Superoxide Dismutase Research Articles

Investigating the protective effects of epigallocatechin-gallate against polystyrene microplastics-induced biochemical and hematological alterations in rats

BackgroundPolystyrene microplastics (PS-MPs) are widely used and found in drinking water and food, concerns have been raised about their potential health effects, especially in causing oxidative stress and inflammation in living organisms. ObjectivesThe aim of this study was to investigate the protective effects of epigallocatechin-gallate (EGCG), a natural antioxidant and anti-inflammatory compound, against PS-MPs-induced biochemical and hematological alterations in rats. MethodsMale Wistar rats were divided into four groups: control, EGCG-treated (80 mg∙ kg-1/d), PS-MPs-exposed (0.01 mg∙kg-1/d), and PS-MPs+EGCG-treated groups. PS-MPs were orally administered for 56 days, while EGCG was given concomitantly by gavage. At the end of the treatment period, blood samples were collected for hematological and biochemical analyses. Oxido-nitrergic stress markers, including malondialdehyde (MDA), nitric oxide (NO), reactive nitrogen species (RONS) and reduced glutathione (GSH), Superoxide dismutase (SOD), catalase (CAT), as well as inflammatory markers, such as tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-α), interferon gamma (IFY-γ) and interleukin-10 (IL-10), were also measured in serum. ResultsTreatment with PS-MPs caused a significant increase in MDA, RONS, NO levels and a decrease in SOD, CAT and GSH levels, indicating the induction of oxido-nitrergic stress. PS-MPs also caused an increase in the levels of TNF-α, IFY-γ, MPO and decreased IL-10, indicating the induction of inflammation. Additionally, PS-MPs caused alterations in hematological and serum transaminase parameters, including a decrease in red blood cell count, hemoglobin, and hematocrit levels, neutrophil and eaosinophil and an increase in white blood cell count, lymphocyte count, AST, ALT, ALP, LDH and GGT. PS-MPs also caused disturbances in electrolyte balance and renal function markers. However, treatment with EGCG significantly attenuated these alterations induced by PS-MPs, indicating its protective effects. ConclusionThe results of this study demonstrate that EGCG can protect against PS-MPs-induced biochemical and hematological alterations in rats, possibly through its antioxidant and anti-inflammatory properties.

Safety Assessment of Camelid-Derived Single-Domain Antibody as Feed Additive for Juvenile Whiteleg Shrimp (Litopenaeus vannamei) Against White Spot Syndrome Virus.

A six-week feeding trial was conducted to assess the safety of single-domain antibodies (sdAbs) derived from camelids against the white spot syndrome virus (WSSV) (WSSVvp28 was used as the antigen), focusing on the whole-organism responses and molecular-level changes in juvenile whiteleg shrimp (Litopenaeus vannamei). Five experimental diets with varying levels of sdAbs were formulated: CON (no sdAb supplementation); SDA8.2 (8.20% of sdAbs); SDA16.4 (16.40% of sdAbs); SDA24.6 (24.60% of sdAbs); and SDA32.8 (32.80% of sdAbs). In the CON diet, 450 mL of water per kg of diet (45%) was used to form a feed dough, while sdAbs were used to replace the water in the treatment diets. A total of 450 shrimp, with an initial body weight of 3.27 ± 0.02 g (mean ± SEM), were randomly distributed in 15 tanks (30 shrimp per tank; three tanks per treatment). Each tank was filled with 30 L of seawater (77 L capacity) in an indoor semi-recirculating system with a constant water flow rate of 1.2 L min-1. The photoperiod was maintained at 12 h of light and 12 h of dark. The water temperature, pH, salinity, and dissolved oxygen were 27.3 ± 0.1 °C, 7.61 ± 0.01, 34 ± 1 ppt, and 5.94 ± 0.04 mg L-1, respectively. During the feeding trial, the shrimp were fed the experimental diet (40% protein and 11% lipid) three times a day for six weeks. Following the feeding trial, an acute cold-water-temperature stress test was conducted by abruptly exposing the shrimp from each treatment to 15 °C for 4 h, down from 27 °C. The results showed no significant differences in the growth performance (weight gain, feed utilization efficiency, survival, etc.), plasma metabolites (aspartate aminotransferase activity, alanine aminotransferase activity, total protein, and glucose), or antioxidant enzymes (superoxide dismutase and glutathione peroxidase) among all the experimental diets (p > 0.05). In the acute cold-temperature stress test, there was no significant interaction between sdAb supplementation and temperature stress, nor any main effect from either factor, except for the main effect of temperature stress on the glucose levels, which was significantly higher in shrimp exposed to cold-temperature stress (p < 0.05). The next-generation sequencing of differentially expressed genes (DEGs) in the hepatopancreases of shrimp fed the CON, SDA16.4, and SDA32.8 diets, followed by Gene Ontology (GO) and Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes (KEGG) enrichment analyses, indicated that DEGs were significantly enriched in signaling pathways associated with growth, cold stress, and antioxidant systems. Overall, the results from conventional measurements suggest that the use of sdAbs against the WSSV may be safe for juvenile whiteleg shrimp. However, findings from the sophisticated analysis indicate that further research is needed to understand the molecular mechanisms underlying the observed changes, and to evaluate the long-term effects of sdAb supplementation in shrimp diets.

