Supervisory Models Research Articles

Challenges to an Efficient European Centralised Banking Supervision (SSM): Single Rulebook, Joint Supervisory Teams and Split Supervisory Tasks

The establishment of centralized supervision by means of the Single Supervisory Mechanism (SSM) had to ensure the quality and impartiality of banking supervision, as well as the establishment of a supervisory system more properly aligned with the characteristics of the banking sector. The far-reaching mixed administration of the European Central Bank (ECB) and national competent authorities (NCAs) must also ensure strong and consistent supervision across the participating member states while using the NCAs’ local and specific know-how. All elements indicate that a more effective banking supervision was necessary for the Eurozone. This may be challenging given the conflict between the required centralisation of supervision, on the one hand, and the far-reaching mixed administration and composite legal order in place on the other. The first years of experience with the SSM provide a multi-faceted picture of the effectiveness of centralised supervision. This paper discusses the effectiveness of centralised supervision within the context of a far-reaching mixed administration and legal order on the basis of three different elements. Firstly, the basis of supervision is discussed, i.e. the applicable substantive laws for which compliance must be ensured by the ECB, and which concerns the so-called Single Rulebook. Secondly, the organisation of supervision, in practice, is discussed on the basis of one of its most important features: the Joint Supervisory Teams. Lastly, the delineation of supervisory tasks is discussed, as well as its impact on the ECB and, based on the Dutch example, its impact on national supervisory models. These elements illustrate the many steps that have been taken to improve the effectiveness of centralised supervision. They also show how many obstacles are still left to overcome.

How do we know what makes for "best practice" in clinical supervision for psychological therapists? A content analysis of supervisory models and approaches.

There is little evidence for the effectiveness of supervision. There is a lack of consistency in supervision models. Services need to assess whether supervision is effective for practitioners and patients.

Mini-Editorial Compilation for Special Section

Mini-Editorial Compilation for Special Section

A Common Approach for Clinical Supervision in Psychotherapy and Medicine: The Person Centred and Experiential Model

For over 50 years common supervisory models are being proposed that can be used for different therapeutic approaches. Amongst them two categories are of major interests in order to build a common supervisory approach: structured and developmental models. In the present article we propose a unified model based in person-centred and experiential principles, also integrating principles from structured and developmental models. It can be used for supervision with practitioners originating from a number of modalities, who have completed their studies in psychotherapy and have (at least) some professional experience. The different supervisory details for each therapeutic approach are discussed. Special attention is given to the implementation of the person-centred and experiential model in medical and health settings, where the risk for compassion, fatigue, stress and burnout is important. In the present review we propose the person centred and experiential model as an appropriate common model for efficient supervision with psychotherapy and medicine professionals.

Confronting Confrontation in Clinical Supervision: An Analytical Autoethnography

Through an analytic autoethnography, the authors detail an experience of confrontation within the context of supervision of supervision. In the coconstructed narrative, the authors describe the events taking place before, during, and after the confrontation experience from the perspective of both the faculty supervisor and beginning doctoral‐level supervisor. Finally, the authors provide an analysis of the narrative based in supervisory models and theories of change.

Team modes and power: supervision of doctoral students

ABSTRACTCurrently, team supervision in doctoral studies is widely practised across Australian universities. The interpretation of ‘team’ is broad and there is evidence of experimentation with supervisory models. This paper elaborates upon a taxonomy of team modes and power forms based on a recent qualitative study across universities in a number of states and territories in Australia. Team modes, described as de facto dyad, segmented and collaborative are defined, explained and presented in diagrammatic forms. Team modes are understood as being fluid, oscillating along a continuum according to particular contextual factors such as thesis stage and personal/professional circumstances of team members. Operating parallel to team modes are forms of power, defined as ‘power to’, ‘power over’ and ‘power with’. The article concludes that to maximise collaborative knowledge making within team supervision it is necessary to background social status. As the performance of social status is diminished the focus of the team endeavour is the creative exchange of ideas, creating ‘power with’. The intention of this article is to provide more information to supervisors and doctoral students on team structure so that the needs of all parties might be met more reliably and productively during the intense and sustained period of thesis production.

