Superphosphate Research Articles

Kinetic modeling to describe the potentials of single super phosphate and lime to remove Pb from contaminated waters

Kinetic modeling to describe the potentials of single super phosphate and lime to remove Pb from contaminated waters

Growth, Yield, and Phosphorus Efficiency of Safflower Cultivars as Affected by Phosphorus Application in East Azarbaijan Province, Iran

ABSTRACT Identifying the cultivars that efficiently take up and use soil phosphorus (P) can reduce the financial and environmental costs of using P fertilizers. To investigate the growth, yield, and P acquisition efficiency of different cultivars of safflower affected by P deficiency and P applications, this study was conducted as a randomized complete block design in factorial arrangement with three replications in the Tikmeh Dash research station in East Azerbaijan province, Iran in 2016–2017. The studied factors were P fertilization in five levels (0, 10, 20, 30, and 40 kg P ha-1 from Triple superphosphate (TSP)) and safflower cultivars (Padideh and Goldasht). The results showed that under the P deficiency condition, the grain yield of Padideh was about 17% greater than that of Goldasht (1544 vs 1319 kg ha-1). Padideh cultivar was superior to Goldasht in terms of oil percentage (43.2 vs. 40.9%). Grain yield correlated with straw yield (R2 = 0.526**), P concentration (R2 = 0.192**), and the number of fertile capsules (R2 = 0.51**). In general, it is concluded that P concentration in straw is an important factor for grain production in safflower. Although both cultivars showed the greatest benefit-cost ratio of grain and oil yield in the 10 kg ha-1 P treatment, the Padideh cultivar was the superior cultivar. For the conditions of about 7.2 mg kg-1 available Olsen P, the application of 10 kg ha-1 P (50 kg ha-1 TSP) for the Padideh cultivar can be economical.

Hydrochars as slow-release phosphorus fertilizers for enhancing corn and soybean growth in an agricultural soil

Hydrochars as carbonaceous amendments rich in porous structures and nutrients can be used as promising slow-release fertilizers and soil health amendments. Yet, the performance of hydrochars derived from different feedstocks in improving crop plant growth and soil phosphorus (P) availability is not well understood. Here, a batch of sewage sludge (SS) and chicken manure (CM) derived hydrochars (SSCs and CMCs) were produced at 125 and 225 °C (SS125/225 and CM125/225) to investigate their characteristics and performances in improving the seedling growth of two representative crops, soybean (Glycine max) and corn (Zea mays), as well as the P availability in an acidic agricultural soil in comparison with triple super phosphate (TSP), a conventional P fertilizer. Compared with CMCs, SSCs with more porous and rougher surfaces contained relatively lower contents of carbon (C; 32.3–33.3%), hydrogen (H; 3.9–4.69%), and potassium (K; 29.2–51 mg g−1), but higher contents of P (37.4–85.4%) and nitrogen (N; 2.26–4.9%), as well as more O-containing and N-containing functional groups. The impacts of hydrochars on soybean and corn growth showed distinct variations. The application of SSCs showed little effect on soybean growth (i.e., biomass, chlorophyl contents, and number of leaves), while CMCs significantly increased its total dry biomass by 23.2–66.2%. For corn, both SSCs and CMCs increased the total dry biomass by 32.8–92.4% and 21.8–69.7%, respectively, compared to those in the un-amended soils. In addition, compared with the higher temperature hydrochars (SS225 and CM225), the lower temperature ones (SS125 and CM125) increased the total dry biomass by 24.6% and 34.9% for soybean and 44.8% and 39.3% for corn, respectively. The significant improvement in crop growth by hydrochars was mainly due to the direct nutrient supply (particularly P) by the hydrochars, which was supported by the increased soil and shoot P concentrations. Moreover, hydrochar application led to a rise in soil water soluble P (WSP) levels. However, as time progressed, these levels fell due to the fixation and adsorption of P via precipitation, electrostatic attraction, and ion exchange on the hydrochars. Contrarily, TSP maintained persistently high soil WSP levels, increasing the leaching risk of P through the soil profile. Our results provide direct evidence for hydrochars as slow-release P fertilizers to enhance crop growth and production and give better insights for producing functionalized P-rich chars as an alternative to chemical P fertilizers to maintain sustainable agricultural production.Graphical

Assessment of radioactivity level and associated radiological hazard in fertilizer from Dhaka.

