Superoxide Radical Activity Research Articles

The effect of natural deep eutectic solvents on laccase activity and oligomerization of rutin

Natural deep eutectic solvents (NADESs) were investigated for the activity and stability of the laccase enzyme. Laccase was found to be active only in a low amount of choline chloride containing NADESs while it maintained its activity both in high and low amounts of betaine containing NADESs. Rutin, as a flavonoid monomer shows high antioxidant, antibacterial, antiviral and anti-inflammatory properties and these properties are enhanced in the polymerised form. In this study, the organic co-solvent that is conventionally used in the oligomerization of rutin was replaced with two different green solvents, choline chloride-ethylene glycol (1:2 molar ratio) and betaine-mannose (5:2 molar ratio). LC-MS results revealed spontaneous derivatization of rutin as well as the oligomerization of the derivatives besides rutin. The final products were found to have enhanced superoxide radical activity. In this study, enzymatic oligomerization of rutin was investigated for the first time in the presence of eco-friendly green solvents presenting an alternative pathway without any toxic components.

Production of antioxidative protein hydrolysates from corn distillers solubles: Process optimization, antioxidant activity evaluation, and peptide analysis

Bioprospects of corn distillers solubles containing a unique thermally treated blend of corn and yeast from ethanol industries were evaluated. This includes alcalase hydrolysis optimization of protein concentrate, measurement of antioxidant activities, and peptide analysis. Response surface methodology (RSM) computed optimum values of enzyme: substrate ratio and incubation time, 5.2% (w/w) and 9.3 h. Besides, artificial neural network proved to be a good predictor of responses (R2 ~ 0.94–0.97) in agreement with RSM. The optimum RSM values maximized antioxidant yield, degree of hydrolysis, DPPH-, hydroxyl-, and superoxide-radical activities. The optimal PH and its three ultrafiltered fractions revealed higher scavenging activities against radicals of DPPH (76.15–85.66%), hydroxyl (81.26–91.91%), and superoxide (35.21–54.06%) at 5.0, 5.0, and 3.0 mg. mL−1, respectively. The foremost corn (QQPIIGGA, LPPYLSPA, SNIPLSPL, NPILQPY) and yeast (NIIPSPI) peptides were identified. The greater antioxidative characteristics might be due to more hydrophobic amino acids. The results are potent and pave the way forward for alternative valorized product streams in bioethanol industries.

Comparative evaluation on chemical composition, in vitro antioxidant, antidiabetic and antibacterial activities of various solvent extracts of Dregea volubilis leaves

Ethnopharmacological relevanceDregea volubilis is an important folk medicinal plant used as an ingredient in Ayurvedic formulations to treat asthma, piles, urinary tract infections, tumours, leucoderma, piles, inflammations, rheumatic pain, cough, severe cold and fever. Aim of the studyThe phytochemicals, percentage of extract yield, total phenolics and flavonoids, in vitro antioxidant, antidiabetic and antibacterial activities of six solvent extracts obtained from the leaves of D. volubilis (DVL) were investigated. Material ad MethodsChemical composition of DVL extract was analysed using GC-MS, total phenolics and flavonoids by spectrophotometric methods. Antioxidant activity was performed using eight in vitro assays and antidiabetic activity was evaluated by α-amylase and α-glucosidase inhibitory assays. Antibacterial activity was studied against 10 pathogenic bacteria by agar disc diffusion and microdilution method. ResultsThe extract yield was higher in hydroalcoholic (9.15%) and methanolic extracts (6.8%). A total of 67 compounds were identified from six extracts, of which 17 compounds especially squalene, oleic acid and palmitic acid were prominent constituents. Maximum amount of total phenolics (48.66 ± 4.19 mg GAE/g) and flavonoids (29.58 ± 0.47 mg QE/g) were recorded in methanolic and hydroalcoholic extracts respectively. Hydroalcoholic and methanolic extracts displayed strong inhibition of α-amylase and α-glucosidase with an IC50 of 60.51 ± 2.78 and 38.58 ± 0.56 µg/mL respectively. Methanol extract showed highest DPPH, nitric oxide and superoxide radical activities with the IC50 of 39.24 ± 2.56, 13.06 ± 1.40 and 13.71 ± 6.99 µg/mL respectively. While, hydroalcoholic extract exhibited better free radical scavenging ability for ABTS (51.23 ± 8.36 µg/mL), hydroxyl radical scavenging (46.92 ± 14.30 µg/mL), total antioxidant (16.81 ± 1.60 AAE mg/g) and metal chelating ability (49.61 ± 0.96 EDTA E mg/g). The FRAP assay showed better activity in aqueous extract with a value of 258.25 ± 3.31 mM Fe (II) E mg/g. Hydroalcoholic, ethyl acetate and aqueous extracts showed significant antibacterial activity at higher concentrations against P. vulgaris (21.0 ± 1.01 mm), B. subtilis (22.6 ± 0.54 mm) and E. coli (27.8 ± 0.83 mm) respectively. The correlation analysis revealed a strong positive relationship between the amount of total phenolics and flavonoids with antioxidant and antidiabetic activities in a concentration dependent way. ConclusionThe results of present investigation proved that hydroalcoholic extract of DVL could be used as a promising natural antioxidant with potential enzyme inhibitory and antibacterial properties and might be used as a therapeutic agent in pharmaceutical and nutraceutical industries.

