Superior Soybean Research Articles

Pertumbuhan Batang Pada Beberapa Varietas Kedelai (Glycine max (L.) Merr) Terhadap Jenis Tanah Aluvial, Regosol Dan Latosol

This study aims to determine the growth of 10 superior soybean varieties planted in 3 different types of soil (alluvial, regosol and latosol) and to find out whether the 3 types of soil give an effect to the growth of 10 superior soybean varieties viewed from 4 parameters (hypocotyl length, length epicotiles, stem length and stem dry weight).This study used a Randomized Block Design (RBD) consisting of 10 varieties of soybean plants (anjasmoro, argomulyo, detam 1, detam 3 prida, detam 4 prida, detap 1, devon 1, devon 2, yellow gepak and deja 1) and 3 types of soil (alluvial, regosol, and latosol) was repeated 2 times. Data were analyzed using the two-way ANAVA 5% test and the 5% DMRT test. The results showed a significant difference in soybean growth. The best soybean varieties in hypocotyl length are Devon 2, in epicotile length are Anjasmoro, Devon 1 and Devon 2, the stem length and dry weight of the stem are Detap 1. The DMRT test results state that all three soil types (alluvial, regosol and latosol) have influence on the parameters of hypocotyl length and epicotyl length, whereas the parameters of stem length and plant dry weight have no effect.
 
 Keywords: Soybean, Variety, Growing test

PERTUMBUHAN KEDELAI (Glycine max [L.] Merrill) VARIETAS ANJASMORO DENGAN PEMBERIAN BIOURIN KAMBING (Capra aegagrus hircus)

Soybean (Glycine max [L.] Merrill) Anjasmoro variety is one of the superior soybean varieties widely cultivated in West Kalimantan. The growth of soybean can be increased by applying liquid organic fertilizer namely goat biourine. The purpose of this study was to determine the goat biourine quality and the effect of the application of goat biourine on the growth of Anjasmoro variety soybean plants. This study uses a Completely Randomized Design (CRD) consisting of five treatments, namely without biourine/control, 100 mL/L biourine, 200 mL/L biourine, 300 biourine mL/L and 400 mL/L biourine. Each treatment was repeated 5 times to obtain 25 experimental units. The analysis of goat biourine showed the value of C-Organic 2.03%, pH 4.83, N 0.72%, P 0.004% and K 0.234%. The results showed that apply of goat biourine had a significant effect on plant height, number of leaves, shoot wet of weight, shoot dry of weight, number of branches, number of root nodules and the number of effective root nodules, but it had not a significant effect on root wet of weight and root dry of weight.

Heritability and the genotype × environment interaction in soybean

AbstractThe objectives of this study were to examine the implication of the genotype × environment interaction (G × E) in the identification of genetically superior soybean [Glycine max (L.) Merr.] progenies; to obtain estimates of genetic and phenotypic parameters for agronomic traits in soybean progenies; and to select genetically superior progenies to obtain lineages. Progenies F3:4 were evaluated in the municipalities of Lavras‐MG and Itutinga‐MG, Brazil, in the agricultural year 2016–2017. Progenies F3:5 were evaluated in the summer of 2017–2018 in the municipalities of Lavras‐MG, Itutinga‐MG, and Ijaci‐MG. The traits of days to flowering, days to full maturity, plant height, bottom pod height, lodging, and grain yield were evaluated. The genetic and phenotypic parameters, expected gain from selection, genetic correlation, correlated response, achieved heritability, and frequency distribution of the adjusted means were estimated. The estimates of the components of variance showed the existence of variability among the progenies, enabling the selection of superior genotypes. There was an effect of the G × E interaction for all traits, and most of the interaction was due to complex interaction. From the analysis of genotypic correlation, significant estimates were observed between the traits. The G × E interaction affected the estimates of genetic and phenotypic parameters in the soybean, and the achieved heritability is a tool to study this interaction.