Miners, factory workers, traders, end-users, and foodstuff consumers all run the risk of encountering health hazards derived from the presence of elevated levels of radiation in fertilizers, as these groups often come into direct or indirect contact with fertilizers as well as raw materials throughout various linked processes such as mineral extractions, fertilizer production, agricultural practices. A total of 30 samples of various kinds of fertilizer produced in different factories in Dhaka megacity were analyzed to quantify the concentrations of primordial radionuclides using HPGe detector. Among the analyzed samples, average (range) concentration of 40K was found to be 9920 ± 1091 (8700 ± 957-11,500 ± 1265), 9100 ± 1001 (8600 ± 946-9600 ± 1056), 2565 ± 282 (2540 ± 279-2590 ± 285), and 3560 ± 392 (2620 ± 288-4500 ± 495) Bq/kg in the samples of Muriate of Potash Fertilizer, Sulphate of Potash Fertilizer, Humic Acid Fertilizer, and NPKS Fertilizer, respectively. Elevated concentration of 226Ra was found in Triple Super Phosphate Fertilizer with a mean (range) of 335 ± 37 (290 ± 32-380 ± 42) Bq/kg. The higher activity of 40K can be linked to the greater levels of elemental potassium in phosphate fertilizer. Elevated concentrations of radionuclides may also result from variations in chemical processes as well as the local geology of the mining areas where the raw materials were extracted for fertilizer production. Numerous fertilizer brands surpass prescribed limits for various hazardous parameters, presenting significant health risks to factory workers, farmers, and consumers of agricultural products. This study provides baseline information on the radioactivity of fertilizers, which could be used to develop mitigation methods, establish national fertilizer usage limits, justify regulatory frameworks, and raise public awareness of fertilizer overuse. The findings of the study could potentially help to explore the impact of fertilizer on the food chain.

Farmyard Manure Integrated with Triple Superphosphate for Improved Soil Conditions and Yield of Bio-Fortified Common Beans

Increasing prices of fertilizers and low nutrient concentration in organic manure are highly contributing to poor soil conditions and increased yield gap of bio-fortified common beans. A field study was carried out to assess the effect of farmyard manure integrated with triple superphosphate on soil conditions and yield of bio-fortified common bean Genotypes in central Uganda. The experiments were set in a Randomized Complete Block Design (RCBD) conducted at Mukono Zonal Agricultural Research Institute (MUZARDI) in two rainfall seasons. Treatments included; Cattle manure + TSP, Swine manure + TSP, Chicken manure + TSP, TSP alone and control replicated five times. Bio-fortified common bean genotypes studied were: Naro bean 1, Naro bean 3 and NABE16 a local check. Data was collected on; organic matter, soil pH, nitrogen, potassium and phosphorus content, harvest index, number of pods, pod length, number of seeds per pod, weight of 100 seeds, and grain yield of bio-fortified common beans. Data was subjected to statistical test and analysis of variance using GenStat statistical package (15th edition). Results showed that amending field plots with Swine manure + TSP significantly increased Organic matter by; 1.51% and potassium 1.22% than Chicken manure + TSP, Cattle + TSP, TSP alone and a control respectively. Chicken manure + TSP increased soil pH and Nitrogen by 1.80 and 2.20% while, TSP alone improved Phosphorus by 5.2 PPM than other treatments. Yield parameters were not significantly (P>0.05) affected by treatments except weight of 100 seeds. However, bean genotypes grown in Swine manure + TSP recorded maximum yield of 14 pods, 4 seeds per pod, 32.93 g weight of 100seeds, grain yield was (1843 kgha-1) and lowest (1253 to 650 kg/ha) in TSP+ cattle manure and control. It was therefore, concluded that swine manure + TSP significantly improved soil conditions and yield of bio-fortified common beans. Therefore, basing on these findings, farmers should adopt amendment of swine manure with TSP for improved soil conditions and yields of Naro bean 1

Changes on phosphorus fractions and paddy yield using different single super phosphate and rock phosphate rates under acid soil