FEEDING PROCESSED Vitamin A CASSAVA ROOT MEALS TO BROILER CHICKENS: PERFORMANCE CHARACTERISTICS, BLOOD INDICES AND ANTIOXIDATIVE STATUS

The emerging effects of climate change and the increasing cost of grains have been a serious issue to animal nutritionist in the tropics. This study evaluates the performance of broiler finisher chickens fed different processed cassava UMUCASS 36 (vitamin A) root meals (PCRM) as substitute for maize in the diets of 108 Arbor Acre (starter) finisher chickens for 21days. Six diets were formulated and the test diet was supplemented to the birds as partial and whole. The birds were fed T1 as the control, T2 had 25% each of oven-dried and sun-dried cassava root meal, T3 had 25% maize and 25% oven-dried cassava root meal, T4 had 25% maize and 25% sun-dried cassava root meal, while T5 had only 50% oven-dried cassava root meal, and T6 also had only 50% sun-dried cassava root meal respectively. Data were collected on the performance characteristics, blood indices and serum antioxidant of the birds. Performance characteristics of the birds revealed that T4 recorded significant (p&lt;0.05) values of 2722.32 g, 1559.62 g and 1.61 final weight, weight gain and FCR respectively in comparison to the other treatments. The test diets did not show any adverse effect on the haematology and serum biochemistry of the birds. However, on the serum antioxidant status, T5 and T6 showed better values on the Aspartate aminotransferase and Alanine aminotransferase of the birds. The result on Superoxide dismutase and Malondialdehyde of the birds revealed that T4 and T6 recorded higher and lower values respectively. It was concluded that broiler finisher chickens could be fed up to 50% processed cassava root meal, inclusion using both techniques without detrimental effects.

Cow Placenta Extract Ameliorates Cyclophosphamide-Induced Intestinal Damage by Enhancing the Intestinal Barrier, Improving Immune Function, and Restoring Intestinal Microbiota

Immunosuppression undermines intestinal barrier integrity. Cow placenta extract (CPE) primarily consists of active peptides with immunomodulatory and antioxidant effects. This study aimed to examine the preventive effect of CPE against intestinal damage induced by cyclophosphamide (Cy) in immunosuppressed mice. Thirty-six mice were randomly allocated into three groups: control group (C), model group (M), and treatment group (CPE). The mice in the CPE group were provided with 1500 mg/kg/day of CPE via gavage. In the last 3 days, mice in the groups M and CPE received intraperitoneal injections of 80 mg/kg/day of Cy. The results showed that CPE improved intestinal barrier function by decreasing serum d-Lactate (D-LA) levels and diamine oxidase (DAO) activity, while elevating the relative expression of Occludin, zonula occludens-1 (ZO-1), and mucin-2 (MUC-2) mRNA. Additionally, CPE improved the immune organ index and elevated the levels of secretory immunoglobulin A (sIgA), superoxide dismutase (SOD), interleukin-1beta (IL-1β), interleukin-4 (IL-4), interleukin-10 (IL-10), and tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α) in the intestine, thereby enhancing intestinal mucosal immune function. Furthermore, CPE improved the diversity of intestinal microbiota and increased the abundance of Candidatus_Saccharimonas, Psychrobacter, and Enterorhabdus, which promoted the proper functioning of the intestines. These findings suggest that CPE effectively ameliorates Cy-induced intestinal damage by enhancing the intestinal barrier, improving immune function, and restoring intestinal microbiota.

Dietary niacin supplementation improves meat quality, muscle fiber type, and mitochondrial function in heat-stressed Taihe black-bone silky fowls.

