Supervisory Monitoring Research Articles

Remote “Helicopter Bosses”: Employee Perceptions of the Effects of Supervisory Controls and Remote Work During the COVID‐19 Pandemic*

ABSTRACTThe COVID‐19 pandemic precipitated an extensive involuntary shift to remote work and has since dramatically reshaped work and its supervision. We examine how employees' perceived productivity is associated with remote work during the pandemic, how supervisory controls moderate this relationship, and how remote work and perceived productivity impact employee preference for post‐pandemic remote work. We survey 589 workers in June 2020 via Mechanical Turk and find a directionally positive but nonsignificant association between remote work and perceived productivity. Additional analysis, however, indicates an indirect positive effect of remote work on perceived productivity through more hours worked. We further find supervisory monitoring intensity (SMI) is positively associated with perceived productivity, and the association between remote work and perceived productivity is more negative with more intense supervisory monitoring. Outcome‐based evaluation is also positively associated with perceived productivity, but it does not moderate the relationship between remote work and perceived productivity. Supervisor‐based evaluation has no significant association with perceived productivity, nor does it moderate the relationship between remote work and perceived productivity. Overall, our results suggest the main effect of remote work on perceived productivity during the pandemic is weak at best, and SMI is less compatible with remote work supervision than outcome‐based evaluation. Finally, we find increased remote work and perceived productivity improvement during the pandemic are positively associated with preference for post‐pandemic remote work, and we find a marginal positive interaction effect between them. These findings provide empirical evidence of the pandemic's repercussions on the post‐pandemic work environment.

The Effects of Regulatory Office Closures on Bank Behavior

AbstractWe investigate if the decentralized structure of regulatory office networks influences supervisory outcomes and bank behavior. Following the closure of an office, banks previously supervised by that office increase their lending and risk‐taking. As a result, affected banks have larger loan losses and higher failure rates during the 2008–09 financial crisis. Analysis of the channels suggests that proximate supervisors enforce timelier provisioning practices, restrict large cash payouts, and provide advice that increases a bank's risk‐adjusted returns. Overall, our findings imply that geographical proximity reduces informational frictions in supervisory monitoring and leads to more stable banks.

Fuzzy Inference System Development for Turbogenerator Failure Diagnosis on Floating Production Offloading and Storage Platform

This paper introduces a novel approach for diagnosing failures within a turbogenerator mineral lube oil system, employing a fuzzy inference system (FIS) model. The study leverages real operational data collected from supervisory monitoring sensors across four turbogenerators over a three-year operational span, resulting in a dataset comprising 40,456,663 input parameters. The failure modes were established through expert knowledge, using the Failure Mode, Effect, and Criticality Analysis (FMECA) documentation as the basis. Initially, the model’s universe variables were constructed using the sensor calibration range, and then the fuzzy membership functions were formulated based on the operational thresholds inherent to each measured parameter. The fault identification mechanism is underpinned by an inference system employing predefined rules, extrapolated from expert judgments encapsulating failure typologies specific to the turbogenerators’ mineral lube oil system, as delineated in the FMECA. The FIS model demonstrates notable efficacy in failure diagnosis with an overall performance evaluation of the system yielding satisfactory outcomes, having a 98.35% true positive rate for failure classification, coupled with a 99.99% true negative rate for accurate classification during normal system operation. These results highlight the visibility of the FIS model in diagnosing failures within the turbogenerator mineral lube oil system, thereby showcasing its potential for enhancing operational reliability and maintenance efficiency.

Persepsi Pengelola dan Guru tentang Monitoring dan Evaluasi Penilik dalam Meningkatkan Mutu PAUD

Improving the quality of education is influenced by many factors, one of which is supervision, evaluation and monitoring by the education office, in this case is the Penilik. Penilik has a role in conducting monitoring and evaluation of PAUD institutions so that they can improve PAUD Quality in Solok City. This study aims to determine the perceptions of Managers and Teachers about Penilik Monev in improving PAUD Quality in Solok City. This type of research is categorized as Quantitative Descriptive research. Data obtained from Questionnaire and documentation, with independent variables (independent variables) are managers (X1) and Teachers (X2), while the dependent variable (dependent variable) is supervisory monev (Y). Data collection techniques in the form of questionnaires were then analyzed by percentage techniques. The results of the study showed that the perception of the Management of supervisory monitoring and evaluation was found to be 77% in the good category. This is because the Overseer has often conducted monitoring and evaluation of the management of the institution so that the perception of the management of the supervisory monitoring and evaluation has been good. While the teacher's perception of the supervisory survey was found at 89% with the excellent category. This is because the Supervisors always conduct monitoring and evaluation of the learning process so that the teacher's perception of the Oversight Monev becomes very good.