Studies on antioxidant activity of different extracts of aerial parts of Cadaba farinose Forsk: An in-vitro techniques

Cadaba farinosa (family Capparidaceae) is generally known as “Indian cadaba” in the traditional ayurvedic system. The current study, aerial parts of different concentrates (Pet.ether, ethyl acetate and methanol) of Cadaba farinose was evaluated for its in-vitro antioxidant potential by Diphenylpicrylhydrazyl radical, and total antioxidant activity taking ascorbate as standard and superoxide radical activity taking Quercetin as the standard for the in-vitro methods. The methanolic concentrates of Cadaba farinose& ascorbic acid exhibited antioxidant potential possessing IC50 208µg/ml & 66µg/ml (Diphenylpicrylhydrazyl radical) , 188µg/ml & 57µg/ml (total antioxidant). The methanolic concentrates of Cadaba farinose & quercetin exhibited antioxidant potential possessing IC50 252µg/ml & 60µg/ml (superoxide radical). The IC50 value was originated that methanolic concentrates of Cadaba farinose more efficient in Diphenylpicrylhydrazyl radical, superoxide radical activity, total antioxidant activity compared EA & PE concentrates. The difference in scavenging potential of the extracts can be due to variation in the percentage of bioactive compound present in different solvents. Invitro antioxidant studies show methanolic concentrates of Cadaba farinose have better antioxidant activity. This result indicates that aerial parts of methanolic concentrate Cadaba farinose could serve as a natural antioxidant, which may be useful in preventing free radical-induced diseases.

Study of in-vitro antioxidant activity of various extracts of aerial parts of Olax scandens

Olax scandensRoxb. (family Olacaceae) Available in throughout tropical India. The current study, aerial parts of different concentrates of Olax scandenswas evaluated for its in-vitro antioxidant potential by Diphenylpicrylhydrazyl activity, superoxide scavenging activity, iron chelating activity taking ascorbate, quercetin & Ethylenediamine tetraacetate as the standard correspondingly. An IC50 value was originated that methanolic concentrates of Olax scandensis more efficient in Diphenylpicrylhydrazyl radical, superoxide radical activity, Iron chelating capacity compared EA & PE concentrates. The methanolic concentrates of Olax scandens & ascorbate exhibited antioxidant potential possessing IC50 226µg/ml & 66µg/ml (DPPH). 185µg/ml & 60µg/ml (Superoxide) , 287µg/ml & 65µg/ml (iron-chelating Activity) respectively. Invitro antioxidant studies obviously show methanolic concentrates of Olax scandens have better antioxidant activity. These results indicate that aerial parts of methanolic concentrates Olax scandenscould serve as a natural antioxidant, which may be useful in preventing free radical-induced diseases.