A recent study has shown that niacin supplementation induces the conversion of type II to type I muscle fibres, thereby promoting a phenotypic shift in oxidative metabolism in porcine skeletal muscle. These effects may be mediated by modulation of the AMPK1/SIRT1 pathway, which activates peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor γ coactivator-1α (PGC-1α), a key regulator of fibre conversion, thereby promoting skeletal muscle mitochondrial biogenesis and myofibre conversion. In this study, we explored how niacin (NA) supplementation impacts the quality of meat and the characteristics of muscle fibers in Taihe Black-bone Silky Fowls (TBsf) exposed to heat conditions. Chickens were rationally assigned to five different treatment groups with five replicates of six chickens each: thermophilic (TN), heat stress (HS) and HS + NA (HN) groups, with the HN group being supplemented with 200, 400 and 800 mg/kg (HS + NA0.02, HS + NA0.04 and HS + NA0.08) NA in the premix, respectively. The results of the experiment showed that addition of 800 mg/kg NA to the diet significantly improved TBsf muscle tenderness compared to HS. Dietary enrichment with 200-800 mg/kg NA significantly increased total antioxidant capacity, superoxide dismutase, and glutathione peroxidase activities, while significantly decreasing malondialdehyde compared to HS. Incorporation of 200-800 mg/kg NA into the diet significantly reduced lactate dehydrogenase activity and myosin heavy chain (MyHC-IIB) gene expression. Furthermore, adding 800 mg/kg NA can significantly enhance the mRNA expression of mitochondrial transcription factors (TFAM and TFB1M) in TBsf skeletal muscle. Adding 400 and 800 mg/kg of NA significantly increased the mRNA expression of AMP-activated protein kinase 1 (AMPK1), PGC-1α, cytochrome c oxidase (Cytc), and nuclear respiratory factor (NRF-1) in the skeletal muscle of TBsf. Supplementing NA at 200-400 mg/kg significantly increased the expression of Sirtuin 1 (SIRT1) mRNA in TBsf skeletal muscle. The experimental results showed that the addition of NA to the diet reduced the shear force of TBsf muscle under heat exposure conditions. It increased the proportion of type I muscle fibres by increasing the antioxidant capacity of the muscle and by promoting mitochondr fibreial biogenesis. Considering the results of this study, it is recommended that TBsf be supplemented with 400-800 mg/kg of NA in the diet to reduce the adverse effects of heat stress on meat quality.

Agmatine Improves Oxidative Stress Profiles in Rat Brain Tissues Induced by Sodium Azide

Introduction: The brain is highly susceptible to oxidative damage due to excessive oxygen tension, a high concentration of oxidizable substrates, and low antioxidant capacity. Consequently, oxidative stress is linked to several brain disorders and neurodegeneration. Sodium azide is a cytochrome oxidase inhibitor that promotes neurodegeneration by enhancing the release of excitotoxins and inducing oxidative stress through the peroxidation of membrane lipids. This process results in the release of intra-mitochondrial Ca+2 and H2O2 (ROS Dependent-Ca+2 release). Agmatine, a biogenic amine, is also referred to as a free radical scavenger, protecting the brain from membrane collapse, apoptosis, and mitochondrial swelling. Objective: This study was designed to identify the antioxidative effects of agmatine on sodium azide- induced oxidative stress in brain tissues. Methodology: Twenty-four male albino Wistar rats were allocated into two groups: a control group receiving water and a test group administered sodium azide (5 mg/kg, intraperitoneally) for a duration of 14 days. Subsequently, the animals were further subdivided and treated for an additional two weeks with either water or agmatine (100 mg/kg). Behavioral assessments were performed onehour post-agmatine administration, and brain homogenates were prepared for biochemical analyses. Results: The agmatine-treated group exhibited a significant increase (P&lt;0.01) in both the number of entries and the time spent in the light box and the open arms of the light/dark transition box and elevated plus maze tests, respectively. Additionally, agmatine administration significantly enhanced (P&lt;0.01) the total number of squares crossed in the open field test. Biochemical assessments revealed that agmatine treatment significantly reduced (P&lt;0.01) the levels of reactive oxygen species and malondialdehyde. Moreover, it significantly increased (P&lt;0.01) the levels of antioxidant enzymes (superoxide dismutase, catalase, and glutathione peroxidase) and glutathione compared to the control group. Conclusion: The present study revealed that agmatine has substantial effects on oxidative and antioxidant enzyme levels in sodium azide-induced oxidative stress. Agmatine-treated rats exhibited decreased reactive oxygen species levels and improvements in behavioral impairments resulting from sodium azide administration.

