Supernumerary Kidney Research Articles

Hydronephrosis in a Sigmoid Supernumerary Kidney

Supernumerary kidneys are a rare developmental anomaly, often discovered incidentally or during the investigation of complications such as infections or obstructive uropathy. This case report presents a 70-year-old male patient with a sigmoid supernumerary kidney complicated by hydronephrosis and a staghorn calculus. The patient, with a history of poorly controlled hypertension and type 2 diabetes mellitus, was admitted for febrile left lumbar pain and hemodynamic instability. Diagnostic imaging, including renal ultrasound and uro-CT, revealed a major hydronephrosis in the supernumerary kidney caused by an obstructive staghorn calculus, along with signs of advanced local infection and inflammation. This report highlights the critical role of imaging modalities, particularly uro-CT, in diagnosing renal anomalies and planning treatment. We also review the literature on the management of supernumerary kidneys, emphasizing the importance of early detection and appropriate therapeutic intervention to prevent further complications such as renal insufficiency and infection.

Supernumerary kidney fused to the isthmus of a horseshoe kidney, with subsequent nephroblastoma, identified with dynamic renal scintigraphy

Supernumerary kidney fused to the isthmus of a horseshoe kidney, with subsequent nephroblastoma, identified with dynamic renal scintigraphy

Renal cell carcinoma in a supernumerary left kidney: A very rare case report

Introduction: The supernumerary kidney, the rarest urinary tract anomaly, typically presents as an asymptomatic third kidney. Renal cell carcinoma constitutes 90% of kidney cancer cases. Supernumerary kidneys are often incidentally discovered via imaging. Management depends on symptoms, with nephrectomy for nonfunctioning kidneys. Only three cases of supernumerary kidney carcinoma are reported. This report aims to report a case of renal cell carcinoma of the left supernumerary kidney discovered intraoperatively. Case report: A 56-year-old woman presented with abdominal enlargement and left flank pain for three months. A palpable lump was found, and a contrast-enhanced CT scan revealed a solid mass at the upper pole of the left kidney with suspected metastasis. During surgery, a large mass was found, leading to a radical nephrectomy. Postoperative recovery was challenging; the patient was moved to intensive care, but her condition worsened, and she died. The pathological diagnosis was clear cell renal cell carcinoma. Conclusion: The incidence of renal cell carcinoma in the supernumerary left kidney is exceedingly rare. Intraoperative findings were different from those observed preoperatively. Radiological assessment is necessary to understand the blood supply, anatomical variations, and associated problems to prevent unnecessary surgery and the associated risk of complications.

Primary extrarenal papillary type II renal cell carcinoma presenting as a pelvic mass: a case report and review of the literature

Abstract We report a case of a 57 years old woman with a solitary mass located in the pelvis diagnosed as an extrarenal papillary renal cell carcinoma, in the absence of a primary renal cancer. The diagnosis was based on cytomorphological features and further confirmed by immunochemistry findings following surgical excision. The hypothesis of a tumor developing in a supernumerary or ectopic kidney was excluded, since no normal renal tissue could be identified in the specimen and in the preoperative computed tomography and MRI images.

Triple Fused Supernumerary Kidneys with Five Pelvicalyceal Systems

We present a case of supernumerary kidney with fusion of all three kidney units with five pelvicalyceal system (bilateral bifid PCS and PCS of supernumerary kidney). This is probably the first such case reported in literature.

Late presentation of supernumerary kidney in a 35-year-old man: a case report

The supernumerary kidney is the rarest of all renal anomalies, and few cases have been diagnosed and reported over the years. Supernumerary kidneys are most commonly located on the left side of the abdomen with associated pathologic conditions which include malformations of the upper urinary tract and genital tract. More importantly, it usually presents with either unusual abdominal mass or features of urinary tract infections which might pose diagnostic challenges due to infrequent occurrence. In this case report, we present a 35-year-old man with a right-sided unilateral supernumerary kidney complicated by pyelonephritis. He was treated with antibiotics, and the treatment outcome was satisfactory.

