Constructing supersymmetric extensions of higher-dimensional models can have several motivations; it is, for instance, necessary in the context of string theories. Studying the supersymmetric version of the well-motivated model proposed by Randall and Sundrum, with the Higgs boson localized on the so-called TeV-brane, is not trivial since singularities appear in the Higgs couplings. Those are regularized by the contribution from the exchange of infinite towers of Kaluza-Klein (KK) scalar modes with Dirichlet-Dirichlet boundary conditions. Here we first derive the regularized four-dimensional (4D) effective Higgs couplings and induced sfermion mass matrices. A general method is provided for this regularization, based on the completeness relation. The sfermion masses must be obtained either from integrating out the mentioned KK towers or by treating their mixing effects, depending on the cases. We then use the obtained Higgs couplings and sfermion masses for some phenomenological applications. On one side, we show at the one-loop level how all quadratic divergences in the Higgs mass cancel out for any cutoff, due to 5D supersymmetry (SUSY) and to 5D anomaly cancellation; the analytical way followed here also allows a justification of the infinite KK summation required for the so-called KK regularization in 5D SUSY, which has motivated a rich literature. On the other side, we show that a certain pattern of SUSY breaking in the bulk would allow one to distinguish experimentally the minimal SUSY model \`a la Randall and Sundrum with bulk matter from the minimal 4D SUSY model, in the scenario where only superpartners were produced at the Large Hadron Collider. In this SUSY-breaking context, two of the discriminating tests developed make use of some different features arising in the squark or slepton mass spectrum. The other distinctive supersymmetric Randall-Sundrum feature is the possibly larger (even dominant) Higgs boson decay branching ratios into sleptons, compared to the 4D minimal supersymmetric standard model. In the same SUSY-breaking framework, techniques for pinning down the presence of soft SUSY-breaking terms on the TeV-brane are also suggested, based on the analysis of top squark pair production at the International Linear Collider.