Selection indexes based on linear‐bilinear models applied to soybean breeding

AbstractRecently developed selection indexes provide solutions for plant breeding, using linear‐bilinear models that consider factors as fixed or random. This work aimed to compare the multitrait selection indexes based on factor analysis and ideotype‐design (FAI‐BLUP), GGE biplot, and grain yield × trait index (GYT), and proposes the use of predicted genetic values together with the GYT index (best linear unbiased prediction used in grain yield*trait index, GYT‐BLUP). In addition, this work indicates the best index to select superior soybean [Glycine max (L.) Merr.] genotypes, closer to the ideotype. Data from 35 homozygous soybean lines and four checks, were obtained from trials conducted in six locations in the southern region of Brazil in the 2014/2015 crop season. The grain yield, yield components, morphological and grain composition were evaluated. Phenotypic data were used for GGE biplot and GYT analysis, using the software GGE biplot. Genetic values were predicted with mixed models considering genotype and location as random and fixed effects, respectively. Thus, genetic values were used in GYT‐BLUP and FAI‐BLUP indexes. These methods were compared by Spearman's rank correlation. Genetic gains obtained by indexes and traits were estimated. Soybean lines L1 and L22, and cultivars C3 and C4 were selected based on their performance for multiple traits, for indexes used. Thus, we suggest to combined FAI‐BLUP and GYT‐BLUP indexes. The GYT‐BLUP has a high importance for grain yield, which was related to all other traits. FAI‐BLUP gave similar weights for all traits. So, combining different approaches can provide better answers to breeders.

Changes in the antioxidant intensities of seven different soybean (Glycine max (L.) Merr.) cultivars during drought.

Drought stress-induced antioxidative defense responses were studied in seven soybean (Glycine max (L) Merr.) cultivars PUSA 9712, LSB 1, JS 335, ADB 22, NRC 37, DSB 20, and MAUS 61, respectively. Drought stress was imposed by withholding irrigation till the leaf water potentials reached -1.0, -1.5, and -2.0MPa. Lipid peroxidation and superoxide, H2 O2 , • OH, DPPH radical scavenging assays were performed. Antioxidants during drought stress were studied by quantifying the ascorbic acid, glutathione, α-tocopherol, phenolics, flavonoids, tannins, enzymes superoxide dismutase, catalase, ascorbate peroxidase, and glutathione reductase. Antioxidant levels were significantly high in soybean foliages exposed to drought with the increased concentrations of radicals and enhanced lipid peroxidation rates. Isoenzyme analysis of SOD has shown the upregulation of Cu/Zn and MnSODs. Our results demonstrate that cultivars PUSA 9712 and LSB1 have shown to possess a high rate of antioxidants and a very efficient antioxidative defense system when compared with other cultivars. PRACTICAL APPLICATIONS: Soybean (Glycine max (L.) Merr.) is an economically important cash crop, cultivated globally for its rich protein, oil, nutraceutical, and antioxidant constituents. It is also cultivated for its rich enriched food, animal feed as well as several other commercial products. In India, most of the soybean cultivation is being done under rainfed conditions. Hence, identification of superior soybean cultivars rich in antioxidants is very important. The work presented here is the output of the investigation carried out on cramming the changes in antioxidative defense mechanisms of seven popular soybean cultivars that are regularly cultivated in India. A study was performed by quantifying the radicals, H2 O2 concentrations, lipid peroxidation, determination of enzymatic, and nonenzymatic antioxidants in all selected soybean cultivars exposed to control and increased the duration of drought stress, for the identification of superior cultivars with a rich avenue of enzymatic and nonenzymatic antioxidants.

Morphological and Physiological Responses of Seven Different Soybean (Glycine Max L. Merr.) Cultivars to Drought Stress

Soybean is an economically important crop used as a vital source of oil, vegetable protein, and other commercial products. Cultivation of soybean fetches reasonable income for the marginal farmer. Lack of rainfall and other improper monsoon conditions have generated a deep impact on the cultivation of the soybean crop making it highly essential to select drought resistant varieties that can have a higher outcome even under low water regimes. In our study, we compared the morphological and physiological responses of seven soybean cultivars: PUSA 9712, LSB 1, DSB 20, ADB 22, JS 335, NRC 37, and MAUS 61 which are popularly grown in India. These cultivars were subjected to drought stress by withholding water until the leaf water potentials reached 0, -1, -1.5, and -2 MPa, respectively. Morphological studies were performed by measuring root length, shoot length, plant height, and total biomass whereas physiological studies were performed by measuring relative water content, water uptake capacity, water retention capacity, membrane stability index, water saturation deficiency, and electrolytic leakage. All varieties used for this study showed a positive response during drought stress conditions by making certain morphological adjustments and physiological transformations. However, cultivars PUSA 9712 and LSB 1 showed better performance than, DSB 20, ADB 22, JS 335, NRC 37, and MAUS 61 under drought stress conditions. Such studies are useful in breeding programs and agronomic practices for the selection of superior soybean varieties with the capability of withstanding drought.