Speech pathology and occupational therapy students participating in placements where their supervisor works in a dual role.

To investigate the facilitating factors and barriers to students participating in placements where their supervisor works in a dual role. A combination of semi structured interviews and focus groups were used. Data was analysed using thematic analysis. Regional brain injury rehabilitation programs and university programs. Eleven Speech Pathologists or Occupational Therapists who worked in regional brain injury rehabilitation programs as both a case manager and within their discipline. Five Speech Pathology or Occupational Therapy university academics who were employed in a role central to facilitating student clinical placements. 6 themes emerged. These included the supervisor's experience of a non-traditional model, communication, perceptions of a clinical placement, supervision, student cohort and assessment criteria. It appears that students are able to participate in placements where their supervisor works within a specific discipline, as well as a case manager. There are particular factors that are likely to make this experience successful. It is important for all stakeholders to communicate about the placement and their expectations, which may assist with managing perceptions of what an appropriate placement is. Utilising different supervisory models is also necessary. There are factors that do not appear to have a significant effect on the success of such a placement. There is no consensus about the particular level of experience that a student should have to manage this type of placement. The assessment criteria that supervisors are required to complete does not appear to be a barrier to students participating. While there are challenges, benefits for all stakeholders are identified.

National Survey of Fieldwork Educators: Implications for Occupational Therapy Education.

The purpose of this study was to gain information on the current status of fieldwork training facilities to understand facilitators of and barriers to fieldwork education, including fieldwork educators' perceptions of benefits, challenges, and valued supports. A descriptive, nonexperimental exploratory design was used. A pilot survey was conducted, and a revised online survey, consisting of 49 items, was distributed nationwide in Fall 2013. Opportunity to update practice was the most commonly perceived benefit associated with fieldwork, and workload or time was the greatest perceived challenge. Readiness and high-quality preparation of students by academic programs were the most valued supports. Participants also identified preferred time frames and supervisory models of fieldwork education. Interpretation of these data provides valuable information for the profession, notably academic programs, regarding needs and resources to foster collaborative relationships with fieldwork facilities to meet the growing need for fieldwork education.

Metabolizing Difficult Doctor–Patient Relationships: Reflections on A Balint Group for Higher Trainees

This paper describes a Balint group in Leeds which, so far as we are aware, is unique in the UK for being aimed at higher level trainees. The paper is written from the trainee's perspective. The experience has been so useful that the group has concluded that this should be an integral part of all higher training schemes. The paper discusses two cases we brought to the group which illustrate some of the challenges faced by trainees at this level of their training. It also aims to inform the reader of the need for such an experience for higher level trainees. The cases presented were experienced by the doctors involved as troubling and disturbing to their sense of self. The Balint group provides a safe environment for discussion of the most disturbing cases, especially those which involve a hard‐to‐bear countertransference, and as such, fosters ongoing personal development. Standard supervisory models are considered unable to provide such a space. The Leeds group, which is made up of trainees from all specialties, have rated the Balint experience as one of the most important in their professional lives.

A Statewide Examiniation of Mental Health Courts in Illinois: Program Characteristics and Operations

This study represents the only broad-based, statewide evaluation of mental health courts (MHCs) conducted to date. Data were collected from 2010 to 2013 at each of the nine active MHC programs operating in Illinois at the start of the study. The purpose of the study was to compare and contrast the adjudicatory and supervisory models of each established Illinois MHC program by utilizing a variety of research methodologies. A four-year recidivism analysis of case-level data from three Illinois MHCs was also conducted. Illinois MHCs were largely characterized by the '10 essential elements of an MHC', such as voluntary participation, informed choice and hybrid team approaches to case manage clients. Results of the recidivism analysis suggest that MHCs compare favorably to other types of probation. Overall, findings revealed that Illinois MHCs are delivering services effectively and efficiently in a well-coordinated, client-centered team approach. Differences found among the MHCs are not evidence of significant variance from the model, and instead represent responsiveness to the unique culture of the court, the niche-filling character of the program, the expectations of the program stakeholders and the nature and extent of the local service environment.