Agricultural soils are usually deficient in phosphorus (P), causing yield reduction. To boost crop production and P availability in acid soil, rock phosphate (RP) can be used with single super phosphate (SSP), which can also supply available P for the long-term during a crop cycle. The study was conducted to show the effect of SSP and rock RP on the P release and fixation pattern and its uptake by paddy variety CAU-R1 in acid soil. The experimental design was randomized block design having six treatments, where P supplied through i) only SSP, ii) only RP, iii) 3/4th SSP + 1/4th RP, iv) half SSP + half RP, v)1/4th SSP + 3/4th RP and vi) control. The addition of P in general increased all inorganic P forms with time over untreated control. There was an increase in saloid-P, Aluminum-P, Iron-P, Calcium-P, and available P concentration reaching maximum on 50th day with gradual decline till harvest. Phosphorus application significantly increased P uptake, dry matter yield, tiller number, and plant height of paddy during the entire growth period. Comparatively higher P uptake and grain yield were observed in soil applied with SSP and RP at 1:1, as SSP predominantly supplied P at the earlier growth stage and RP released P slowly. Therefore, the combined use of SSP and RP at 1:1 can provide a constant pool of available P and improve agronomic efficiencies under acid soil.

Synthesis, monomer conversion, and mechanical properties of polylysine based dental composites

ObjectiveThe aim of this study was to synthesize a new bioactive and antibacterial composite by incorporating reactive calcium phosphate and antibacterial polylysine into a resin matrix and evaluate the effect of these fillers on structural analysis, degree of monomer conversion, mechanical properties, and bioactivity of these newly developed polypropylene based dental composites. MethodologyStock monomers were prepared by mixing urethane dimethacrylate and polypropylene glycol dimethacrylate and combined with 40 wt% silica to make experimental control (E-C). The other three experimental groups contained a fixed percentage of silica (40 wt%), monocalcium phosphate monohydrate, and β-tri calcium phosphate (5 wt% each) with varying amounts of polylysine (PL). These groups include E-CCP0 (0 wt% PL), E-CCP5 (5 wt% PL) and E-CCP10 (10 wt% PL). The commercial control used was Filtek™ Z250 3M ESPE. The degree of conversion was assessed by using Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR). Compressive strength and Vicker’s micro hardness testing were evaluated after 24 h of curing the samples. For bioactivity, prepared samples were placed in simulated body fluid for 0, 1, 7, and 28 days and were analyzed using a scanning electron microscope (SEM). SPSS 23 was used to analyze the data and one-way ANOVA and post hoc tukey’s test were done, where the significant level was set ≤0.05. ResultsGroup E-C showed better mechanical properties than other experimental and commercial control groups. Group E-C showed the highest degree of conversion (72.72 ± 1.69%) followed by E-CCP0 (72.43 ± 1.47%), Z250 (72.26 ± 1.75%), E-CCP10 (71.07 ± 0.19%), and lowest value was shown by E-CCP5 (68.85 ± 7.23%). In shear bond testing the maximum value was obtained by E-C. The order in decreasing value of bond strength is E-C (8.13 ± 3.5 MPa) > Z250 (2.15 ± 1.1 MPa) > E-CCP10 (2.08 ± 2.1 MPa) > E-CCP5 (0.94 ± 0.8 MPa) > E-CCP0 (0.66 ± 0.2 MPa). In compressive testing, the maximum strength was observed by commercial control i.e., Z250 (210.36 ± 18 MPa) and E-C (206.55 ± 23 MPa), followed by E-CCP0 (108.06 ± 19 MPa), E-CCP5 (94.16 ± 9 MPa), and E-CCP10 (80.80 ± 13 MPa). The maximum number of hardness was shown by E-C (93.04 ± 8.23) followed by E-CCP0 (38.93 ± 9.21) > E-CCP10 (35.21 ± 12.31) > E-CCP5 (34.34 ± 12.49) > Z250 (25 ± 2.61). SEM images showed that the maximum apatite layer as shown by E-CCP10 and the order followed as E-CCP10 > E-CCP5 > E-CCP0 >Z250> E-C. ConclusionThe experimental formulation showed an optimal degree of conversion with compromised mechanical properties when the polylysine percentage was increased. Apatite layer formation and polylysine at the interface may result in remineralization and ultimately lead to the prevention of secondary caries formation.

Effect of bone and analytical method on assessment of bone mineralization in response to dietary phosphorus, phytase, and vitamin D in finishing pigs.

