessibility of vitamin C is higher in mono-supplements compared to multi-supplements. Our results showed that the bioaccessibility of dietary supplements was highly variable. Differences in ingredients of dietary supplements may affect the bioaccessibility of vitamin C. Consequently, the ingredients of the vitamin C supplements and the coating technology used are likely to affect supplementation efficiency.

Association of Dietary Live Microbes and Nondietary Prebiotic/Probiotic Intake With Cognitive Function in Older Adults: Evidence From NHANES.

The current study aims to examine association of dietary live microbes and nondietary prebiotic/probiotic intake with cognitive function among older U.S. adults, examining heterogeneity across demographic characteristics and diseases. Participants from the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey 2011-2014 cycles were selected and administered 3 cognitive function tests: the Consortium to Establish a Registry for Alzheimer's Disease Word Learning subtest (CERAD W-L, including immediate [CERAD-IRT] and delayed [CERAD-DRT] memory), the Animal Fluency Test (AFT), and the Digit Symbol Substitution Test (DSST). Test-specific and global cognition z-score was created. Based on their estimated dietary live microbes intake, participants were categorized into three groups: low, medium, and high. Text mining was employed to identify nondietary prebiotic/probiotic usage by examining the names and ingredients of dietary supplements or drugs. Participants in the medium (including AFT) and high (including global cognition, AFT, DSST, and CERAD-IRT) dietary live microbes intake group had significantly higher z-score of cognitive function compared to those in the low intake group. Among participants with cardiovascular disease history, nondietary prebiotic intake was associated with higher z-score in global cognition and CERAD-DRT compared to those who did not consume prebiotic. Additionally, probiotic intake was linked to higher z-score in global cognition, AFT, and DSST, particularly in participants with diabetes mellitus or hypertension. Our study suggests that the intake of dietary live microbes and nondietary probiotic/prebiotic was associated with better cognitive function in older adults, particularly in specific disease states.

Hematological Status of Broilers with Addition Pegagan (Centella asiatica (L.) Urban) on Feed in Maintenance Without Vaccination

Pegagan (Centella asiatica), is a potential herbal plant as a supplement ingredient in feed. Because Pegagan contains various bioactive compounds such as triterpenoid saponins, triterpenoid genins, essential oils, flavonoids, phytosterols, and other components such as volatile oils, tannins, amino acids, and carbohydrates. This study aimed to evaluate the effect of giving Pegagan through feed on the hematological status of broilers reared without using vaccines. This study used 100 Day Old Chicks (DOC) which were reared for 35 days in a closed-house cage system. The feed used is commercial feed and Pegagan (Centella asiatica (L.) Urban.) powder. Feed was given ad-libitum. This study used a completely randomized design (CRD) which consisted of 5 treatments, namely the concentration of Pegagan powder in the feed (0, 0.5, 1, 1.5, and 2%) with 4 replicates and each replicate consisting of 5 chicks. The variables observed were Haematological Status including erythrocyte quality, hemoglobin, and blood sedimentation rate consisting of 3 parts, namely MCV (Mean Corpuscular Volume, MCHC (Mean Corpuscular Hemoglobin Concentration, and MCH (Mean Corpuscular Hemoglobin)) and Leukocyte Profile including Heterophiles, Eosinophils, Basophils, Lymphocytes, and monocytes were measured using the Automatic Hematology Analyzer method. Results, the addition of Pegagan powder to a treatment level of 2% in broiler feed and data analysis and ANOVA showed a very significant effect on hemoglobin and hematocrit levels but had no significant effect on RBC, MCV, MCH, and MCHC. As well as having a very significant effect on the number of Leukocytes, Monocytes, and Eosinophils but no significant effect on Heterophiles, Basophils, and Lymphocytes. So, administrating Pegagan powder up to 2% in broiler feed can improve hematological status.

Safety of apple fruit cell culture biomass as a novel food pursuant to Regulation (EU) 2015/2283.