Comparison of non-parametric indexes to select soybean genotypes obtained by recurrent selection

In the final steps of a breeding program, it is necessary to evaluate several traits, which makes it difficult to select the superior genotypes. This study aimed to compare nonlinear indexes in the selection of superior soybean inbred lines obtained by recurrent selection. The experiment was carried out in Londrina, Paraná State, Brazil. During the 2010/11 and 2011/12 seasons, 67 soybean inbred lines and two commercial controls (BMX Potência RR and NK 7059 RR) were evaluated. The experimental design was a randomized complete block with three replicates. The evaluated traits were: days to maturity, agronomic value, lodging, first pod insertion height, and grain yield. A combined analysis of variance for seasons was performed and the sum of ranks index, ideotype distance index, and cultivars selection index were applied. All traits were significant for the genotypic source of variation and showed complex genotype × environment interactions. The selection indexes were consistent with each other. The ideotype and cultivar selection index showed higher concordance on indication of 15 superior inbred lines with a coefficient of coincidence of 80%. The inbred lines SR-03, SR-12, SR-22, SR-41, SR-49, SR-55, SR-61, and SR-62 were indicated for all indexes and are therefore considered superior to other inbred lines.

Effects of Planting Time and Cultivar on Leaf Physiology and Seed Yield of Soybean (Glycine max. (L.) Merr)

The use of adaptive soybean cultivars with appropriate planting time on dry land can enhance the improvement of soybean growth and yield. This study aimed to determine changes in leaf physiological character and soybean yield as affected by different planting time and superior soybean cultivars. The experiment was conducted on the dry land of Inceptisol in Gunungkidul from November 2018 to March 2019. The experiment was arranged in a Split Plot Design with the main plot arranged in a Randomized Complete Block Design (RCBD) with three (3) replications. The main plots consisted of three planting times, i.e. early planting time–<em>Pranoto Mongso</em>, midldle planting time–Farmer Method and late planting–<em>Katam Terpadu</em>. The subplots consisted of four soybean cultivars, namely Anjasmoro, Argomulyo, Grobogan and Dega-1. The fertilizers used were organic fertilizer (2 t ha<sup>-1</sup>), Urea (50 kg ha<sup>-1</sup>) and KCl (50 kg ha<sup>-1</sup>). The results showed that the treatment of planting time and cultivar could increase leaf physiological activity, particularly the number of leaves, total leaf area, leaf area index and plant growth rate. Early planting time–<em>Pranoto Mongso</em> and middle planting time–Farmers Method produced higher plant dry weight (20.11 g; 24.21 g) and seed yields per plant (29.11 g; 26.75 g) than late planting (<em>Katam Terpadu</em>) did (20.30 g). Meanwhile, cultivar Dega-1 had higher seed yields per plant (30.11 g) than cultivar Grobogan (28.39 g), Argomulyo (23.35 g) and Anjasmoro (19.79 g) did.

Daya hasil beberapa varietas Kedelai unggul nasional di Distrik Manokwari Barat dan Sidey Provinsi Papua Barat

This study aims to examine the yield of 5 national superior soybean varieties in two different locations and select high yielding varieties to be developed in West Papua Province. This research was conducted for four months, which was located in 2 places namely West Manokwari and Sidey District in West Papua Province. The study used a Randomized Block Design with the treatment of 6 varieties (5 national varieties and 1 local variety), which were repeated 4 times so that 24 experimental units per location were obtained. The data obtained were analyzed using analysis of variance (ANOVA) and if the treatment had a significant effect it was continued with the DMRT test at a 95% confidence level. The results showed that the varieties tested were highly significant for plant height, number of branches, total number of pods, number of empty pods, number of filled pods, weight of planting seeds, weight of seeds per plot, weight of corrected seeds, and weight of 100 dried seeds. The yield of 3 varieties suitable for development in West Papua Province are Rajabasa varieties 1.63 tons/ha, Burangrang 1.8 tons/ha, and Detam-2 2.35 tons/ha.