Deep-learning based supervisory monitoring of robotized DE-GMAW process through learning from human welders

Deep-learning based supervisory monitoring of robotized DE-GMAW process through learning from human welders

Supervisory Monitoring and Control Solution on Android Mobile Devices for the Water Industry 4.0

The capacity for using mobile devices for monitoring and controlling local processes has seen rapid growth in industry for maintenance operations before and after deployment. This is especially important in the case of geographically widely-dispersed locations, such as in the case of the water sector, where processes, technologies, and local automation solutions are widely spread. Usually, the available mobile solutions are dependent on Supervisory Control and Data Acquisition (SCADA) software installed in the control rooms of water and wastewater facilities, usually without configuration possibilities. Considering the various SCADA control rooms, each focusing on a specific system, and hundreds of smaller locations accessible only with PLC and eventually a small touch screen, the dependence on local SCADA software is proving increasingly impractical. This paper presents the implementation of an easy-to-use SCADA system for the Android operating system, conceived following Industry 4.0 concepts. An OPC UA client-based architecture is proposed to cope with current interoperability standards, mobility and security across industrial processes in various domains. The design relies on a foreground service for uninterrupted communication between the application and the OPC UA client. The system is envisaged to provide notifications to alert the user when alarms are triggered, including both an independent application level alarming module and a new Alarms and Conditions based protocol level module, increasing visibility and response time for technical issues or faults, and being adaptable to both legacy and modern OPC UA specifications. The solution was tested first in the laboratory to validate the communication system with as many OPC UA structures as possible, and then in real scenarios with drinking water and wastewater systems interfacing PLC, HMI and SCADA level OPC UA servers. The tests in the real scenarios included a second-level test for water operators and engineers which accessed and monitored various processes with the developed solution, and all results proved to be satisfactory.

Systematic evaluation of decentralized thermal treatment of rural solid waste: Status, challenges, and perspectives

Rural solid waste (RSW) management in emerging economies is crucial in both improving the environment of rural areas and balancing the urban-rural disparity. The lack of capacity for RSW treatment and high cost of waste collection caused by long travelling distances contributed to the implementation and development of decentralized thermal treatment facilities (DTTFs) as a supplement to centralized facilities. Using China as a typical emerging economy for case study, this paper provides systematic evaluations of the rationality, performances, and challenges of decentralized thermal treatment in the context of RSW management development. The analysis results show that the operation performances of DTTFs, including the stability of reactors and the grade of syngas, are less satisfying in spite of the positive intention of their applications. Meanwhile, the emissions of CO, NOx, SO2 and PCDD/Fs varied depending on whether the syngas was combusted and the complexity of air pollution control devices (APCDs). The emissions of some DTTFs were unable to meet the national standard. Therefore, technological and managerial measures should be taken to improve the status of DTTFs. Waste sorting, operation optimization and proper APCDs are suggested, and the promotion of financial support, supervisory monitoring and training courses are important for the sustainability of RSW treatment.

The Real Effect and Consequence of Regulation Reform in Corporate Finance and Banking

In order for a country to grow economically, it needs a stable, efficient, and well-functioning banking system. The province should examine systematically and comprehensively its regulations, and examine how to improve the quality of these regulations, reduce their administrative burden, and remove the confusion they sometimes create. Several studies have pointed to the importance of financial regulation to the performance and safety of banks. The reform of regulatory policies and practices makes businesses more competitive and decreases regulatory costs, boosting efficiency, bringing down prices, stimulating innovation, as well as making economies more adaptable and competitive. We investigated how banking regulations affected financial development in MENA (Middle East-North Africa) countries. We measured bank regulation by proxies like foreign banks, capital levels, and liquidity liabilities. We measured financial development by proxies like private credit, z-scores, and private credit. Similarly, a tool to measure bank supervision includes supervisory power, independence, private monitoring, and moral hazard in addition to the size, activity, and stability of the financial sector. In terms of financial development, regulation of banks made a positive and significant contribution. A major contribution of the study is to demonstrate that reform supervision is also an important component of bank regulation, so that banks can achieve their regulatory objectives and impact financial development as strongly as possible. For MENA countries, this benefit is particularly significant, since an analysis of the data shows that more emphasis is placed on regulation than supervision in financial sector reform.