Following a request from the European Commission, the EFSA Panel on Nutrition, Novel Foods and Food Allergens (NDA) was asked to deliver an opinion on the safety of an apple fruit cell culture biomass as a novel food (NF) pursuant to Regulation (EU) 2015/2283 and intended as an ingredient for food supplements in adults. The cells have been sourced from the callus grown on a piece of apple placed on a solid medium under sterile conditions. The de-differentiated apple cells are then cultivated in liquid medium. The medium contains sucrose, vitamins, minerals, trace elements and the two synthetic plant hormone analogues, benzylaminopurine (< 0.1 mg/kg) and 2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid (< 0.25 mg/kg). These plant hormones are regulated under the EU pesticide legislation and their residue levels in the NF are in compliance with the EU maximum residue levels. The main components of the NF are carbohydrates (including sugars and non-digestible carbohydrates), ash, proteins and smaller amounts of fatty acids and organic acids. Except for the amount of total fat and the organic acids (succinic and l-malic acid), the quantities of the compositional parameters of the NF and apple have little in common. The Panel considers that a provided subchronic toxicity study was not needed to establish the safety of this NF, when taking into account the source of the NF, i.e. apples, the production process, the low intended use level and the composition of the NF, despite the noted differences to apple. The Panel considers that the NF contains proteins, which were not detected in apple and which may be allergenic. The Panel concludes that the NF, an apple fruit cell culture biomass, is safe under the proposed conditions of use.

P32-023-23 Characterization of Ingredients in Thermogenic and Weight Loss Supplements

P32-023-23 Characterization of Ingredients in Thermogenic and Weight Loss Supplements

Characterization of alkaline Bacillus amyloliquefaciens γ-glutamyltranspeptidase expressed in Bacillus subtilis and its application in enzymatic synthesis of L‑Theanine

L-Theanine (L-Th) is a non-protein amino acid in the tea leaves, has particular health benefits and is widely used as a dietary supplement, pharmaceutical, nutritional and cosmetic ingredient, which can be synthesized by γ-glutamyltranspeptidase (GGT, EC 2.3.2.2) with L-glutamine (L-Gln) and ethylamine as substrate. In this study, the gene of GGT from Bacillus amyloliquefaciens SK11.001 controlled by P43 promoter was cloned into Bacillus subtilis WB800 incubation to obtain a highly active alkaline GGT. Further research on targeting mutations and promoter screening can be conducted to construct more favorable L-Th producing engineered bacteria. The properties of GGT were determined and the results showed that the activity of the enzyme was optimal at pH 10.5 and the optimal temperature was 35 °C. GGT was kept below 40 °C for 1 h, with more than 90% of initial activity, and remained more than 80% of initial activity after 12 h at pH 4.0–11.5. The optimal reaction system was incubated in 50 mM carbonate buffer (pH 10.5) with 200 mM L-Gln, 1600 mM ethylamine hydrochloride and 2 U/mL GGT for 5 h at 35 °C, 200 rpm in a shaker. The conversion rate of L-Th was 95%, which was higher than in B. amyloliquefaciens BH072 (40%).

Flocculation and Cell Rupture in C. Vulgaris

Among all carotenoids, the human body can easily convert β-carotene into retinol, which is a major ingredient in dietary supplements. In the United States, beta-carotene (95% pure) is permitted as a colorant under 21 CFR 73.95 and 21 CFR 166.110. In this study, we are reporting the evaluation of the content of lipids, β-carotene and lutein in the native strain of Chlorella vulgaris CIB 46 (from CIBNOR), Mexico during growth period to define the optimal harvest days for the specific products and future industrial use. This strain has the potential to produce lutein, β-carotene, lipids that can be used for functional foods. Chlorella vulgaris CIB 46 strain showed considerably high biomass productivity reaching almost 2.4g/L biomass on day 21 and reaching 3.0g/L on Day 24 in photobioreactors. Chlorella vulgaris presented a production of carotenoids up to 3.45mg/g at day 21. The Thin-Layer Chromatography (TLC) showed that they contain high β-carotene and lutein in their carotenoid fraction based on the intensity of the band. Our study results showed that Chlorella vulgaris-CIB46 is a potential strain to produce main carotenes such as β-carotene and lutein, they are 0.35% of dry biomass. We obtained a notable amount of lipids that is 37% in Chlorella vulgaris CIB 46 measured by sulpho-valiline method of extraction with enzymatic pretreatment with enzyme Celluclast at 2%. Lipid content was high at 15 days of culture whereas we found β-carotene was higher at 15th and 21st day.