A cluster of dysmorphologies in a male human body: The value of anatomical variants in health sciences student training

The human body is known to contain many variations in its normal structure which, while of interest to teachers of anatomy, may be vexing to health sciences students when compared to the description of “normal” anatomy in their textbooks. However, these variations, and even dysmorphologies, pose interesting and sometimes challenging learning experiences to students during dissection of the body. Such an instance occurred for undergraduate medical students in the School of Anatomical Sciences, University of the Witwatersrand, South Africa, when three unrelated dysmorphologies were discovered while undertaking a full dissection of a donor’s body. An aberrant right subclavian artery was found in the thoracic cavity and two further dysmorphologies, a supernumerary kidney and accessory indentations on the diaphragmatic surface of the liver presented on dissection of the abdominal cavity. The aberrant right subclavian conformed with previous descriptions of the anomaly. However, the supernumerary kidney lacked a ureter, was lobulated and contained large blood-filled spaces, with histological evidence of urinary tubules in the intervening connective tissue. The accessory hepatic indentations varied in depth, with the deeper one forming a fissure and the less deep indentation, a sulcus. While the described dysmorphologies vary in their incidence, the occurrence of a cluster of three within one body provided a significant opportunity for the students to review the normal anatomy, and especially the complex development of the structures, as well as the clinical significance of each.

Supernumerary Kidney Associated With Other Genitourinary and Cardiovascular Anomalies In A dysmorphic Infant: A Rare Case Report

The supernumerary kidney, also known as the accessory kidney, is one of the rarest congenital anomalies of the genitourinary system without sufficient epidemiological studies. It is defined as having more than two kidneys with each kidney having its own vasculature, collecting system, and capsule. To date, there are few cases documented in literature worldwide. We hereby present the first reported supernumerary kidney case in a preterm 2-month-old infant with dysmorphic features associated with an ectopic kidney and coarctation of the aorta. The coexistence of cardiovascular anomalies and genitourinary anomalies indicates a shared embryologic origin and genetic linkage, underscoring the importance of screening both systems when anomalies are identified in either. Newborn screening ultrasonographic examinations are crucial for detecting congenital anomalies, especially in infants with pertinent medical history or physical features, leading to better outcomes through timely diagnosis and intervention.

Fused Left Supernumerary Kidney with Single Blood Supply and Ureter

Abstract Supernumerary kidneys, also known as accessory kidneys, refer to the presence of more than two kidneys. It is a rare congenital abnormality of the urinary system with only a few cases reported so far in literature. The extra kidney commonly has its own collecting system, blood supply, and well-defined encapsulated tissue. It may or may not be fused to the other kidneys by fibrous tissue or a parenchymal bridge. Imaging for vague abdominal symptoms may result in an incidental finding of the rare anatomical variant which may indicate an adjustment of routine physical activities to avoid renal trauma, as well as relevant considerations for surgical planning. We present a 62-year-old woman who presented with vague abdominal pains. Findings on physical examination were unremarkable. Her abdominal ultrasound scan showed two kidneys of about the same size fused together. Computed tomography urography showed two fused renal tissues of nearly same size on the left. The accessory kidney is more medial, slightly cranial. The native kidney is more lateral and more caudal. The native and accessory kidneys had only one blood supply, venous drainage, and a single ureter. As at the time of reporting, the patient has not received any intervention because there was no remarkable symptom noted. This case is rare and unique, in that it is a fused supernumerary kidney seen at the age of 62 and has a single blood supply and ureter. Imaging for vague symptoms can result in an incidental finding of a rare anatomical variant. It is also very essential for planning surgical intervention if need be.

Cystic Renal Dysplasia with Supernumerary Kidney

The supernumerary kidney is a rare anomaly characterized by the presence of an extra kidney. Obstructive cystic dysplasia occurs secondary to outflow tract obstruction. We present the case of a 10-year-old girl with recurrent urinary tract infection in whom evaluation revealed obstructive cystic dysplasia of the left kidney with ipsilateral vesicoureteric reflux and right supernumerary kidney. The history was significant for surgery for Ladd bands and spontaneous closure of an atrial septal defect. While ultrasound showed an empty left renal fossa, dimercaptosuccinic acid scan showed solitary right kidney with focal photopenic areas in the lower pole suggesting pyelonephritis. Contrast-enhanced computed tomography revealed right fused supernumerary kidney with focal nephronia and shrunken left kidney. The left ureter inserted ectopically into the urinary bladder; micturating cystourethrography confirmed grade 2 vesicoureteric reflux. The child was managed conservatively with antibiotics. Cystic renal dysplasia and supernumerary kidneys are a rare association that requires clinical and radiological monitoring. Screening of the contralateral functioning kidney and surgical correction of any anomalies is imperative. This case highlights the need for systematic evaluation for coexisting anomalies in patients with abnormal renal ultrasonography.