Synthesis, characterization and applications of copper(II) complexes with Schiff bases derived from chitooligosaccharide and iodosubstituted salicylaldehyde

Cu(II) complexes with Schiff bases derived from chitooligosaccharide and iodosubstituted salicylaldehyde (I-SCOS) were synthesized and characterized by EA, ICP, FTIR and SEM. The Cu(II) was coordinated by the imino N atoms and phenolic hydroxyl O atoms from I-SCOS. The antimicrobial activities of I-SCOS and their Cu(II) complexes were investigated against Enterobacter cloacae, Staphylococcus aureus, Staphylococcus epidermidis and Staphylococcus saprophyticus. The results indicated that the introduction of the iodosubstituted and the imine groups of Schiff bases increased the antimicrobial activity of I-SCOS and exhibited a superposition effect of molecular structure. The coordination interaction between I-SCOS and Cu(II) further enhanced the antimicrobial activities. The scavenging superoxide anion radical activity of I-SCOS derivatives was estimated by using NBT/VB2/methionine superoxide anion radical producing system. When the concentration of the complexes was more than 0.3 mg/mL, their antioxidant activity was higher than that of I-SCOS.

Phytochemical Study and Antioxidative property of Polyphenol Rich Fraction from Termitomyces medius

Free radical scavenging activity and lipid peroxidation inhibition of polyphenol rich extract of Termitomyces medius, was investigated using various in–vitro assays. Sample was collected and morphological characters recorded. DNA sequencing was done and extracts prepared. Different antioxidant assays were performed for the polyphenol rich extract of Termitomyces medius. Even bioactive compounds were determined and HPLC conducted. Highest activity was observed in relation to hydroxyl radical scavenging activity where EC50 was found at a concentration of 0.0195 mg/ml. The chelating ability of ferrous ion, DPPH and superoxide radical activity in terms of EC50 values were found in the range 0.4–0.6 mg/ml. Whereas EC50 value for reducing power and inhibition of lipid peroxidation showed a higher range of 1.55–1.65 mg/ml. On the other hand estimated phytochemical component analysis showed total phenol content (mostly pyrogallol) was much higher than that of s–carotene and lycopene contents. As a result, due to its strong antioxidative properties, T. medius is thought to be a potential source of natural antioxidants.

Purification, chemical characterization and antioxidant activities of polysaccharides isolated from Mycena dendrobii

Two polysaccharides, MDP-1 and MDP-2, were obtained from the fermentation liquid of M. dendrobii by anion exchange chromatography and gel filtration. Their chemical structures were measured by FT-IR, GC, 1H and 13C NMR spectra, indicating the mainly compositions of mannose, xylose, and galactose for MDP-1; galacturonic acid, galactose and rhamnose for MDP-2. Furthermore, the antioxidant activities of MDPs were investigated, showing different antioxidant activities, in which MDP–2 performed noticeable, with excellent superoxide radical activity better than BHT, high DPPH radical activity (IC50 at 227 μg/mL) comparable with BHT, moderate reducing power activity and hydroxyl radical scavenging activity. The results indicated that the fermentation liquid of M. dendrobii could be used as a potential natural source of antioxidant.

Chemical characterization and antioxidant activities of polysaccharides isolated from the stems of Parthenocissus tricuspidata

Four polysaccharides, PTP–1, PTP–2, PTP–3 and PTP–4, were obtained from the water extraction of the stems of P. tricuspidata by anion exchange chromatography and gel filtration. The antioxidant activities of four PTPs were investigated, exhibiting different antioxidant activities, in which PTP−4 performed noticeable, with strong superoxide radical activity (comparable to BHT), high DPPH radical activity (78.53% at 1250 μg/mL), moderate hydroxyl radical scavenging activity and reducing power activity. Furthermore, the chemical structure of PTP−4 was measured by FT-IR, GC, 1H and 13C NMR spectra, indicating its mainly composition of the arabinose, xylose, galactose, glucuronic acid, and mannose. Thus, the stems of P. tricuspidata could be used as a potential source for natural antioxidant.