Pemberdayaan Wanita Tani dalam Budidaya Kedelai Varietas Unggul Bahan Baku Pembuatan Tahu

WOMEN FARMERS EMPOWERMENT IN SOYBEAN CULTIVATION OF SUPERIOR VARIETIES RAW MATERIAL OF TOFU PRODUCTION. Soybean is one of the important crops containing high protein content. The demand of soybean increases from year to year, because the domestic production could not reach the market demand and it is still imported. Therefore, the necessary effort to increase soybean production must be done such as by expanding the planting area, planting superior varieties especially for raw materials of tofu, and the cultivation techniques. Sumedang is one of the centers of tofu production in West Java that has the suitable agro-climatic conditions for soybeanproduction as a raw material. Some of the farm communities have cultivated soybeans, however they still needs the efforts to increase the soybean production especially for the types of soybean for raw material of tofu production. The aim of IbM activity is to socialize and make a pilot demonstration plot of some of superior soybean varieties for tofu production in Sumedang. The results of these activities include: (1) the demonstration plots of soybean varieties, (2) producing the high seed quality of superior soybean varieties, (3) improving skill and knowledge of farmers in the cultivation of superior soybean varieties and also pest and disease control, (4) obtaining the samples of tofu from superior soybean varieties grown in partner locations.

Performance of Soybean Genotypes Selected on Shade Environment Under Rubber Stands

Research was aimed to evaluate performance of new genotypes of soybean selected in shaded environment under rubber stands and compare it with superior soybean varieties. Field experiment was arranged in a simple Randomized Block Design. Treatments comprised five levels namely four soybean genotypes selected in artificial shade and one shade tolerant superior soybean variety as a check. Each treatment was replicated 5 times. Experimental unit was a plot with size 3 m x 2 m with 100 plant population. Ten plants were used as samples. Observations were made on growth and yield variables. Such variables were plant height, number of branches, and stem diameter, while the observed yield variables included number of pod per plant, 100 seed weight, and seed weight of 10 plants. Observed data were analyzed by Analysis of Variance and continued by Duncan Multiple Range Test at α 5% level to compare the tested genotypes. Results showed that all the tested soybean genotypes gave the same performance with superior varieties of Anjasmoro in terms of stem diameter, number of branches, number of pods per plant, weight of 100 seeds, and seed weight of 10 stems of the plant. The difference was seen in of plant height where the selection genotypes were significantly shorter than Anjasmoro Variety.

Path analysis and phenotypic correlation among yield components of soybean using environmental stratification methods

The main aim of this study was to investigate the phenotypic correlation of yield component traits using several environmental stratifications methods. We also aimed to propose cause and effect of relationships for grain yield components in soybean genotypes under several environmental conditions. The tests were conducted in the agricultural year of 2013/2014 in four growing sites in Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil. The experimental arrangement was randomized blocks in factorial scheme (11 x 4), consisting eleven soybean genotypes in four environments with four repetitions each. All the growing environments Tapera-RS, Derrubadas-RS and Frederico Westphalen-RS were classified as favorable for soybean cultivation. The traits such as total number of pods per plant, number of branches and number of pods with 2-3 grains showed significant linear correlations with grain yield in both methods of analysis. The path analysis was applied under favorable and unfavorable environments to accurately estimate the direct and indirect effect of traits on soybean grain yield. The mass of a thousand grains and plant height were highly associated with grain yield but mostly influenced by environmental effects. The total number of pods should be prioritized for selecting superior soybean genotypes due to its direct and indirect effects on grain yield. It has shown constant in all environmental conditions. The direct effects of number of branches and number of pods (with one grain) presented distinct effects on yield in favorable and unfavorable environments.