Effect of Phenolic and Alkaloid Extract of Senna occidentalis Leaf on the Oxidative Status of the Heart in High Fat-diet Streptozotocin-induced Type 2 Diabetic Wistar Rats

Abstract Objective: This research examined the effects of extracts (alkaloid and phenolic) from the leaves of Senna occidentalis on the oxidative status of heart in Wistar rats fed high-fat diets and induced with streptozotocin. Type 2 diabetes was established in the rats by injecting 35 mg/kg of streptozotocin intraperitoneally. Materials and Methods Forty-three experimental rats were randomly categorized into seven groups of six rats each, with Group 1 as control group, which comprised seven rats. The remaining groups were as follows group 2 (untreated diabetic rats), Group 3 (metformin-treated diabetic rats), Group 4 (phenolic extract-treated diabetic rats), Group 5 (alkaloids extract-treated diabetic rats), Group 6 (high-dose phenolic extract-treated diabetic rats), and Group 7 (high-dose alkaloids extract-treated diabetic rats). Results: The activity levels of various biochemical factors such as catalase, superoxide dismutase, glutathione-S-transferase, glutathione peroxidase, glutathione, and malondialdehyde were assessed to determine antioxidant status. Conclusions: The findings of this study demonstrated that the phenolic and alkaloid extracts from S. occidentalis possess antioxidant properties and show promise in the management of type 2 diabetes.

The Effect of Polyethylene Microplastics on Growth and Antioxydant Response of Oscillatoria Princeps and Chlorella Pyrenoidosa.

This study investigated the impacts of polyethylene microplastics (PE-MPs) with varying particle sizes (13μm and 6.5μm) on the growth and antioxidant responses of two freshwater algae species, Oscillatoria princeps (O. princeps) and Chlorella pyrenoidosa (C. pyrenoidosa). The results revealed a significant reduction in chlorophyll a content in both algal species upon exposure to PE-MPs, indicating a disruption of photosynthesis. Furthermore, Superoxide Dismutase (SOD) activity decreased in O. princeps, while Catalase (CAT) activity increased in both species, indicating complex physiological responses to microplastic stress. Notably, phycotoxin levels in O. princeps decreased with PE-MP exposure, while those in C. pyrenoidosa increased, particularly with 6.5μm PE-MPs. These findings underscore the potential toxic effects of PE-MPs on freshwater algal growth and metabolism, as well as their influence on toxin production. This study contributes valuable insights into the ecotoxicological impacts of microplastics in freshwater environments, highlighting the need for further research on their biological effects and environmental health implications.

Sodium transport and redox regulation in Saccharomyces cerevisiae under osmotic stress depending on oxygen availability

This study explores the molecular mechanisms behind the differential responses of Saccharomyces cerevisiae industrial strains (ATCC 9804 and ATCC 13007) to osmotic stress. We observed that, in contrast to ATCC 9804 strain, sodium flux in ATCC 13,007 is not N, N’-dicyclohexylcarbodiimide (DCCD)-sensitive under osmotic stress, suggesting a distinct ion homeostasis mechanism. Under aerobic conditions, osmotic stress increased reduced SH groups by 45% in ATCC 9804 and 34% in ATCC 13,007. In contrast, under microaerophilic conditions, both strains experienced a 50% reduction in thiol groups. Notably, ATCC 13,007 exhibited a 1.5-fold increase in catalase (CAT) activity under aerobic stress compared to standard conditions, while ATCC 9804 showed enhanced CAT activity due to SH group binding. Additionally, superoxide dismutase (SOD) activity was doubled during aerobic growth in both strains, with ATCC 13,007 showing a 1.5-fold higher SOD activity under osmotic stress. The results demonstrate that S. cerevisiae adapts to osmotic stress differently under aerobic and microaerophilic conditions, with aerobic conditions promoting Pma-Ena-Trk interplay, reduced thiol levels and increased catalase activity, while microaerophilic conditions demonstrate Pma-Nha-Trk interplay and shifts redox balance towards oxidized thiol groups and enhance superoxide dismutase activity. Understanding these mechanisms can aid in developing stress-resistant yeast strains for industrial applications.

Doxorubicin Incorporation into Gold Nanoparticles: An In Vivo Study of Its Effects on Cardiac Tissue in Rats.

Gold nanoparticles (Au-NPs) have been explored as potential vectors for enhancing the antitumor efficacy of doxorubicin (DOX) while minimizing its cardiotoxic effects. However, the impacts of DOX Au-NPs on cardiac function and oxidative stress remain inadequately understood. This study aimed to explore the effects of DOX Au-NPs in comparison to free DOX, focusing on oxidative stress markers, inflammation, ultrastructural changes, and cardiac function. Male rats were divided into the following four groups: control, citrate Au-NPs, DOX, and DOX Au-NPs. Cardiac function was assessed using echocardiography, and oxidative stress was evaluated through Nrf2, malondialdehyde (MDA) and superoxide dismutase (SOD) levels, and the GSH/GSSG ratio. The ultrastructure of cardiac tissue was assessed by transmission electron microscopy (TEM). Rats treated with DOX Au-NPs exhibited significant cardiac dysfunction, as indicated by a reduction in fractional shortening and ejection fraction. Oxidative stress markers, including elevated MDA levels and a reduced GSH/GSSG ratio, were significantly worse in the DOX Au-NP group. SOD levels decreased, indicating compromised antioxidant defenses. Citrate Au-NPs also caused some alterations in cardiac function and ultrastructure but without other molecular alterations. DOX Au-NPs failed to mitigate cardiotoxicity, instead exacerbating oxidative stress and cardiac dysfunction. DOX Au-NPs possess cardiotoxic effects, necessitating further investigation into alternative nanoparticle formulations or therapeutic combinations to ensure both efficacy and safety in cancer treatment.