Purification and characterization of antioxidative peptides derived from chicken skin gelatin hydrolysate

The aim was to determine the antioxidative activity of novel chicken skin gelatin peptides and their mechanism of action. Peptides were obtained by hydrolysis of chicken skin gelatin with alcalase, pronase E and collagenase enzymes combined with ultrafiltration using 10, 5 and 2 KDa MWCO membranes respectively, followed by fractionation and purification by gel filtration. The antioxidant activities of isolated peptides were investigated by monitoring hydroperoxides using the ferric thiocyanate method and malonaldehyde (MDA) by the TBARS method in an oxidizing linoleic acid model system. The highest antioxidative activity among the three hydrolysates fractions was observed in the lowest molecular weight chicken skin hydrolysate (<2 KDa). After further purification by gel filtration, QTOF mass spectroscopy revealed that the molecular weight of chicken gelatin peptides was in the range 200–800 Da (corresponding to 2–8 amino acids). The hydroxyl radical activity, superoxide anion radical activity and Fe2+ chelating activity indicated that purified chicken peptide (10 mg/ml) possessed greater antioxidative activity compared with the commercial antioxidants BHT, trolox and ascorbic acid (10 mg/ml). Amino acid composition of chicken gelatin hydrolysates exhibited a high content of Gly, Pro and H.Pro and hydrophobic amino acids. However, further purification by gel filtration gave chicken gelatin peptide fractions rich in hydroxyproline (11.57%), glycine (33.49%), alanine (7.78%), proline (15.07%), and lysine (12.87%). Clearly, the higher content of lysine, imino acids proline and hydroxyproline and hydrophobic amino acids as well as low MW contributed to the high antioxidant activity of the peptide.

DNA-protection and antioxidant properties of fermentates from Bacillus amyloliquefaciens B-1895 and Bacillus subtilis KATMIRA1933.

DNA protective and antioxidant activity of Bacillus amyloliquefaciens B-1895 and Bacillus subtilis KATMIRA1933 were evaluated by Escherichia coli-based Lux biosensors. Two biosensor strains of E. coli, MG1655 (pColD-lux) and MG1655 (pSoxS-lux), which react on DNA damage and superoxide-anion radical activity, were used. SOS-response and Sox-response were stimulated by addition of dioxidine (2,3-Quinoxalinedimethanol,1,4-dioxide) and paraquat (N,N'-dimethyl-4,4'-bipyridinium dichloride) respectively. Preparations of both Bacillus fermentates demonstrated DNA protective and antioxidant (superoxide scavenging) activity (up to 60·19%). The strain К1933 is, in general, characterized by higher DNA protective activity (28·85%), with parameters of antioxidant activity of both bacilli strains being statistically not significantly different. Sporogenous potential probiotic micro-organisms with antioxidant and DNA protective activities can become an effective tool for compensation of various negative oxidative stress processes in humans. In humans, oxidative stress is a cause or an important component of many serious diseases, as well as being one of the age influencing factors. Environmental stresses lead to the increase in levels of reactive oxygen species (ROS). Oxidative DNA damage is a side effect of nonspecific inflammation. These human health challenging factors trigger the search for health-promoting bacteria capable of production of antioxidants and DNA-protectors. In this study, two Bacillus strains of interest were shown to produce noticeable DNA protective and antioxidant activities.

Synthesis, crystal structure, electrochemistry and antioxidative activity of copper(II), manganese(II) and nickel(II) complexes containing bis(N‐ethylbenzimidazol‐2‐ylmethyl)aniline

Bis(N‐ethylbenzimidazol‐2‐ylmethyl)aniline (Etbba) and its transition metal complexes, [Cu(Etbba)(Cl)2]⋅DMF (1), [Mn(Etbba)(Cl)2] (2) and [Ni(Etbba)(Cl)2] (3), have been synthesized and characterized on the basis of elemental analysis, molar conductivity, UV–visible, infrared and NMR spectroscopies and X‐ray crystallography. The coordination environment of complex 1 can be described as distorted square‐based pyramidal, while complexes 2 and 3 each have a distorted trigonal bipyramidal geometry. Cyclic voltammograms of complex 1 indicate an electrochemically quasi‐reversible Cu2+/Cu+ couple. In addition, the antioxidant activities of the free ligand and its complexes were investigated using the superoxide and hydroxyl radical scavenging methods in vitro. Complexes 1, 2, 3 are found to possess potent hydroxyl radical scavenging activity and to be better than standard antioxidants like vitamin C and mannitol. Furthermore, complexes 1 and 2 exhibit significant superoxide radical activity. Copyright © 2015 John Wiley &amp; Sons, Ltd.