A total of 882 pigs (PIC TR4 × [Fast LW × PIC L02]; initially 33.2 ± 0.31kg) were used in a 112-d study to evaluate the effects of different bones and analytical methods on the assessment of bone mineralization response to changes in dietary P, phytase, and vitamin D in growing pigs. Pens of pigs (20 pigs per pen) were randomized to one of five dietary treatments with nine pens per treatment. Dietary treatments were designed to create differences in bone mineralization and included: 1) P at 80% of NRC (2012) standardized total tract digestible (STTD) P requirement, 2) NRC STTD P with no phytase, 3) NRC STTD P with phytase providing an assumed release of 0.14% STTD P from 2,000 FYT/kg, 4) high STTD P (128% of the NRC P) using monocalcium phosphate and phytase, and 5) diet 4 with additional vitamin D3 from 25(OH)D3. On day 112, one pig per pen was euthanized for bone, blood, and urine analysis. Additionally, 11 pigs identified as having poor body condition which indicated a history of low feed intake (unhealthy) were sampled. There were no differences between treatments for final body weight, average daily gain, average daily feed intake, gain to feed, or bone ash measurements (treatment × bone interaction) regardless of bone ash method. The response to treatment for bone density and bone mineral content was dependent upon the bone sampled (density interaction, P = 0.053; mineral interaction, P = 0.078). For 10th rib bone density, pigs fed high levels of P had increased (P < 0.05) bone density compared with pigs fed NRC levels with phytase, with pigs fed deficient P, NRC levels of P with no phytase, and high STTD P with extra 25(OH)D3 intermediate, with no differences for metacarpals, fibulas, or 2nd ribs. Pigs fed extra vitamin D from 25(OH)D3 had increased (P < 0.05) 10th rib bone mineral content compared with pigs fed deficient P and NRC levels of P with phytase, with pigs fed industry P and vitamin D, and NRC P with monocalcium intermediate. Healthy pigs had greater (P < 0.05) serum Ca, P, vitamin D concentrations, and defatted bone ash than those unhealthy, with no difference between the two health statuses for non-defatted bone ash. In summary, differences between bone ash procedures were more apparent than differences between diets. Differences in bone density and mineral content in response to dietary P and vitamin D were most apparent with 10th ribs.

Assessing the influence of diverse phosphorus sources on bacterial communities and the abundance of phosphorus cycle genes in acidic paddy soils.

The impact of chemical fertilizers on soil microbial communities is well acknowledged. This study assesses the influence of various phosphorus sources on soil bacterial composition, abundance, and Phosphorus Cycle Gene Abundance. Three phosphorus sources (natural phosphate rock, triple super phosphate (TSP), and chemical fertilizer NPK) were field tested following two rice cultivation cycles. Soil samples were subsequently collected and analyzed for bacterial groups and phosphorus cycle genes. Results indicated that the bacterial community composition remained consistent, comprising five main phyla: Firmicutes, Actinobacteria, Proteobacteria, Halobacterota, and Chloroflexia, regardless of fertilizer type. NPK fertilizer significantly reduced the relative abundance of Chloroflexia by 19% and Firmicutes by 16.4%, while increasing Actinobacteria and Proteobacteria by 27.5 and 58.8%, respectively. TSP fertilizer increased Actinobacteria by 27.1% and Halobacterota by 24.8%, but reduced Chloroflexia by 8.6%, Firmicutes by 12.6%, and Proteobacteria by 0.6%. Phosphate rock application resulted in reductions of Chloroflexia by 27.1%, Halobacterota by 22.9%, and Firmicutes by 6.2%, alongside increases in Actinobacteria by 46.6% and Proteobacteria by 23.8%. Combined application of TSP, NPK, and phosphate rock led to increases in Proteobacteria (24-40%) and Actinobacteria (13-39%), and decreases in Chloroflexia (5.2-22%) and Firmicutes (6-12.3%) compared to the control (T0). While the different phosphorus sources did not alter the composition of phosphorus cycle genes, they did modulate their abundance. NPK fertilizer did not significantly affect ppK genes (57-59%) but reduced gcd (100 to 69%), 3-phytase (74 to 34%), appA (91 to 63%), and phoD (83 to 67%). Phosphate rock reduced appA and gcd by 27 and 15%, respectively, while increasing 3-phytase by 19%. TSP decreased ppK and phoD by 42 and 40%, respectively, and gcd and appA by 34 and 56%, respectively. Combined fertilizers reduced appA (49 to 34%), 3-phytase (10 to 0%), and gcd (27 to 6%), while increasing ppK (72 to 100%). Among tested phosphorus sources, natural phosphate rock was best, causing moderate changes in bacterial composition and phosphorus genes, supporting balanced soil microbial activity. These findings highlight the complex interactions between fertilizers and soil microbial communities, underscoring the need for tailored fertilization strategies to maintain soil health and optimize agricultural productivity.