The Utilisation of Fucus vesiculosus Algae Extracts in the Production of Microgreens Hordeum vulgare L. with an Increased Content of Selected Bioactive Compounds.

Algae extracts may be a promising alternative to harmful chemicals and pesticides used commercially in the cultivation of plants with higher nutritional and health-promoting values. The cultivation of barley microgreens (Hordeum vulgare L.) was facilitated by the use of aqueous extracts from Fucus vesiculosus algae, which served as a biostimulant. Seeds for experiments were produced in accordance with EU standards, certified as organic and used to grow plants in a controlled pot experiment. A qualitative analysis of the extract, which was used to irrigate the plants, was also performed in this study, as well as stimulating properties by activating the system protecting against oxidative stress. Total phenolic content (TPC), total flavonoid content (TFV) and enzymes involved in their formation such as phenylalanine ammonia lyase (PAL) and polyphenol oxidase (PPO), as well as enzymes involved in the removal of reactive oxygen species such as catalase (CAT) and superoxide dismutase (SOD), were determined in the obtained microgreen samples. Antioxidant activity against DPPH (2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl) was also evaluated. A noticeable increase in SOD content and antioxidant activity against DPPH was observed in barley microgreen samples after extract treatment. These results suggest that the use of extracts of this beneficial alga can enhance the antioxidant activity of the barley microgreens.

Acute toxicity assessment and QSAR modeling of zebrafish embryos exposed to methyl paraben and its halogenated byproducts

Halogenated methyl parabens are formed readily during water chlorination, with or without bromide ion presence. However, research gaps persist in in vivo toxicological assessments of vertebrates exposed to halo-MePs. To address this gap, this study evaluated acute toxicities at 24−96 h-post-fertilization in zebrafish embryos exposed to methyl paraben and its mono- or di-halogenated derivatives, using various apical endpoints. Significant enhanced toxic effects were confirmed for halo-MePs compared to MeP on embryo coagulation (3–19 fold), heartbeat rate decrement (11–80 fold), deformity rate increment (9–68 fold), and hatching failure (4–33 fold), with parentheses indicating the determined toxic potency ratios. Moreover, halo-MePs showed a significantly higher increase in biochemical levels of reactive oxygen species, catalase, superoxide dismutase, and malondialdehyde, while acetylcholinesterase activity was inhibited compared to NT and MeP. The experimental toxic potencies (log(1/EC50 or LC50)) were compared with the predicted ones (log(1/EC50 or LC50, baseline)) using the baseline toxicity Quantitative Structure-Activity Relationship previously established for zebrafish embryos. Halo-MePs were specific (or reactive) toxicants based on their toxic ratios of more than 10 for apical endpoints including heartbeat rate, deformity rate, and hatching rate, while MeP acted as a baseline toxicant. Overall, this study presents the comprehensive toxicological assessment of halo-MePs in zebrafish embryos, contributing to an essential in vivo toxicity database for halogenated phenolic contaminants in aquatic ecosystems.

Thyroidectomy Induced Toxicity of Testis and Possible Amelioration by Chia (Salvia hispanica) Seeds Extract

Background: Thyroidectomy or thyroid surgery induces hypothyroidism and causes thyroid and testicular hormone deficiency. The current Study Aimed to examine the therapeutic effect of chia seeds extract against thyroidectomy-induced testicular toxicity, oxidative stress, DNA damage, proliferation in rats. Methods: 40 male rats were equally divided into 4 groups [Gp1, control ; Gp2, CSE ; Gp3, thyroidectomies rats; Gp4, treated thyroidectomies rats with chia seeds extract (Thy+CSE )]. Result: Following a thyroidectomy, significant reductions (P less than 0.05) were observed in The Levels of triiodothyronine (T3), thyroxine (T4), sexual hormones (Testosterone (tt), Follicle-Stimulating Hormone and Luteinizing Hormone And prolactin), count of sperm, index of morphology, vitality, progressive motility, total motility (PR+NP), Glutathione, Superoxide Dismutase, Glutathione S-Transferase and PCNA expressions compared to the control and CSE after three weeks. Additionally, thyroidectomy leads to significant (P less than 0.05) increases in the serum of thyrotropin (TSH), alanine transaminase, alkaline phosphatase, non-progressive sperms, immotile sperms, malondialdehyde, DNA damage and injury of testis and significant (P less than 0.05) decreases in blood. Thy+CSE treatment helped to modulate most of these changes and recover testicular injury when compared To The Control and CSE. Rats treated with CSE after thyroidectomy Showed gradual improvements in testicular functions, histology and spermatogenesis due to its beneficial affection in free radicals’ scavenger.