Syntheses, crystal structures, electrochemical studies, and antioxidant activities of zinc(II) and copper(II) complexes with bis(2-benzimidazolyl) aniline derivatives

Two ligands, bis(benzimidazol-2-ylmethyl) aniline (bba) and bis(N-methyl-benzimidazol-2-ylmethyl) aniline (Mebba), and their transition metal complexes [Zn(bba)(Br)2]·2DMF (1) and [Cu(Mebba)(Br)2]·2DMF (2) have been synthesized and characterized by elemental analyses, molar conductivities, UV–vis spectra, IR spectra, NMR spectroscopy, and X-ray crystallography. The structure around Zn(II) can be described as distorted tetrahedral. Complex 2 can be described as distorted trigonal bipyramidal. Cyclic voltammograms of 2 indicate a quasireversible Cu2+/Cu+ couple. Additionally, the antioxidant activities of the free ligands and their complexes were determined by the superoxide and hydroxyl radical scavenging methods in vitro. Complexes 1 and 2 possess potent hydroxyl radical scavenging activity and better than standard antioxidants such as vitamin C and mannitol. Complex 2 possesses excellent superoxide radical activity.

Effect of gamma irradiation on antioxidant properties of ber (Zizyphus mauritiana) fruit

Effect of gamma irradiation (0.25 to 1.0kGy) on antioxidant properties of ber fruit was studied. Antioxidant properties of ber fruits were determined by Scavenging DPPH radical activity, reducing power assay, super oxide anion radical activity, TBARS, total phenolic content and total flavonoid content. Gamma irradiation treatment up to 1.0kGy elevated the Scavenging DPPH radical activity (9 %), super oxide anion radical activity (26 %) and total flavonoid content (208 %) compared to fresh ber fruit. On the other hand it brought down the reducing power activity (65 %) and total phenolic content (18 %) as compared to raw fruit. The TBARS activity statistically increased upon irradiation of ber fruit. It indicated that total antioxidant activity decreased as TBARS value increased. Therefore 0.25 to 0.5kGy is better dose to retain the natural antioxidant in fruit.

Effect of acetylation on antioxidant and cytoprotective activity of polysaccharides isolated from pumpkin (Cucurbita pepo, lady godiva)

Acetylation of pumpkin (Cucurbita pepo, lady godiva variety) polysaccharide using acetic anhydride with pyridines as catalyst under different conditions was conducted to obtain different degrees of acetylation on a laboratory scale. Furthermore, antioxidant activities and cytoprotective effects of pumpkin polysaccharide and its acetylated derivatives were investigated employing various established in vitro systems. Results showed that addition of pyridine as catalyst could increase the degree of substitution, whereas volume of acetic anhydride had little effect. The acetylated polysaccharides in DPPH scavenging radical activity assay, superoxide anion radical activity assay and reducing power assay exhibited higher antioxidant activity than that of unmodified polysaccharide. H2O2-induced oxidative damages on rat thymic lymphocyte were also prevented by pumpkin polysaccharide and its acetylated derivatives and the derivatives presented higher protective effects. On the whole, acetylated polysaccharide showed relevant antioxidant activity both in vitro and in a cell system.