Resin tags formation by modified Renewal MI formulations in a carious dentine model.

To determine which components in a new restorative material (Renewal MI) improve its ability to form resin tags within demineralized dentine. Varied components included polylysine (PLS), monocalcium phosphate (MCP), powder to liquid ratio (PLR), 4-methacryloyloxyethyl trimellitate anhydride (4META), and polypropylene glycol dimethacrylate (PPGDMA). Urethane dimethacrylate (UDMA), containing PPGDMA (24 wt%) and 4META (3 wt%), was mixed with glass filler with MCP (8 wt%) and PLS (5 wt%). PLR was 3:1 or 5:1. Reducing MCP and/or PLS to 4 and 2 wt% respectively or fully removing MCP, PLS, 4META or PPGDMA gave 16 formulations in total. Renewal MI, Z250 (with or without Scotchbond Universal adhesive) and Activa were used as commercial comparators. Collagen discs were obtained by totally demineralizing 2 mm thick, human, premolar, coronal dentine discs by immersion in formic acid (4M) for 48 h. The restorative materials were then applied on top (n = 3), before dissolving the collagen in sodium hypochlorite (15%). SEM/EDX was employed to determine resin tags length, composition, and surface coverage. Tags were >400, 20 and 200 µm and covered 62, 55 and 39% of the adhesion interface for Renewal MI, Scotchbond and Activa, respectively. With experimental formulations, they were 200 and >400 µm long with high vs. low PLR and composed primarily of polymerized monomers. Percentages of the adhesion interface covered varied between 35 and 84%. Reducing PLS or MCP caused a decline in coverage that was linear with their concentrations. Reducing MCP had lesser effect when PLS or PLR were low. Removal of 4META caused a greater reduction in coverage than PPGDMA removal. PLS, MCP, 4META, PPGDMA and low PLR together enhance Renewal MI tags formation in, and thereby sealing of, demineralized dentine.

Efeito residual de fontes de fósforo na presença e ausência de composto orgânico na produção de beterraba e chicória em cultivo sucessivo de brócolis

ABSTRACT The utilization of organic fertilizer for a short cycle crop may allow planting, in sequence, another short cycle crop, without the need for new fertilizers, reducing the costs of a new fertilization. The objective of this study was to evaluate the residual effect of fertilization applied to broccoli with phosphorus sources in the presence and absence of organic compost, on beet and chicory production in subsequent cultivation. In broccoli cultivation, four sources of phosphorus (thermophosphate, natural phosphate, natural reactive phosphate, and triple superphosphate) (600 kg/ha of P2O5) were evaluated in the presence and absence of organic compost (Visafértil®, 55 t/ha) before planting. After the removal of the cultural remains of broccoli, beet and chicory, seedlings were transplanted in the same plots of the first crop treatments. For each species eight treatments were evaluated, in a 4 x 2 factorial scheme. The first factor were the four sources of phosphorus and the second one was the application or not of organic compost before broccoli (hybrid BRO 68) planting. Treatments with organic compost showed greater production of beet and chicory, compared to the absence of compost. Fertilization with organic compost associated to the phosphorus sources provides necessary residual effect to beet and chicory production. The best P source for beet was triple superphosphate, and for chicory, in the absence of organic compost, triple superphosphate was the best source. In the presence of organic compost, the best sources were triple superphosphate and natural phosphate.

Inorganic Phosphorus Supplementation in Diets for Farmed Shrimp: Performance and Digestibility of Juvenile Litopenaeus vannamei Fed Monosodium Phosphate, Monoammonium Phosphate, Magnesium Phosphate, and Monocalcium Phosphate