Objective assessment of trait attentional control predicts driver response to emergency failures of vehicular automation

With the advent of autonomous driving, the issue of human intervention during safety-critical events is an urgent topic of research. Supervisory monitoring, taking over vehicle control during automation failures and then bringing the vehicle to safety under time pressure are cognitively demanding tasks that pose varying difficulties across the driving population. This underpins a need to investigate individual differences (i.e., how people differ in their dispositional traits) in driver responses to automation system limits, so that autonomous vehicle design can be tailored to meet the safety-critical needs of higher-risk drivers. However, few studies thus far have examined individual differences, with self-report measures showing limited ability to predict driver takeover performance. To address this gap, the present study explored the utility of an established brain activity-based objective index of trait attentional control (frontal theta/beta ratio; TBR) in predicting driver interactions with conditional automation. Frontal TBR predicted drivers’ average takeover reaction time, as well as the likelihood of accident after takeover. Moving towards practical applications, this study also demonstrated the utility of streamlined estimates of frontal TBR measured from the forehead electrodes and from a single crown electrode, with the latter showing better fidelity and predictive value. Overall, TBR is behaviourally relevant, measurable with minimal sensors and easily computable, rendering it a promising candidate for practical and objective assessment of drivers’ neurocognitive traits that contribute to their AV driving readiness.

Mercury emission characteristics and mechanism in the raw mill system of cement clinker production

Mercury pollution has attracted worldwide attention due to its toxicity, bioaccumulation and persistence. Cement clinker production is the top emitter of atmospheric mercury in China and the emissions from raw mill systems account for about 85% of all emissions. However, the mercury emission characteristics and mechanisms as a function of time during an operation cycle are still unclear. This study aims to reveal the mercury emission characteristics and mechanisms in cement plants by comprehensively using offline and online field measurements, control experiments and heat transfer analysis. Research results indicated that an intermediate temperature (300–500 °C) desorption and the heterogeneous oxidation of mercury in the precalciner, the selective adsorption of oxidized gaseous mercury (Hg2+) to raw meal, and Hg2+ re-vaporization in the conditioning tower jointly caused an increase in the Hg2+ ratio (15.3%−83.6%) during the mill-off mode. In addition, mercury concentrations remained at approximately 6.5 μg/Nm3 during the mill-on mode while the values reached a peak of 1835.4 μg/Nm3 during the mill-off mode. Thus, atmospheric mercury emissions during the mill-off mode accounted for 35.0%− 71.7% of the emissions during the entire cycle, although the mill-off period only lasted for 5%− 17% of the whole cycle. Our results therefore suggest that supervisory monitoring of mercury in cement clinker production should specify the operating status of raw mills. Mercury control technologies targeting a relatively short period for the mill-off mode can substantially reduce mercury emissions from cement clinker production, and thus, the related impacts on ecosystems and human health.

Supervisory Monitoring Scheme: Implication to Teaching and Learning

This study focused on determining the impact of supervisory monitoring scheme, particularly classroom observation, to the learners’ performance. Forty-two teachers from 10 elementary schools in the District of Victoria, Laguna, Philippines became part of the study by undergoing classroom observations and answering the survey questions pertaining to the (1) teaching-and-learning process, (2) learners’ behavior, (3) teachers’ and learners’ enthusiasm, and (4) effect to learners’ performance. The authors made use of qualitative technique in doing research as responses to qualitative questions were recorded, sorted and analyzed. Themes were developed in the responses of teachers as situations with and without classroom observations are compared and contrasted. For teaching-and-learning process, it was found out that supervisory monitoring aid in the realization of proper teaching-and-learning process. The flow of teaching becomes smooth for four reasons: (1) the teacher is directed by guiding principles in teaching, (2) the teacher makes the session a learner-centered encounter, (3) the teacher develops lesson from previously known facts to discovery of new knowledge, and (4) the teacher follows strengthening of knowledge through the fixing skill in the application, evaluation and enhancement part of the lesson. For learners’ behavior, it was found out that classroom supervision is a classic solution to problems arising from learners’ misbehavior. When there is supervisory monitoring, five things were observed: (1) learners avoid disruptive behavior, (2) they perform at their utmost, (3) they choose the words that they will contribute to the discussion, (4) they participate actively, and (5) they display due respect to the teacher and the observer. For learners’ and teachers’ enthusiasm, it was found out that supervision and monitoring are good machineries for teachers and learners to work harder and sustain energy. Enthusiasm of teachers and learners were seen to be at high level when there is classroom observation because of three reasons: (1) the teachers are well-prepared, (2) the needed materials are available on hand, and (3) the learners look forward for group work and fun activities. And for the impact of classroom observation to learners’ performance, it was found out that classroom climate changes when there is classroom observation. Learners’ perform well when there is classroom observation for four reasons: (1) the lively climate produce when there is classroom observation, (2) the respect of learners both to the teacher and the higher authority present, (3) the preparation of the teacher that makes learners participate actively, and (4) the energy and enthusiasm of the teacher that influences learners’ response. Recommendations to sustain the impact of classroom observation to learners’ performance were given to school heads, master teachers, classroom teachers, advisers, parents and community.