Separation and scavenging superoxide radical activity of chitooligomers with degree of polymerization 6–16

The separation of chitooligomers (COS) with well-defined degree of polymerization (DP) is of interest to further study their bioactivity. However, there has been no report on separation of chitooligomers with DP>6 and the activity of these oligomers is unknown. This paper focuses on separating COS with DP>6 and five fractions were separated from the prepared fully deacetylated chitooligomers mixture by CM Sepharose Fast Flow column and analyzed by HPLC, which mainly contained glucosamine oligomers with DP6–7 (41.31%, 50.22%), DP7–8 (22.47%, 70.13%), DP9–10 (53.06%, 27.99%), DP10–12 (18.45%, 49.36%, 22.31%), and DP>12, respectively. The superoxide radical scavenging activity of each fraction was investigated. The oligomers with DP ranging from 10 to 12 exhibited higher scavenging activity than other fractions and in combination with the DP distribution of fractions, it was further concluded that the chitooligomers with DP11 was likely to be optimal for scavenging superoxide radical activity.

Antioxidant, Antimicrobial, and Free Radical Scavenging Potential of Aerial Parts ofPeriploca aphyllaandRicinus communis

Context. Many diseases are associated with oxidative stress caused by free radicals. Objective. The present study evaluated the in vitro antioxidant and antibacterial activities of various extracts of aerial parts of Periploca aphylla and Ricinus communis. Materials and Methods. In vitro antioxidant activities of the plant extract were determined by DPPH and NO scavenging method. Superoxide anion radical activity was measured by the reduction of nitro blue tetrazolium as compared with standard antioxidants. Total phenolic contents and antibacterial activities of these plants were determined by gallic acid equivalent (GAE) and serial tube dilution method, respectively. Results. Plants showed significant radical scavenging activity. The results were expressed as IC50. n-Propyl gallate and 3-t-butyl-4-hydroxyanisole were used as standards for antioxidant assay. All the extracts of both plants showed comparable IC50 to those of standards. Plants extract exhibited high phenolic contents and antibacterial activities were comparable with standard drug, Ciprofloxacin. Discussion and Conclusion. The present study provides evidence that Periploca aphylla and Ricinus communis prove to be potent natural antioxidants and could replace synthetic antioxidants. Plants can also be used against pathogenic bacterial strains.

마카 추출액을 첨가한 음료의 품질특성 및 저장 중 항산화성 평가

The objective of this study was to develop a functional drink using maca extract, and to evaluate the latter's antioxidative activity during storage. Maca extract was added in five different content percentages (0, 8, 16, 24, and 32%), and the physicochemical properties were investigated. The pH of the control drink was lower than that of the drink to which maca extract was added. The increased with the increasing amount of maca extract. The Hunter L value decreased while the yellowness (b) value increased as the maca extract level increased. The results of the consumer acceptance test showed that no significant differences in overall acceptability were observed between the control and the 8%-, 16%-, and 24% maca-added drinks. Therefore, it is suggested that up to 24% maca extract can be added to drinks without depressing the quality. The changes in the total polyphenol content, DPPH radical, superoxide anion radical activity, and tyrosinase inhibitory effect were monitored during storage at 4 and for four weeks. The results showed that there was a gradual decrease in the total polyphenol content and antioxidant activities after four-week storage, and the drinks containing maca extract exhibited a smaller decrease in antioxidant activity than did the control drink. Moreover, microbial growth was not shown during the same periods.

Protective Effects of Amifostine and Cyclooxygenase-1 Inhibitor against Normal Human Epidermal Keratinocyte Toxicity Induced by Methotrexate and 5-Fluorouracil