Anticholinesterase, Antioxidative and Neuroprotective Effects of Hydroethanolic Extracts of Guiera Senegalensis J. F. Gmel. Leaves on Scopolamine Induced Alzheimer’s Disease in Wistar Rat Models

Background: Medicinal plants like Guiera senegalensis J. F. Gmel. (GS) have gained attention for their potential neuroprotective effects due to their rich composition of bioactive compounds, including flavonoids and polyphenolic acids. While previous studies have highlighted the antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, and neuroplasticity-enhancing properties of GS extract, its efficacy in mitigating dementia-related pathology remains to be fully understood. Objectives: This study aimed to investigate the neuroprotective effects of hydroethanolic GS extract against scopolamine (Sco)-induced dementia in Wistar rats, focusing on its impact on cholinergic function, oxidative stress, neuroinflammation, neurodegeneration, and memory impairment. Methods: Fresh leaves were processed for extraction using standard methods. Antioxidant activity was evaluated using FRAP and DPPH assays. Adult male Wistar rats were used for behavioral tests (Y-maze, NOR, MWM) and biochemical analyses, including ELISA for cholinergic activity, oxidative stress markers (Aβ1-42, phosphorylated Tau), pro-inflammatory cytokines (IL-1β, TNF-α, IL-6, IFN-γ), GFAP, BDNF, and IL-10. Brain tissues underwent histopathological examination. Data were analyzed using GraphPad Prism software. Results: The study assessed the antioxidant potential of GS extract and found that it significantly scavenged DPPH radicals (70.29%) and reduced Fe3+ (49.69%). Behavioral tests showed that GS extract (100 - 400 mg/kg) improved spatial memory and learning in Sco-treated rats. Y-maze results indicated increased spontaneous alternation with GS extract (P &lt; 0.01). NOR and MWM tests showed improved memory and learning, with GS extract-treated rats spending more time in the target quadrant. Biochemical analysis revealed that GS extract increased acetylcholine (ACh), Superoxide Dismutase (SOD), Catalase (CAT), Glutathione (GSH), IL-10, and BDNF levels, while decreasing acetylcholinesterase (AChE), malondialdehyde (MDA), nitrite, Aβ1-42, phosphorylated Tau, IL-1β, TNF-α, IL-6, IFN-γ, and GFAP levels in the hippocampus. Histological analysis confirmed restored hippocampal tissue architecture in AD rats treated with GS extract. Conclusions: Our findings suggest that GS modulates cholinergic, antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, and neuroplasticity pathways, exerting beneficial effects on cognitive functions and biochemical markers associated with Alzheimer's disease (AD) pathology. These results indicate the potential of GS as a neuroprotective agent for the treatment of AD.

Effects of Gingko Biloba Extract and L-Ascorbic Acid on Some Hematological, Biochemical, and Hepatic-Architectural Alterations in Mercury Chloride Intoxicated Adult Wistar Rat.

The study investigated the effects of Ginkgo biloba and Ascorbic acid (A.A) on mercury chloride (HgCl2) toxicity in Wistar rats. Forty-two adult Wistar rats were randomly divided into seven groups (n=6). Group I served as control. Groups II–VII received 5 mg/kg of HgCl2. Groups III and IV received 100 mg/kg and 500 mg/kg of A.A respectively, while groups V and VI daily received 100 mg/kg and 500 mg/kg of EGB761 respectively. Group VII received 100 mg/kg of A.A and EGB761. All administration were done orally, once daily for 21 days. Mercury exposure caused significant (p&lt;0.05) decreases in RBC (3.62.00±0.75), hemoglobin (8.67±0.14), and PCV (32.93±0.47) in group II when compared to the control group, while significantly (p&lt;0.05) increasing white blood cell count (18.57±1.51). Liver function tests significantly (p&lt;0.05) increased Alanine transaminase (1.38±1.51), Aspartate Transaminase (10.11±4.21), and Alkaline Phosphatase (1.89±0.51) in group II when compared to Control. Biochemical analysis revealed a significant (p&lt;0.05) increase in malondialdehyde levels and a significant (P&lt;0.05) decrease in superoxide dismutase (3.86 ± 0.69), glutathione (10.08 ± 2.13), and catalase (3.65 ± 0.2) levels in group II. However, treatment with ascorbic acid and EGB761 significantly (P&lt;0.05) increased in Groups IV (6.15 ± 0.38); VI (6.28 ± 0.40), and VII (6.19 ± 0.41), SOD levels in Groups IV (6.15 ± 0.38); VI (6.28 ± 0.40) and VII (6.19 ± 0.41) and GSH level when compared to the HgCl2 group. Histological examination showed moderate hepatocyte necrosis in group II, while treatment with EGB761 and A.A showed moderate healing, binucleate nuclei, and a slight decrease of distorted sinusoids and normalization of liver structure. The study concludes that EGB761 and A.A have hepatoprotective effects on mercury-induced hepatotoxicity in a dose-dependent manner. The findings suggest that these antioxidants may be useful in mitigating the harmful effects of mercury exposure on the liver.