An Interesting case of Supernumerary Kidney with PUJ obstruction in the native kidneys

An Interesting case of Supernumerary Kidney with PUJ obstruction in the native kidneys

IMAGING OF SUPERNUMERARY KIDNEYS ABOUT A CASE IN BAMAKO

Supernumerary kidneys are very rare renal malformations, little described in the literature. Its diagnosis is difficult, most often discovered during a radiological exploration either fortuitously or during a complication. We report a case of bilateral supernumerary kidneys on fused crossed ectopia of the right kidney diagnosed by ultrasound and computed tomography in Bamako in a 16-year-old girl. The objective of this work is to provide the place of imaging in the diagnostic management of supernumerary kidneys.

Fused Supernumerary Kidney with Nephrolithiasis: Incidental Detection of a Rare Anomaly

Fused Supernumerary Kidney with Nephrolithiasis: Incidental Detection of a Rare Anomaly

Endo-Urological Management of Renal Lithiasis on Supernumerary Kidney: Flexible Ureteroscopy

Supernumerary kidneys are defined by the presence of a 3rd or 4th kidney that is separate from the homolateral kidney and is served by a branch of a bifid ureter or a separate (double) ureter. These kidneys are poorly documented and extremely rare. These kidneys may be the site of lithiasis. We report here the ureteroscopic management of a pyelocalic lithiasis on a supernumerary kidney revealed by right low back pain in a woman.

Robo2 and Gen1 Coregulate Ureteric Budding by Activating the MAPK/ERK Signaling Pathway in Mice.

Congenital anomalies of the kidney and urinary tract (CAKUT) are some of the most common developmental defects and have a complicated etiology, indicating an interaction of (epi-) genetic and environmental factors. Single gene mutations and copy number variations (CNVs) do not explain most cases of CAKUT, and simultaneous contributions of more than one gene (di-, oligo-, or polygenic effects; i.e., complex genetics) may lead to the pathogenesis of CAKUT. Robo2 plays a key role in regulating ureteric bud (UB) formation in the embryo, with mutations leading to supernumerary kidneys. Gen1 is a candidate gene associated with CAKUT because of its important role in early metanephric development in mice. We established a mouse model with double disruption of Robo2 and Gen1 using a piggyBac transposon and found that double gene mutation led to significantly increased CAKUT phenotypes in Robo2PB/+Gen1PB/+ mouse offspring, especially a duplicated collecting system. Increased ectopic UB formation was observed in the Robo2PB/+Gen1PB/+ mice during the embryonic period. Robo2 and Gen1 exert synergistic effects on mouse kidney development, promoting cell proliferation by activating the GDNF/RET pathway and downstream MAPK/ERK signaling. Our findings provide a disease model for CAKUT as an oligogenic disorder.

Ectopic intra-scrotal supernumerary kidney

Supernumerary kidney is a rare congenital urologic malformation, of which approximately a hundred cases exist to date in the literature. This anomaly is an accessory kidney that possesses its own collecting system, blood supply and encapsulated parenchyma. We report the case of an eleven-month-old male infant presenting with multiple urinary tract infections and a dilated left ectopic ureter with grade II vesicoureteral reflux. The diagnosis of ectopic intra-scrotal supernumerary kidney was evoked following MRI, scrotal ultrasound and endoscopic exploration. Surgical resection by laparoscopy was subsequently performed and the postoperative course was uneventful. Supernumerary kidney is an extremely rare urologic malformation that requires multimodal preoperative imaging and management in a specialized pediatric surgical facility.

Congenital Anomalies of the Upper Urinary Tract: A Comprehensive Review.