Our study aimed to find more effective protective agents against mucosa toxicity induced by methotrexate and 5-fluorouracil. We focused on the relationship between oral mucositis and keratinocyte injury and examined methotrexate and 5-fluorouracil-induced cytotoxicity in normal human epidermal keratinocyte cell lines. Cell viability and superoxide radical activity were measured based on converting WST-1 (4-[3-(4-indophenyl)-2-(4-nitrophenyl)-2H-5-tetrazolio]-1,3-benzen disulfonate) to a water-soluble formazan dye. DNA synthesis by 5-bromo-2'-deoxyuridine incorporation was measured as an indirect parameter of cell proliferation. Allopurinol and amifostine were used as the radical scavengers. l-glutamine was used as a mucosa-protective agent. A cyclooxygenase inhibitor interrupting the production of hydroxyl radicals in the arachidonic acid cascade was also examined. 5-fluorouracil and methotrexate caused cytotoxicity due to the activation of intracellular superoxide radicals specifically on normal human epidermal keratinocytes. From the electron spin resonance study, it was found that allopurinol was a superoxide radical scavenger, while amifostine was hydroxyl radical scavenger. Allopurinol showed no effect on the cytotoxicity due to 5-fluorouracil and methotrexate. The cell injury induced by methotrexate was restored by amifostine. However, the cell injury induced by 5-fluorouracil was markedly recovered by a selective cyclooxygenase-1 inhibitor compared to amifostine. It was suggested that amifostine and cyclooxygenase-1 inhibitor could be useful protective agents against methotrexate and 5-fluorouracil chemotherapeutic toxicity. Additionally, this in vitro cell injury model using normal human epidermal keratinocytes may be useful for understanding the pathophysiology of oral mucositis induced by chemotherapeutic agents.

Novel mechanism of modulating natural antioxidants in functional foods: involvement of plant growth promoting Rhizobacteria NRRL B-30488.

The significance of plant growth-promoting rhizobacteria (PGPR) mediated increase in antioxidant potential in vegetables is yet unknown. The plant growth-promoting bacterium Bacillus lentimorbus NRRL B-30488 (B-30488) mediated induction of dietary antioxidant in vegetables ( Trigonella foenum-graecum, Lactuca sativa, Spinacia oleracea, and Daucus carota) and fruit ( Citrus sinensis) after minimal processing (fresh, boiled, and frozen) was tested by estimating the total phenol content, level of antioxidant enzymes, and 1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) and superoxide scavenging activities along with integral radical scavenging capacity by photochemiluminescence assay and inhibition of lipid peroxidation. Minimal processing of vegetables showed that T. foenum-graecum had the highest phenol content in B-30488-treated plants followed by L. sativa, D. carota, and S. oleracea. Thermally treated vegetables T. foenum-graecum (26-114.5 GAE microg mg (-1)) had an exceptionally high total phenolic content, followed by D. carota (25.27-101.32 GAE microg mg (-1)), L. sativa (23.22-101.10 GAE microg mg (-1)), and S. oleracea (21.87-87.57 GAE microg mg (-1)). Among the vegetables and fruit used in this study for enzymatic estimation, induction of antioxidant enzymes, namely, polyphenol oxidase (PPO), ascorbate peroxidase (APX), catalase (CAT), and superoxidase dismutase (SOD), was observed in edible parts of T. foenum-graecum, L. sativa, S. oleracea, and D. carota, after inoculation with B-30488. The scavenging capacity of the vegetables treated with B-30488 against DPPH and superoxide anion radical activity was found to be significantly high as compared to nontreated control. Mild food processing had no adverse effect on radical scavenging capacity. Photochemiluminescence also ascertains the above findings. The ability of the plant extracts to protect against lipid peroxidation and its ability to prevent oxidation of reduced glutathione (GSH) was measured in rat liver homogenate, and the results suggested that the inoculated plant exhibited better activity in all of the screened plants. Significant increases in shoot length, root length, and dry weight, averaging 164, 132, and 135% in T. foenum-graecum, 174, 141, and 156% in L. sativa, 129, 141, and 59%, in S. oleracea, and 125, 146, and 42% in D. carota, respectively, over untreated controls, were attained in greenhouse trials. To the best of the authors' knowledge, this is the first report of PGPR-mediated induction of antioxidant enzyme activity (PPO, APX, CAT, and SOD) along with the antioxidant activity of the extracts in both in vitro (DPPH radical scavenging and superoxide scavenging) and ex vivo conditions using the rat liver tissue (percent inhibition of lipid peroxidation and prevention of oxidation of GSH) and phenolic content. The results demonstrate the PGPR-mediated induction of antioxidant level in vegetables and fruit controls oxidative damage even after minimal processing and thus is indicative of its potential as a viable substitute of synthetic antioxidants.