Endoplasmic reticulum stress induces renal fibrosis in high‑fat diet mice via the TGF‑β/SMAD pathway.

The aim of the present study was to investigate the role and mechanism of endoplasmic reticulum stress (ERS) in kidney injury caused by high‑fat diet (HFD). An obese mouse model was established via HFD feeding and intervention was performed by intraperitoneal injection of the ERS inhibitor salubrinal (Sal). Changes in the body and kidney weight and serum biochemical indices of the mice were determined. Hematoxylin and eosin and Masson staining were used to observe the pathological changes of renal tissues. Reverse transcription‑quantitative PCR and western blotting were used to observe the expression of ERS‑related proteins and TGF‑β/SMAD pathway‑related proteins. Immunohistochemistry was employed to explore the distribution of these proteins. Compared with those in the control group, the weight gain, lipid metabolism disorders and deterioration of renal function in the model group were greater. Malondialdehyde was elevated and superoxide dismutase was decreased in renal tissues. The mRNA and protein levels of TGF‑β1, SMAD2/3, α‑smooth muscle actin, collagen I, glucose‑regulated protein 78 and C/EBP‑homologous protein were markedly elevated, whereas SMAD7 was markedly decreased. Sal markedly inhibited the aforementioned effects. This investigation revealed a link between ERS and renal injury caused by HFD. ERS in HFD‑fed mice triggers renal fibrosis through the TGF‑β/SMAD pathway.

The seed germination and seedling phytotoxicity of decabromodiphenyl ethane to tall fescue under citric acid amendment.

The novel brominated flame retardant decabromodiphenyl ethane (DBDPE) has biological toxicity, persistence, long-range migration and bioaccumulation ability. However, there is currently little research on the phytotoxicity of DBDPE in plants. The perennial herbaceous plant tall fescue (Festuca elata Keng ex E. B. Alexeev) was selected as the model organism for use in seed germination experiments, and the phytotoxicity of DBDPE in the soil of tall fescue was studied. The results indicated that DBDPE had a significant effect on the germination and growth of tall fescue seedlings. Citric acid reduced the stress caused by DBDPE in plants, effectively alleviating the phytotoxicity of DBDPE in tall fescue. The root vitality and protein content significantly increased after the application of citric acid, increasing by 74.93-183.90%, 146.44-147.67%, respectively. The contents of proline and soluble sugars significantly decreased after the application of citric acid, decreasing by 45.18-59.69% and 23.03%, respectively (P < 0.05). There was no significant difference in superoxide dismutase (SOD) or peroxidase (POD) activity in tall fescue seedlings, and the catalase (CAT) activity and malondialdehyde (MDA) content were significantly lower after the application of citric acid, decreasing by 64.62-67.91% and 29.10-49.80%, respectively (P < 0.05). Tall fescue seedlings bioaccumulated DBDPE, with biological concentration factors (BCFs) ranging from 4.28 to 18.38 and transfer factors (TFs) ranging from 0.43 to 0.54. This study provides theoretical support for the study of the toxicity of DBDPE to plants and offers a research foundation for exploring the phytoremediation of DBDPE-contaminated soil by tall fescue.

Exogenous γ-aminobutyric acid (GABA) enhances rye (Secale cereale) seedling resistance to combined freeze-thaw and cadmium stress.