Evaluation of important seed and sprout traits as potential selection criteria in breeding varieties for sprout soybeans

Soybean sprouts, a traditional vegetable in Asia, are gaining popularity in the United States. Soybean sprout demand has been supplied by natto (a Japanese soyfood) cultivars that share some seed characteristics with sprout cultivars. However, natto seeds do not meet all requirements of sprouts and are rejected by sprout manufacturers. The objectives of this study were to evaluate important seed and sprout traits as potential selection criteria in breeding sprout soybeans and to study the storage effect on soybean sprout quality. Almost all genotypes produced thicker and longer hypocotyls and higher fresh-sprouts than ‘MFS-561’, a commercial soybean sprout variety. Hypocotyl length ranged from 13.8 to 16.2 cm. Four fungi genera Bipolaris sp., Cercospora sp., Botrytis sp. and Caethomium sp. were isolated from seeds. Cracked cotyledons and abnormal seedlings were the two main constraints affecting soybean sprout quality. Correlation coefficients among all traits indicated that percentage and weight of high- and average-quality sprouts would determine sprout yield. Acceptable yield and several traits were recommended to be used simultaneously while breeding superior sprout soybean cultivars. Good sprout varieties should produce high-quality sprouts >48%, average-quality sprouts 5.7 g/g seed, hypocotyl thickness >1.6 cm and hypocotyl length >13 cm. One-year seed storage at room temperature reduced sprout quality. V09-3876 and V12-1939 had superior seed and sprout traits and are promising lines for further evaluation for sprout production. Seed storage over time affects seed germination and seedling vigor, and fungi on seed can cause reduced seed quality.

Characterization and clustering of agronomic characters of several soybean genotypes

Adie MM, Krisnawati A. 2016. Characterization and clustering of agronomic characters of several soybean genotypes. Nusantara Bioscience 9: 237-242. The development of improved soybean variety in Indonesia is mostly derived from crossing (51.19%), which requires the availability of gene source to serve as the parental stock. Characterization of 150 soybean genotypes was conducted in Probolinggo, Indonesia, from February to May 2016. The research was arranged in a randomized block design with two replicates. Clustering of agronomic characters was carried out using cluster analysis. The grouping was based on plant age characters (vegetative phase duration, generative phase duration, generative and vegetative ratio, days to maturity), growth characters (plant height, number of filled pods, number of empty pods, number of branches, number of nodes), and seed characters (100-seed weight and seed yield plant-1), which resulted in 10 groups/clusters. Cluster I, II and III consisted of 47, 80, and 13 genotypes, respectively; whereas other clusters consisted of one up three genotypes, respectively. Each cluster represents specific characters. Cluster IV that consisted of three genotypes showed a late maturity (83.5-88.5 days), high number of pods (81.8-83.3 pods plant-1) and high yield plant-1 (21.76- 25.78 g plant-1), but have small seed size (12.24-13.75 g 100 seed-1). Cluster VI consisted of one genotype, and characterized by large seed size (16.79 g 100 seed-1) and high yield plant-1 (15.76 g). Cluster IX (1 genotype) was characterized by early maturity (73 days), unbranched, but produced relatively low yield. The preference of soybean consumer in Indonesia is high yield, in addition to early maturity (< 80 days), and large seed size (>14 g 100 seed-1). Soybean genotypes within cluster IV, VI, and IX are valuable as gene source in the development of superior soybean varieties in Indonesia.

The essence of NAC gene family to the cultivation of drought-resistant soybean (Glycine max L. Merr.) cultivars