Implementation of the Standards-Based Management and Recognition approach to quality improvement in maternal, newborn, and child health programs in low-resource countries

The Standards-Based Management and Recognition (SBM-R; Jhpiego, Baltimore, MD, USA) approach to quality improvement was developed by Jhpiego to respond to common challenges faced by health systems in low-resource settings, including poor pre-service education, lack of resources for conventional supervisory models, and weak health information systems. Since its introduction in Brazil in 1997, SBM-R has been implemented in approximately 30 countries and continues expanding to new places and service delivery areas. The present article: (1) describes key steps in the SBM-R methodology focusing on provider performance assessment using evidence-based standards; and (2) presents examples of improvements in provider performance in maternal, newborn, and child health care following SBM-R implementation derived from routine program data, quasi-experimental evaluations, and in-depth case studies. SBM-R incorporates evidence-based methods that are known to have positive effects on healthcare quality, including audit and feedback, educational outreach visits, and checklist usage; however, further rigorous research is needed to document the population-level impacts of the SBM-R approach.

An Examination of University Supervision in a Physical Education Teacher Education Program

The purpose of this descriptive study was to analyze university supervision from the perspective of student teachers (STs), and to examine postlesson conference discourse between STs and university supervisors (USs) to determine if STs perspectives on supervisory models aligned with what actually occurred. Determining STs expectations and desires regarding supervisory model preferences and then providing a forum for STs to comment on the actual university supervision that they experienced fills a void in the literature, as student voice pertaining to this area of university supervision is missing. Data were collected via ST opportunities to answer written questions before and after their capstone experience. A total of 80 postobservation conferences were audio-recorded, transcribed and inductively analyzed to determine conference discourse. Results determined that the 28 STs overwhelmingly (96%) expressed a preference for a collaborative supervision approach, which ultimately they declared they experienced. Word counts revealed that for all postobservation conferences, STs (58%) spoke more often than USs (42%), which suggests that a collaborative model of supervision did actually occur. Analysis of idea units demonstrated that USs asked a lot of questions (31% of all their idea units) and a majority of them (73%) were categorized as higher order—such as reflective or evaluative questions versus lower order questions such as informational questions. This led to a great deal of ST reflection on their lessons during the postobservation conferences.

Supervision pedagogies: narratives from the field

In designing supervisor development programmes that are appropriate to changing research contexts, it is necessary to draw on both established best practice and emerging innovations that respond to the changing contexts of higher degree research. We undertook a narrative enquiry at an Australian university to establish a clearer understanding of the supervisory models and pedagogies currently employed by effective supervisors. Three key findings have emerged: these supervisors employ a broad range of approaches informed by their own experiences of being supervised; they place great importance on their relationships with students; and they reveal a strong awareness of their own responsibilities in actively developing the emerging researcher identities of their doctoral candidates. These aspects of supervision models should be emphasised in supervisor development programmes.

Institutional Design for Financial Market Supervision: The Choice for National Systems

Countries aspire to have a competitive financial system that is consistent with financial stability, inspires public confidence, and has the capacity to meet the needs of users and to foster growth in the real economy. This paper, which has been written for the Handbook on Financial Regulation (Moloney, Ferran and Payne (eds) OUP, 2014) surveys the academic and policy debate on key issues that are relevant to the task of designing supervisory institutions to contribute to the achievement of these goals. The paper considers: the main supervisory models identified in the literature and in operation in practice in selected jurisdictions; the public character of supervision and the role of self-regulation; the role of the central bank in financial supervision; supervisory mandates and powers; supervisory accountability, governance and transparency; and supervisory costs and funding models. The paper shows that design choices can make a difference to supervisory and economic outcomes, but also that there is no single right or wrong institutional model for financial supervision, and that strong (and weak) financial supervision can come in a variety of packages.