Automated data monitoring of MEMS cleanroom parametric requirements

<p>Cleanroom parameters such as temperature, relative humidity and particle count are vital in maintaining cleanliness. People and machines working inside the cleanroom are main contributors for the sudden changes of the separameters. Measurements and monitoring of these parameters are therefore necessary to reduce rejects and downtime in the production of micro-electro-mechanical systems (MEMS). This paper presents a method of developmentof an automated data monitoring of MEMS cleanroom parametric requirements. The prototype developed uses DHT11 sensor and Sharp dust sensor for measuring the temperature, humidity and particle count respectively which are displayed in an LCD display. These parameters are recorded through a data logger for analysis and control. Additionally, agraphical user interface was also developed using visual studio for the working personnel and for supervisory monitoring and control. As a result, the possible quality compromise in the production of MEMS is detected when the monitored parameters are beyond the range.</p>

Urban agglomerations and cities’ capacity in environmental enforcement and compliance

Transboundary pollution issues present significant challenges to local governments. Many places around the world have addressed these issues by initiating a regional approach for environmental management. While such strategies are often asserted to positively influence localities' environmental governance capacity, empirical evidence for these claims is thin. This study explores the association between regional integration plans and the involved localities' environmental management capacity using the valuable but understudied case of China's national-level city clusters. It constructs novel measures to assess 137 Chinese cities' actual performance in air pollution mitigation and applies structural equation modeling tools to analyze whether cities' capacity in environmental enforcement and compliance is different inside and outside of the major urban agglomerations. Results show that enforcement activities are done differently in these two studied groups, and differences in cities' enforcement-compliance capacity better explain the differences in the un-clustered cities' average air quality. Moreover, this study shows that the two studied groups face different capacity-building opportunities in environmental enforcement and compliance. These opportunities mainly exist in areas such as environmental impact assessment of new construction projects, supervisory monitoring of nationally monitored polluters, and spot-check on daily polluters. Our study is the first to empirically evaluate Chinese cities' capacity in environmental enforcement and compliance with reference to both the procedural outcomes and the environmental outcomes. Our results have important managerial implications for local environmental protection bureaus, major industrial polluters, and policy makers who are involved in the design and implementation of China's urban agglomeration development plans.

SPECIFIČNOSTI SUPERVIZIJE OBITELJSKIH MEDIJATORA U SUSTAVU SOCIJALNE SKRBI

SPECIFIC FEATURES OF THE SUPERVISION OF FAMILY MEDIATORS WITHIN THE SOCIAL WELFARE SYSTEM ABSTRACT In the introduction of the paper, the need for the supervision of family mediators is described, and the key characteristics of the educational and method supervision are presented, as well as the models of apprenticeship as modern forms of supervisory monitoring of the acquisition of additional professional competencies in the context of the helping professions, especially mediation. The paper presents supervision conducted with the family mediators who work within the social welfare system through two supervisory cycles. The aims of the supervision were to contribute to the integration of their knowledge and skills, to monitor and analyse the direct work on mediation cases and to promote the development of professional identity of family mediators in order to increase the quality of work with the clients during the application of mediation as a psychosocial intervention and a more recent social service. The contents and topics of the supervisory work have been presented through individual supervisory questions (feelings of mediators, workplace, principles of mediation, beliefs and prejudices), then through professional and educational questions significant for all supervisees (the role of mediators, usage of concrete knowledge and interventions, specific forms of mediation, implementation of mediation, special circumstances, supervisory competencies), and finally through organisational difficulties related to the implementation of mediation (introduction to family mediation, legislative framework and rules, the experience of a lack of understanding). Specific supervisory challenges with regard to the group composition, manners of work and competence of the supervisor for the implementation of the educational and/or method supervision in this area of work with the families have been described. In the conclusion, the similarities and differences between the educational and method supervision have been discussed, as well as some elements of the apprenticeship model. Key words: educational supervision, method supervision, cognitive apprenticeship model, family mediation, development of competencies of family mediators.