The upper urinary tract is the most common human system affected by congenital anomalies. Congenital anomalies of the kidneys and ureters comprise a wide spectrum of disorders ranging from simple variants with no clinical significance to complex anomalies that may lead to severe complications and end-stage renal disease. They may be classified as anomalies of renal form, which are subclassified as structural anomalies (eg, persistent fetal lobulation, hypertrophied column of Bertin, and dromedary hump) and fusion anomalies (eg, horseshoe kidney and pancake kidney); anomalies of renal position (eg, renal malrotation, simple renal ectopia, and crossed renal ectopia) and renal number (eg, renal agenesis and supernumerary kidney); and abnormalities in development of the urinary collecting system (eg, pyelocaliceal diverticulum, megacalycosis, ureteropelvic junction obstruction, duplex collecting system, megaureter, ectopic ureter, and ureterocele). US is usually the first imaging modality used because of its low cost, wide availability, and absence of ionizing radiation. Intravenous urography and voiding cystourethrography are also useful, mainly for characterization of the collecting system and vesicoureteral reflux. However, intravenous urography has been replaced by CT urography and MR urography. These imaging methods not only allow direct visualization of the collecting system but also demonstrate the function of the kidneys, the vascular anatomy, adjacent structures, and complications. Comprehension of congenital anomalies of the upper urinary tract is crucial for an accurate diagnosis and correct management. The authors discuss the spectrum of these anomalies, with emphasis on embryologic development, imaging findings, clinical manifestations, and complications. Online supplemental material is available for this article. ©RSNA, 2021.

Fibroadenoma of Ectopic Breast Tissue in the Groin – A Rare Disease Entity

Abstract Introduction/Objective Ectopic breast tissue (EBT) is a well-documented anomaly of the breast and commonly presents along the embryonic milk line extending between the axilla and groin. Reported incidence of accessory breast is 0.4–6% in females. Pathologies developing in an EBT are reported as a rare entity in the literature. Carcinoma is reported as the common pathology followed by inflammation and fibroadenoma Methods We present a case of 43-year- old female who presented with a painless mass in her right groin for the past year which gradually increased in size. CT abdomen pelvis with contrast showed a 2.2 x 3.0 x 4.4 cm superficial soft tissue mass in the right groin which was suspected to be a lymph node. Further investigation and histopathological report of biopsy showed ectopic breast tissue with admixed chronic inflammation and reactive changes.However, excision of the mass three months later showed showed proloferation of both glandular and stromal elements. Results The tissue from the biopsy was positive for GATA 3, mammoglobin, GCDFP and CD 10 and the histological features on excision was confirmatory of fibroadenoma. Conclusion In conclusion, when tumors or nodules are found along the mammary line, the presence of breast tissue should be considered during the investigation. It is clinically wise to evaluate and screen carefully cases of supernumerary breast for any pathology and for any associated urogenital anomalies such as supernumerary kidneys, polycystic kidneys and renal cell adenocaricnoma. In our case, patient had no associated urogenital anomalies and she is on follow up.

Supernumerary Kidney Associated With Horseshoe Malformation and Ureteric Stricture With Hydroureteronephrosis – A Rare Case

Supernumerary kidney is an accessory kidney with its own vasculature, collecting-system and encapsulated parenchyma with about 100 cases reported in the literature. However, there is no report of supernumerary kidney associated with horseshoe malformation with ureteric stricture. We report a rare case of 20 months old female admitted with left-sided abdomen lump and mild abdominal pain. During surgery, supernumerary kidney with horseshoe component with grossly-dilated left-sided pelvicalyceal system and proximal 1-cm of left-ureter, distal to which whole of left-ureter was noncanalized, was seen. Right-ureter was normal. Distal dilated part of left-ureter was anastomosed to bladder-dome after excision of strictured segment of left-ureter with placement of nephrostomy.

A rare case of supernumerary kidney with crossed fused ectopia kidney

Supernumerary kidney is the rarest of all renal anomalies; fewer than 100 cases have been reported in the literature over the years. Supernumerary kidneys are most located on the left side of the abdomen. Different pathologic conditions are reported to affect supernumerary kidneys and they may be associated with malformations of the upper urinary tract and genital tract. Because of the scarcity of reported cases and atypical presentation, they frequently causes diagnostic difficulties. Incidence of Crossed fused kidney is 1:2000, second most common renal anomaly after Horseshoe kidney. Here we report a case of 20 year old male of unilateral supernumerary kidney on left side and crossed fused ectopia on right side. Supernumery kidney with crossed fused ectopia is the rarest renal anomaly.