African leaders’ views on critical human resource issues for the implementation of family medicine in Africa

BackgroundThe World Health Organisation has advocated for comprehensive primary care teams, which include family physicians. However, despite (or because of) severe doctor shortages in Africa, there is insufficient clarity on the role of the family physician in the primary health care team. Instead there is a trend towards task shifting without thought for teamwork, which runs the risk of dangerous oversimplification. It is not clear how African leaders understand the challenges of implementing family medicine, especially in human resource terms. This study, therefore, sought to explore the views of academic and government leaders on critical human resource issues for implementation of family medicine in Africa.MethodIn this qualitative study, key academic and government leaders were purposively selected from sixteen African countries. In-depth interviews were conducted using an interview guide. All interviews were audio-recorded, transcribed and thematically analysed.ResultsThere were 27 interviews conducted with 16 government and 11 academic leaders in nine Sub-Saharan African countries: Botswana, Democratic Republic of Congo, Ghana, Kenya, Malawi, Nigeria, Rwanda, South Africa and Uganda. Respondents spoke about: educating doctors in family medicine suited to Africa, including procedural skills and holistic care, to address the difficulty of recruiting and retaining doctors in rural and underserved areas; planning for primary health care teams, including family physicians; new supervisory models in primary health care; and general human resource management issues.ConclusionsImportant milestones in African health care fail to specifically address the human resource issues of integrated primary health care teamwork that includes family physicians. Leaders interviewed in this study, however, proposed organising the district health system with a strong embrace of family medicine in Africa, especially with regard to providing clinical leadership in team-based primary health care. Whilst these leaders focussed positively on entry and workforce issues, in terms of the 2006 World Health Report on human resources for health, they did not substantially address retention of family physicians. Family physicians need to respond to the challenge by respondents to articulate human resource policies appropriate to Africa, including the organisational development of the primary health care team with more sophisticated skills and teamwork.

Refocusing Child Protection Supervision: An Innovative Approach to Supporting Practitioners

There is mounting empirical evidence regarding the potential negative impact of child protection work on practitioners' emotional and psychological well-being. Stress and burnout are endemic amongst this group of workers and there is increasing recognition of the influences of this on their decision-making regarding child protection issues. Supervision has been lauded as an important element in supporting practitioners. It creates opportunities for identifying stress and potential burnout and for implementing supportive mechanisms. However, many supervision models focus almost entirely on identification, referral and procedural issues to the exclusion of addressing practitioner's emotional needs. This paper presents an argument that technical–rational models of supervision fall short of meeting the emotional needs of those who engage in child protection work. A refocusing is suggested that encourages practitioners to adopt a reflective stance towards child protection practice, specifically one that focuses on the affective aspects of child protection work. To achieve this, an innovative, reflective approach is proposed—termed the “Peshkin Approach to Reflection”, it is grounded in recent developments of reflective practice from within nursing that acknowledge the primacy of emotions. The paper outlines the key stages involved and illustrates its ability to enhance practitioners' emotional well-being. Importantly, it also highlights its potential to impact positively on practice. It is advocated that the Peshkin Approach to Reflection be incorporated into child protection supervision to counter the traditional, long-standing technical-rational focus of most supervisory models. It will require empirical testing and evaluation to assess its full impact in a child protection context. However, based on use of the approach in other settings, it is likely to hold considerable benefit for practitioners who use it and, indirectly, the children they seek to protect.