Inorganic phosphates have been used in shrimp feeds to meet phosphorus (P) needs, which may be quantitatively affected by the dietary content of P and other minerals and digestibility. In the present study, performance and digestibility were determined simultaneously in juvenile shrimp (Litopenaeus vannamei) during the grow‐out period (4–23 g ind wt). Shrimps were fed plant‐based diets supplemented with different phosphate ingredients: monosodium phosphate (MSP), monoammonium phosphate (MAP), magnesium phosphate (MgP), and monocalcium phosphate (MCP). The total P level in test diets was 0.79%. MSP supplementation was tested at two dietary calcium:phosphorus ratios to check for possible effects upon shrimp performance and digestibility. A negative control diet was tested with a similar formulation without inorganic phosphate supplementation (0.47% total P). Shrimp was reared in a recirculated clear water tank system (35 ppt salinity, 30°C, 100 individuals/m3) with continuous feeding provided by automatic pellet delivery. Feces were sampled 4–5 times daily throughout the trial. A negative control diet produced P limitation and significantly reduced shrimp performances compared to P‐supplemented diets (P &lt; 0.05). Performance of shrimp‐fed diets containing inorganic phosphates varied for feed conversion rate: 1.24–1.34, survival: 87%–94%, growth: 2.50–2.59 g/week, and no significant difference was found among dietary treatments (P &gt; 0.05). Inorganic P supplementation resulted in significantly higher dry matter, crude protein, ash, and P apparent digestibility coefficient (ADC) compared to P limited negative control diet (P &lt; 0.05). In addition, reduced P ADC (P &lt; 0.05) was checked with higher dietary Ca:P ratio. Phosphorus digestibility in test diets showed significant differences: MSP &gt; MCP, MgP, and MSP + CaCO3; MAP &gt; MSP + CaCO3 (P &lt; 0.05). Digestible P (%) could then be calculated in test diets: MgP (4.77 g Pdig/kg of feed), MSP + CaCO3 (4.81 g Pdig/kg of feed), MCP (5.0 g Pdig/kg of feed), MAP (5.13 g Pdig/kg of feed), and MSP (5.30 g Pdig/kg of feed). Digestible P in phosphate sources (%) could then be calculated: 88.2% MSP, 84.2% MAP, 79% MCP, 72.2% MgP, and 71.8% MSP + CaCO3. Shrimp whole body and exoskeleton phosphorus content also showed significantly higher values in P‐supplemented diets compared to control, regardless of the source tested (P &lt; 0.05). It is concluded that tested phosphates were suitable for feeding juvenile shrimp with MSP, MAP, and MgP diets showing high feed efficiency, while MSP and MAP diets resulted in numerically increased growth, coinciding with numerically higher P digestibility in these phosphates. The elevated P digestibility in the phosphates seems related to their water solubility, though MgP, less soluble and digestible in comparison to MSP and MAP, could also produce good performance.

Solubility in manganese sulfate-ammonium sulfate-water system

The production of phosphorus-containing fertilizers involves the use of mineral acids and phosphate raw materials. In the production process and finished fertilizers, the existence of calcium phosphates, ammonium, sulfuric or nitric and phosphoric acids is possible. Enriched superphosphate contains monocalcium phosphate, calcium sulfate dihydrate, phosphoric acid. During ammoniation, monoammonium phosphate can also be formed. The solubility of the components in the manganese sulfate-ammonium sulfate-water system was studied by the visual-polythermal method in the temperature range from -1.0°С to 27.0°С. The phase diagram limits the regions of ice crystallization, ammonium sulfate, manganese sulfate and chemical compound. A solubility diagram was plotted and a new compound (ammonium sulfate + marganes sulfate + water) (NH4)2Mn(SO4)2*6H2O was isolated. The new compound was identified by chemical, X-ray diffraction, thermogravimetric and IR spectroscopic analyses. To physicochemically substantiate the behavior of marganese sulfate under the conditions of production of enriched superphosphate, the interaction of marganese sulfate with monocalcium phosphate was studied by the method of isomolar series in 0.01 M solutions.

Management Practices Influence the Yield and Quality of Hog plum (Spondias mombin L.)