BackgroundThe NAC gene family is notable due to its large size, as well as its relevance in crop cultivation – particularly in terms of enhancing stress tolerance of plants. These plant-specific proteins contain NAC domain(s) that are named after Petunia NAM and Arabidopsis ATAF1/2 and CUC2 transcription factors based on the consensus sequence they have. Despite the knowledge available regarding NAC protein function, an extensive study on the possible use of GmNACs in developing soybean cultivars with superior drought tolerance is yet to be done.ResultsIn response to this, our study was carried out, mainly through means of phylogenetic analysis (rice and Arabidopsis NAC genes served as seeding sequences). Through this, 139 GmNAC genes were identified and later grouped into 17 clusters. Furthermore, real-time quantitative PCR was carried out on drought-stressed and unstressed leaf tissues of both sensitive (B217 and H228) and tolerant (Jindou 74 and 78) cultivars. This was done to analyze the gene expression of 28 dehydration-responsive GmNAC genes. Upon completing the analysis, it was found that GmNAC gene expression is actually dependent on genotype. Eight of the 28 selected genes (GmNAC004, GmNAC021, GmNAC065, GmNAC066, GmNAC073, GmNAC082, GmNAC083 and GmNAC087) were discovered to have high expression levels in the drought-resistant soybean varieties tested. This holds true for both extreme and standard drought conditions. Alternatively, the drought-sensitive cultivars exhibited lower GmNAC expression levels in comparison to their tolerant counterparts.ConclusionThe study allowed for the identification of eight GmNAC genes that could be focused upon in future attempts to develop superior soybean varieties, particularly in terms of drought resistance. This study revealed that there were more dehydration-responsive GmNAC genes as (GmNAC004, GmNAC005, GmNAC020 and GmNAC021) in addition to what were reported in earlier inquiries. It is important to note though, that discovering such notable genes is not the only goal of the study. It managed to put emphasis on the significance of further understanding the potential of soybean GmNAC genes, for the purpose of enhancing tolerance towards abiotic stress in general. This scientific inquiry has also revealed that cultivar genotypes tend to differ in their drought-induced gene expression.

In Vitro Plant Regeneration from Commercial Cultivars of Soybean.

Soybean, a major legume crop, is the source of vegetable oil and protein. There is a need for transgenic approaches to breeding superior soybean varieties to meet future climate challenges. Efficient plant regeneration is a prerequisite for successful application of genetic transformation technology. Soybean cultivars are classified into different maturity groups based on photoperiod requirements. In this study, nine soybean varieties belonging to different maturity group were regenerated successfully from three different explants: half split hypocotyl, complete hypocotyl, and cotyledonary node. All the genotypes and explant types responded by producing adventitious shoots. Shoot induction potential ranged within 60–87%, 50–100%, and 75–100%, and regeneration rate ranged within 4.2–10, 2.7–4.2, and 2.6–10.5 shoots per explant using half split hypocotyl, complete hypocotyl, and cotyledonary explants, respectively, among all the tested genotypes. Bunya variety showed the best regeneration response using half split and complete hypocotyl explants and the PNR791 with cotyledonary node. The regenerated shoots were successfully rooted and acclimatized to glasshouse conditions. This study shows that commercial varieties of soybean are amenable to shoot regeneration with high regeneration frequencies and could be exploited for genetic transformation. Further, our results show no correlation between shoots regeneration capacity with the maturity grouping of the soybean cultivars tested.

Characteristics of superior soybean breeding lines tolerance to rust (Phakopsora pachyrhizi Syd.)

<p>Soybean rust caused by Phakopsora pachyrhizi is one of the most important diseases which limits soybean production. The aim of this study was to evaluate the resistance of 28 superior soybean lines and their tolerance to rust. The study was conducted at a screen house and arranged in a completely randomized design (CRD); three replications. All genotypes tested were artificially inoculated with P. pachyrhizi, and a set of un-inoculated genotypes was planted as a comparison. Number of pustules was recorded weekly, and resistant criteria was rated based on the International working group on soybean rust IWGSR method. Lesion color (LC), sporulation level (SL), number of uredia (NoU), frequency of pustule which had uredia, and yield were also recorded. Among 28 genotypes tested, only one was categorized as resistant and 2 genotypes were susceptible. Resistant genotypes had few pustules, lower AUDPC values, low disease severity, and Reddish Brown lesion type. Soybean rust affected yield components, i.e. number of intact pods and yield per plant. Yield loses due to rust in this study varied from 5-89%, and the average was 51%. The set of lines from Tanggamus pedigree showed more resistant to rust but less tolerant compared to Sinabung pedigree.</p><p><strong>How to Cite</strong></p><p>Inayati, A., & Yusnawan, E. (2016). Characteristics of superior soybean breeding lines tolerancet to rust (Phakopsora pachyrhizi Syd.).<em> Biosaintifika: Journal of Biology & Biology Education</em>, 8(1), 47-55.</p>

Laboratory testing and molecular analysis of the resistance of wild and cultivated soybeans to cotton bollworm, Helicoverpa armigera (Hübner)