Innovative staffing in emergency departments: the role of midlevel providers

NPs and PAs are increasingly common in US and Canadian EDs. Emergency medicine is a unique specialty with a vast knowledge base performed in a high-risk environment; therefore, supervisory models and regulatory requirements developed for lower-risk settings (e.g., primary care) and more circumscribed practices (e.g., diabetes clinic) are unlikely to be sufficient for EDs. As innovative ED staffing models evolve, specific roles and scopes of practice for midlevel providers should be based on an objective analysis of existing care gaps and system needs, local provider availability, operational efficiency, cost-effectiveness, regulatory compliance, risk management, and quality of care. Although it is tempting to reduce cost by using PAs or NPs, de-emphasis of emergency physician involvement should proceed cautiously to avoid negatively impacting patient care. Variability in midlevel provider use and the relative paucity of evidence describing optimal provider roles, scopes of practice, and care outcomes in different patient populations highlight the need for a measured approach, appropriate supervisory models, effective quality assurance programs, and cost-effectiveness analyses looking at both clinical and economic outcomes of this important health system evolution.

What do boards really do? Evidence from minutes of board meetings

We analyze a unique database from a sample of real-world boardrooms — minutes of board meetings and board-committee meetings of eleven business companies for which the Israeli government holds a substantial equity interest. We use these data to evaluate the underlying assumptions and predictions of models of boards of directors. These models generally fall into two categories: “managerial models” that assume boards play a direct role in managing the firm, and “supervisory models” that assume that boards monitor top management but do not make business decisions themselves. Consistent with the supervisory models, our minutes-based data suggest that boards spend most of their time monitoring management: approximately two-thirds of the issues boards discussed were of a supervisory nature, they were presented with only a single option in 99% of the issues discussed, and they disagreed with the CEO only 2.5% of the time. Nevertheless, at times boards do play a managerial role: Boards requested to receive further information or an update for 8% of the issues discussed, and they took an initiative with respect to 8.1% of them. In 63% of the meetings, boards took at least one of these actions or did not vote in line with the CEO. Taken together our results suggest that boards can be characterized as active monitors.

STUDI EKSPLORASI PEMBIAYAAN USAHA KECIL DAN MENENGAH (UKM) DI SENTRA-SENTRA INDUSTRI KECIL DI JAWA TIMUR

This research tried to explore and describe the opinion and preference of small and medium enterprises around the financing supervisory in centers of SMEs in East Java. The good description in financing and financial supervisory models would be the basic for determining the best formulation in financing and financial supervisory programs. Small and medium enterprises (SMEs) in Indonesia are developed in centers of small and medium enterprises (sentra UKM) to supervisory efectively. The centers of SMEs in this research involved Sentra Industri Mebel Kayu Pasuruan, Sentra Industri Tempe Malang, Sentra Industri Kerajinan Perak Lumajang and Sentra Industri Sandal Sepatu Mojokerto. The result of this research indicating the need for financing and financial supervisory which accommodate non financial development such as marketing, technology, and management. Furthermore, exploratory for this research indicated that there are financing and financial supervisory established in the centers known as MAP model.

What Do Boards Really Do? Evidence from Minutes of Board Meetings

We analyze a unique database from a sample of real-world boardrooms – minutes of board meetings and board-committee meetings of eleven business companies for which the Israeli government holds a substantial equity interest. We use these data to evaluate the underlying assumptions and predictions of models of boards of directors. These models generally fall into two categories: “managerial models” that assume boards play a direct role in managing the firm, and “supervisory models” that assume that boards monitor top management but do not make business decisions themselves. Consistent with the supervisory models, our minutes-based data suggest that boards spend most of their time monitoring management: approximately two-thirds of the issues boards discussed were of a supervisory nature, they were presented with only a single option in 99% of the issues discussed, and they disagreed with the CEO only 2.5% of the time. Nevertheless, at times boards do play a managerial role: Boards requested to receive further information or an update for 8% of the issues discussed, and they took an initiative with respect to 8.1% of them. In 63% of the meetings, boards took at least one of these actions or did not vote in line with the CEO. Taken together our results suggest that boards can be characterized as active monitors.