A research study was experimented at Gava village in Banaripara Upazila, Barishal district, to identify the optimal management approach for cultivating hog plum on sorjan beds, with the objective of increasing the yield and quality of hog plum. The experiment was carried out for two consecutive years, 2021-2022 and 2022-2023. The location represents the Ganges Tidal Floodplain (AEZ-13), characterized with a subtropical monsoon climate and a humid environment with a clayey loam soil. The land of the experiment is a medium low land that has been raised up as the sorjan system. BARI Amra-2, a well-known hog plum variety, released by the Bangladesh Agricultural Research Institute in 2007 used for the study. The experiment was conducted with a randomized complete block design (RCBD) having three replications. The treatments used in the study: T1= Control (Earthing up), T2= Earthing up + Spraying (Against insect-pest), T3= Earthing up + RDF (Recommended dose of fertilizer), T4= Spraying + RDF, T5= Earthing up + Spraying + RDF. The plot size was 16 m2. Each plot except control one received , 15 kg of cow dung annually, alongside 150 g of Nitrogen, 70 g of Phosphorous, 150 g of Potassium, 30 g of Sulphur, and 2.5 g of boron. These nutrient elements were applied in the form of urea, triple super phosphate, muriate of potash, gypsum and boric acid, respectively. The fertilizers were given in two equal splits, one in November after harvesting and the other in April just before flowering started. The treatments incorporated during the cropping years of 2021-2022 and 2022-2023 had a significant impact on various parameters such as tree height, single fruit weight, fruit length and diameter, number of bunches per tree, fruit yield per tree, yield per hectare, marketable yield per tree and per hectare, yield increase over control, shelf life, TSS%, and vitamin C content. The treatment T5, which included earthing up, spraying against insect-pests, and RDF, resulted the highest values. In the first year, the values obtained for these parameters were 11.12 t/ha, 95.48 g, 72.42 mm, 55.54 mm, 114.67 nos., 378.33 nos., 36.12 kg, 22.57 t/ha, 34.88 kg, 21.80 t/ha, 45.53%, 9.67 days, 8.90%, and 22.35 mg/100g, respectively. In the second year, the values for same parameters were 12.27 t/ha, 97.58 g, 73.26 mm, 56.53 mm, 101.33 nos., 387 nos., 37.78 kg, 23.62 t/ha, 36.13 kg, 22.58 t/ha, 46.48%, 9.17 days, 8.91%, and 22.67 mg/100g, respectively.

Опыт применения кормовой добавки «Монокальцийфосфат» при остеодистрофии у крупного рогатого скота

This experiment is aimed at determining the practical effectiveness of the use of the feed additive «Monocalcium Phosphate» in the treatment of alimentary osteodystrophy in dairy cows of the Jersey breed in industrial production. Experience has shown that the addition of monocalcium phosphate to the diet has a beneficial effect on the clinical composition of the blood, in particular on the number of red blood cells and hemoglobin, but also on biochemical parameters - total protein, reserve alkalinity, etc.

Utilizing rice husk biochar and selected phosphate fertilizer to increase phosphate status of ultisol and shallots (Allium ascalonicum L.) production

Low soil phosphorus (P) availability is an important impediment to successful shallot cultivation in ultisols, a type of soil distinguished by its low fertility. A field experiment was conducted to investigate the effects of rice husk biochar in combination with various types of phosphate fertilizers on ultisol P status, growth performance and production of shallot. The experiment followed a completely randomized design with three replications and involved the two fixed factors: the application of three different levels of rice husk biochar (0, 5, and 10 t ha-1) and addition of three distinct phosphate fertilizer sources (90 kg ha-1) that included triple superphosphate (TRP), rock phosphate (RP) and guano. Our experiment revealed that using rice husk biochar in conjunction with various sources of P fertilizer had a propensity to raise the pH, enhance the availability and total P content in the observed soil. Furthermore, the application of 5 t ha-1 of rice husk biochar, along with the use of TSP resulted in the highest P availability in the soil. The use of biochar and P fertilizers has the potential to be an effective strategy for improving soil phosphorus status and increasing shallot production, as evidenced by the weight of storable bulbs.

Effect of coated urea and NPK-fertilizers on spring wheat yield and nitrogen use efficiency.

Among the factors that increase the efficiency of mineral fertilizers, due consideration has lately been given to the development and study of fertilizers with various granule coatings. This study is focused on the test of urea and NPK fertilizers, with granules coated with 50 and 100 μm monocalcium phosphate. Two-year greenhouse trials with spring wheat were carried out on soddy-podzolic light loamy soil. Coated fertilizers have proven to be more effective than traditional ones. For instance, using coated urea improved the yield 10-11% compared to conventional fertilizer. At the same time, the weight of one plant increased by 9-11% and the weight of the ear by 10%, the number of grains in the ear was by 4-7% bigger. Similar results were obtained with NPK fertilizer. Providing a thicker coating from 50 to 100 μm significantly increased the efficiency of both urea and NPK fertilizers.