CEO chairman controversy: evidence from the post financial crisis period

Regulators generally discourage bank CEOs also holding the role of board Chairman, as this governance structure can hinder independent decision-making and effective risk oversight. This study examines the issue of CEO Duality, identifying a positive relation to greater risk-taking across a battery of sensitivity tests. In further analysis, the study controls for differences in supervisory monitoring levels to examine its impact. Banks led by CEO Chairmen which are subject to lower levels of supervision continue to report a robust association to risk-taking, as before. However, this association dissipates for banks which are subject to heightened supervisory monitoring. These findings indicate that agency costs related to Duality may be moderated by greater regulation. This paper weighs-in on the controversy relating to a single contentious governance structure (i.e., CEO Duality), thus informing boards, regulators and researchers of the need to consider the overall interplay of monitoring mechanisms.

On the Entropy of Events under Eventually Global Inflated or Deflated Probability Constraints. Application to the Supervision of Epidemic Models under Vaccination Controls.

This paper extends the formulation of the Shannon entropy under probabilistic uncertainties which are basically established in terms or relative errors related to the theoretical nominal set of events. Those uncertainties can eventually translate into globally inflated or deflated probabilistic constraints. In the first case, the global probability of all the events exceeds unity while in the second one lies below unity. A simple interpretation is that the whole set of events losses completeness and that some events of negative probability might be incorporated to keep the completeness of an extended set of events. The proposed formalism is flexible enough to evaluate the need to introduce compensatory probability events or not depending on each particular application. In particular, such a design flexibility is emphasized through an application which is given related to epidemic models under vaccination and treatment controls. Switching rules are proposed to choose through time the active model, among a predefined set of models organized in a parallel structure, which better describes the registered epidemic evolution data. The supervisory monitoring is performed in the sense that the tested accumulated entropy of the absolute error of the model versus the observed data is minimized at each supervision time-interval occurring in-between each two consecutive switching time instants. The active model generates the (vaccination/treatment) controls to be injected to the monitored population. In this application, it is not proposed to introduce a compensatory event to complete the global probability to unity but instead, the estimated probabilities are re-adjusted to design the control gains.

Estimation of Wireless Sensor Network Life Expectancy Using Dynamic Coordinator Method

This paper presents wireless sensor network life expectancy simulation model and the methods that will increase the overall life expectancy of a wireless sensor network and balance the amount of energy in the network nodes using central coordination module. To provide simulation tasks stochastic based simulation of total network operation rules stability is observed. The objective of this work is to develop a stable, robust, and optimal switching supervisory monitoring tool for wireless sensor network that will minimize the use of energy reducing the impact on the system while satisfying the data harvesting rules. Author concentrates on the basic operation of such systems and present findings from the design process and initial tests.

Multinational Banks and Supranational Supervision

Abstract Supervision of multinational banks (MNBs) by national supervisors suffers from coordination failures. We show that supranational supervision solves this problem and decreases the public costs of an MNB’s failure, taking its organizational structure as given. However, the MNB strategically adjusts its structure to supranational supervision. It converts its subsidiary into a branch (or vice versa) to reduce supervisory monitoring. We identify the cases in which this endogenous reaction leads to unintended consequences, such as higher public costs and lower welfare. Current reforms should consider that MNBs adapt their organizational structures to changes in supervision. Received January 9, 2017; editorial decision September 15, 2018 by Editor Philip Strahan. Authors have furnished an Internet Appendix, which is available on the Oxford University Press Web site next to the link to the final published paper online.

Trust and Legitimate Control: Longitudinal Effects in Supervisor-Subordinate Relationships

Although an extensive body of literature already exists, the link between trust and legitimate control deserves further exploration. Is trust an antecedent of effective supervisory monitoring and c...

Distress and worry as mediators in the relationship between psychosocial risks and upper body musculoskeletal complaints in highly automated manufacturing

As a result of changes in manufacturing including an upward trend in automation and the advent of the fourth industrial revolution, the requirement for supervisory monitoring and consequently, cognitive demand has increased in automated manufacturing. The incidence of musculoskeletal disorders has also increased in the manufacturing sector. A model was developed based on survey data to test if distress and worry mediate the relationship between psychosocial factors (job control, cognitive demand, social isolation and skill discretion), stress states and symptoms of upper body musculoskeletal disorders in highly automated manufacturing companies (n = 235). These constructs facilitated the development of a statistically significant model (RMSEA 0.057, TLI 0.924, CFI 0.935). Cognitive demand was shown to be related to higher distress in employees, and distress to a higher incidence of self-reported shoulder and lower back symptoms. The mediation model incorporating stress states (distress, worry) as mediators is a novel approach in linking psychosocial risks to musculoskeletal disorders.Practitioners’ SummaryWith little requirement for physical work in many modern automated manufacturing workplaces, there is often minimal management focus on Work-Related Musculoskeletal Disorders (WRMSDs) as important occupational health problems. Our model provides evidence that psychosocial factors are important risk factors in symptoms of WRMSD and should be managed.