Freeze-thaw is a common stress at high altitudes in northern China. There is a risk of cadmium (Cd) contamination in the region. γ-aminobutyric acid (GABA) is a natural product that regulates plant growth. Rye (Secale cereale ) was used as research material to investigate the physiological effects of exogenous GABA on rye seedlings under the single and combined stresses of freeze-thaw and cadmium. The results showed that the combined stress severely inhibited shoot length, root length, fresh weight, and dry weight, increased malondialdehyde and hydrogen peroxide contents, and significantly decreased superoxide dismutase (SOD) activity. Foliar application of 5mM GABA alleviated the negative effects of stress on seedling growth, increased soluble protein content, and reduced malondialdehyde and hydrogen peroxide contents. Exogenous GABA application also enhanced the activities of SOD and peroxidase (POD). Additionally, the presence of exogenous GABA activated the GABA metabolic process and encouraged the accumulation of phytochelatins, glutathione, and non-protein thiol. These results indicate that exogenous GABA can effectively improve the resistance of rye seedlings to freeze-thaw and Cd by regulating the antioxidant enzyme system and enhancing its own detoxification mechanism, and they provide a basis for future applications of exogenous GABA, which is beneficial for ecological protection.

Functional Analysis of Cucumis melo CmXTH11 in Regulating Drought Stress Tolerance in Arabidopsis thaliana

The CmXTH11 gene, a member of the XTH (xyloglucan endotransglycosylase/hydrolase) family, plays a crucial role in plant responses to environmental stress. In this study, we heterologously expressed the melon gene CmXTH11 in Arabidopsis to generate overexpressing transgenic lines, thereby elucidating the regulatory role of CmXTH11 in water stress tolerance. Using these lines of CmXTH11 (OE1 and OE2) and wild-type (WT) Arabidopsis as experimental materials, we applied water stress treatments (including osmotic stress and soil drought) and rewatering treatments to investigate the response mechanisms of melon CmXTH11 in Arabidopsis under drought stress from a physiological and biochemical perspective. Overexpression of CmXTH11 significantly improved root growth under water stress conditions. The OE lines exhibited longer roots and a higher number of lateral roots compared to WT plants. The enhanced root system contributed to better water uptake and retention. Under osmotic and drought stress, the OE lines showed improved survival rates and less wilting compared to WT plants. Biochemical analyses revealed that CmXTH11 overexpression led to lower levels of malondialdehyde (MDA) and reduced electrolyte leakage, indicating decreased oxidative damage. The activities of antioxidant enzymes, including superoxide dismutase (SOD), catalase (CAT), and peroxidase (POD), were significantly higher in OE lines, suggesting enhanced oxidative stress tolerance. The CmXTH11 gene positively regulates water stress tolerance in Arabidopsis by enhancing root growth, improving water uptake, and reducing oxidative damage. Overexpression of CmXTH11 increases the activities of antioxidant enzymes, thereby mitigating oxidative stress and maintaining cellular integrity under water deficit conditions. These findings suggest that CmXTH11 is a potential candidate for genetic improvement of drought resistance in crops.

Deer Blood Hydrolysate Protects against D-Galactose-Induced Premature Ovarian Failure in Mice by Inhibiting Oxidative Stress and Apoptosis.

Premature ovarian failure (POF) is a common disease among women, which can cause many complications and seriously threaten women's physical and mental health. Currently, hormone replacement therapy is the primary treatment for premature ovarian failure. However, the side effects are serious and will increase the chance of breast cancer and endometrial cancer. Deer blood hydrolysate (DBH) is the product of enzymatic hydrolysis of deer blood, has antioxidant, anti-ageing, and anti-fatigue effects, and has the potential to improve premature ovarian failure. In our experiment, a mouse model of premature ovarian failure was established through intraperitoneal injection of 400 mg/kg/d of D-gal for 42 days. At the same time, different doses of DBH were gavaged to observe its ameliorative effect on premature ovarian failure. The experimental findings indicated that DBH could restore the irregular oestrus cycle of POF mice, improve the abnormal amounts in serum hormones follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH), luteinising hormone (LH), progesterone (P) and estradiol (E2), increase the number of primordial follicles and decrease the number of atretic follicles. In addition, DBH also raised the level of superoxide dismutase (SOD) and reduced the level of malondialdehyde (MDA) and reduced the apoptosis of ovarian granulosa cells in mice. The WB assay results showed that gavage of DBH restored the decrease in the indication of nuclear factor erythroid 2-related factor 2 (Nrf2), Heme Oxygenase-1 (Ho-1), and B-cell lymphoma-2 (Bcl-2) proteins and reduced the elevated expression of Kelch-like ECH-associated protein 1 (Keap1), Bcl-2 associated X protein (Bax), and Cysteinyl aspartate specific proteinase-3 (Caspase-3) proteins that were induced by D-gal. To sum up, the present research indicated that DBH can ameliorate D-gal-induced oxidative stress and apoptosis by regulating the Nrf2/HO-1 signalling pathway and the Bcl-2/Bax/caspase-3 apoptosis pathway, which can be used for further development as a nutraceutical product to improve premature ovarian failure.