Effect of adding CaCO3 and triple superphosphate fertilizer on growth and the content of alizarin of Rubia tinctorum L. in field conditions

Effect of adding CaCO3 and triple superphosphate fertilizer on growth and the content of alizarin of Rubia tinctorum L. in field conditions

Yield Response of Cowpea (Vigna unguiculata L.) to Poultry Waste Application With Different Rates of Potassium and Phosphorus Inorganic Fertilizers

Poultry waste is a rich source of nitrogen nutrient compared to other elements. In crop cultivation, combined application of organic manures and inorganic fertilizers increase soil nutrients which are available to plants. Cowpea (Vigna unguiculata L. walp) is a significant grain legume production and it is used as a source of low cost protein for human consumption particularly in the developing countries. Thus, the experiment was conducted to determine the effects of poultry waste with phosphorus and potassium inorganic fertilizers on seed yield of cowpea (Vigna unguiculata L.). The pot experiment was designed in a Completely Randomized Design (CRD) with six treatments and seven replicates. Treatments included T1 – 100% inorganic fertilizer [35 kg ha-1 urea, 100 kg ha-1 triple superphosphate (100% TSP) and 75 kg ha-1 muriate of potash (100% MOP)], T2 – 10 t ha-1 poultry waste alone, T3 – 10 t ha-1 poultry waste + 25% TSP + 25% MOP, T4 – 10 t ha-1 poultry waste + 50% TSP + 50% MOP, T5 – 10 t ha-1 poultry waste + 75% TSP + 75% MOP, T6 – 10 t ha-1 poultry waste + 100% TSP + 100% MOP. The result confirmed that the poultry waste with potassium and phosphorus inorganic fertilizers had significant differences (P&lt;0.05) on most of the agronomic parameters tested in this experiment. Results revealed that application of 10 t ha-1 poultry waste with 100% TSP and 100% MOP treatment (T6) showed the best treatment for cowpea yield in term of seed yield. But significant variation on seed yield was not observed between T5 (10 t ha-1 poultry waste with 75% TSP and 75% MOP treatment) and T6 (10 t ha-1 poultry waste + 100% TSP + 100% MOP) treatments. Therefore, application of 10 t ha-1 poultry waste reduces the usage of inorganic fertilizers (urea by 100%, TSP by 25% and MOP by 25%) for obtaining better seed yield in cowpea cultivation.

Effects of Novel Dental Composites on Streptococcus mutans Biofilms.

With the phase-out of amalgam and the increase in minimally invasive dentistry, there is a growing need for high-strength composite materials that can kill residual bacteria and promote tooth remineralization. This study quantifies how antibacterial polylysine (PLS) and re-mineralizing monocalcium phosphate monohydrate (MCPM) affect Streptococcus mutans biofilms and the strength of dental composites. For antibacterial studies, the MCPM-PLS filler percentages were 0-0, 8-4, 12-6, and 16-8 wt% of the composite filler phase. Composite discs were immersed in 0.1% sucrose-supplemented broth containing Streptococcus mutans (UA159) and incubated in an anaerobic chamber for 48 h. Surface biomass was determined by crystal violet (CV) staining. Growth medium pH was measured at 24 and 48 h. Biofilm bacterial viability (CFU), exo-polysaccharide (water-soluble glucan (WSG) and water-insoluble glucan (WIG)), and extracellular DNA (eDNA) were quantified. This was by serial dilution plate counting, phenol-sulfuric acid microassay, and fluorometry, respectively. The biaxial flexural strengths were determined after water immersion for 1 week, 1 month, and 1 year. The MCPM-PLS wt% were 8-4, 8-8, 16-4 and 16-8. The normalized biomass, WSG, and WIG showed a linear decline of 66%, 64%, and 55%, respectively, as the PLS level increased up to 8%. The surrounding media pH (4.6) was all similar. A decrease in bacterial numbers with the 12-6 formula and a significant reduction with 16-8 compared to the 0-0 formulation was observed. The eDNA concentrations in biofilms formed on 12-6 and 16-8 formulations were significantly less than the 0-0 control and 8-4 formulations. Doubling MCPM and PLS caused a 14 and 19% reduction in strength in 1 week, respectively. Average results were lower at 1 month and 1 year but affected less upon doubling MCPM and PLS levels. Moreover, a 4% PLS may help to reduce total biomass and glucan levels in biofilms on the above composites. Higher levels are required to reduce eDNA and provide bactericidal action, but these can decrease early strength.