Identifying a superior soybean variety with high defoliator resistance is important to avoid yield loss. Cotton bollworm (Helicoverpa armigera Hübner) is one of the major defoliators of soybean (Glycine max [L.] Merr.) worldwide. In this study, we evaluated the effect of H. armigera larvae on ED059, a wild soybean (Glycine soja Sieb. et Zucc.), and three cultivated soybean varieties: Tianlong 2, PI 535807, and PI 533604, in choice and no-choice assays. The percentage of ED059 leaflets consumed by H. armigera was lower than that of the three cultivated soybeans. Larvae that fed on ED059 exhibited low weight gain and high mortality rate. Waldbauer nutritional indices suggested that ED059 reduced the growth, consumption, and frass production of H. armigera larvae. Larvae that fed on ED059 showed lower efficiency of conversion of ingested and of digested food than those that fed on Tianlong 2 and PI 533604. However, they showed statistically similar consumption index and approximate digestibility compared with those fed on the three cultivated soybeans. Quantitative real-time PCR analysis revealed that 24h after insect attack, ED059 had higher transcript levels of Kunitz trypsin inhibitor 3, Cysteine proteinase inhibitor 2, and Nerolidol synthase 1 but a lower transcript level of Pathogenesis-related protein 1 than Tianlong 2. The gene expression results were consistent with the presence of higher levels of jasmonic acid (JA) and transcript levels of the JA biosynthesis enzyme allene oxide cyclase 3 in ED059 than in Tianlong 2. Our findings indicate that ED059 is a superior soybean line with strong insect resistance that may be mediated via the JA pathway.

Multivariate approach in the selection of superior soybean progeny which carry the RR gene

A eficiencia do aproveitamento da variabilidade genetica, existente ou criada, aumenta quando esta e devidamente explorada e analisada. A incorporacao de eventos biotecnologicos aos programas de melhoramento tem sido uma pratica usual. O pesquisador tem como desafio, o desenvolvimento constante de novas e melhores cultivares. O objetivo deste experimento foi selecionar progenies com caracteres superiores e portadoras ou nao do gene RR, oriundas de cruzamentos bi-parentais em soja, com o auxilio de tecnicas multivariadas. O experimento foi conduzido em delineamento experimental do tipo familias com testemunhas intercaladas no ano agricola 2010/2011 e 2011/2012 em Jaboticabal-SP, Brasil. Na geracao F3, foram selecionadas plantas fenotipicamente superiores, sendo estas avaliadas para os caracteres: numero de dias para o florescimento, numero de dias para a maturidade, altura de insercao da primeira vagem, altura de planta na maturidade, acamamento, valor agronomico, numero de ramos, numero de vagens por planta, peso de 100 sementes, numero de sementes por planta e producao de graos por planta. Diante dos resultados, verifica-se a possibilidade de selecionar progenies superiores atraves da analise de componentes principais. A analise de agrupamentos, atraves do metodo de K-means, une as progenies de acordo com os caracteres de maior importância em cada grupo e, atraves do metodo de Ward, identificou por meio do dendrograma a estrutura de similaridade e divergencia entre as progenies selecionadas. Os dois metodos sao eficientes no auxilio da selecao de progenies.

The multivariate approach and influence of characters in selecting superior soybean genotypes

Multivariate analysis can help to select superior genotypes through the simultaneous analysis of original information containing the characters of interest. The present study objectives were to select soybean genotypes for good agronomic attributes with focus on yield from amonggenotypes carrying genes resistantto Asian soybean rustusing multivariate analyses and as well as to define the main plant characters which influence the selection decision. Ninety five soybean genotypes of the F6 endogamous generation were evaluated in a random block experiment with two replications for agronomic characters. The data were submitted to principal component and cluster analyses, besides the use of selection index. In the principal components analysis, four eigenvalues explained 71.6% of the variance in the original information, allowing the identification of seventeen superior genotypes, focusing on yield. In the dendrogram obtained from cluster analysis, the genotypes selected in the principal components were grouped in the same cluster, and a second selection was made in which seven genotypes were selected. Concerning the selection by index, most superior genotypes were coincident with the results of the multivariate analysis. In conclusion, multivariate analyses permitted the selection of superior genotypes for important agronomic characteristics in soybeans, principally for components linked to grain production. Key words: Glycine max, yield, principal components, cluster analysis.