Superior Sinus Research Articles

P2849Prevalence and significance of sustained pulmonary vein isolation in repeat AF ablation procedures

Abstract Introduction Pulmonary vein (PV) reconnection is a common cause of relapse after catheter ablation of atrial fibrillation (AF). However, some patients have AF recurrence despite durable PV isolation. The aim of this study was to assess the PV isolation status at the time of a second catheter ablation (redo) procedure, and its relationship with subsequent AF relapse. Methods Consecutive patients with symptomatic drug-resistant AF who underwent redo procedures from January 2006 to December 2017 were identified in a single-center observational registry. Pulmonary vein isolation status was assessed during the electrophysiologic study with a circular mapping catheter. Additional radiofrequency (RF) energy applications were also recorded. AF relapse was defined as symptomatic or documented AF/atrial tachycardia/atrial flutter after a 3-month blanking period. Results We identified 240 patients (77 [32%] females, median age 61 [IQR 53–67] years, 85 [35%] with non-paroxysmal AF) undergoing redo procedures during the study period. At the time of redo, 17 (7%) of the patients presented bidirectional conduction block of all PVs. PV reconnection occurred in 157 (65%) of cases in the left superior vein, 142 (59%) in the left inferior vein, 177 (73%) in the right superior vein, and 163 (68%) in the right inferior vein (table). All of the PVs were reconducted in 91 (38%) patients. Additional RF applications were performed in the left atrium (LA) roof, LA posterior wall, cavotricuspid isthmus, mitral isthmus, superior vena cava, coronary sinus, and left atrial appendage ostium, at the operator's discretion (table 1). Over a median follow-up of 2-years (IQR 1–5), 126 patients (53%) suffered AF recurrence, yielding a mean relapse rate of 17%/year. In multivariate Cox regression analysis, the lack of PV reconnection at the time of redo emerged as an independent predictor of subsequent relapse (HR 1.97, 95% CI 1.12–3.49, p=0.019) even after adjustment for univariate predictors including non-paroxysmal AF, body mass index, female sex, and active smoking. Conclusion In patients undergoing redo AF ablation procedures, less than 10% present with complete PV isolation. Despite being relatively infrequent, this finding is independently associated with greater likelihood of subsequent recurrence, suggesting that other mechanisms, not fully addressed by additional RF applications, are at play.

Subdural hematoma as a manifestation of cerebral venous thrombosis. Case report

Cerebral venous thrombosis (CVT) is a common complication in pregnant, postpartum and eclampsia patients in a developing country, more common with another pathology prothrombotic profile. Commonly, acute non-traumatic subdural hematomas are rare in young patients without haematological disorders. We reported a case of acute subdural hematoma (ASH) in a patient with cerebral venous thrombosis. A 34-year-old postpartum woman who present seizure in a postpartum period, was studied in the ICU of our hospital. She is under sedation and CT cranial study to show hyperdensity in the superior longitudinal sinus and the left transverse sinus with diffuse subcortical cortical hypodensity in both parietal and occipital lobes and delta sign. All date according a CVT. In addition, a subdural hematoma is appreciate in the left temporal region. The management was non-surgical and a subsequent CT cranial scan showed resolution of the hematoma. Subsequently prothrombotics studies ruled out a hematological problem. The patient was discharged asymptomatic and with anticoagulant treatment. Patients with CVT are frequently in our environment but it does not exist a large number of studies from the neurological point of view. Neurological manifestations are varied and infrequent in a general neurological approach. Our case illustrates that subdural hematomas can be a symptom of cerebral venous thrombosis.

Repair of Superior Sinus Venosus Atrial Septal Defect Using a Modified Two-Patch Technique

Surgical repair of superior sinus venosus atrial septal defect associated with partial anomalous pulmonary venous connection is usually performed with either a two-patch technique or the Warden procedure. However, both techniques can lead to superior vena cava or pulmonary vein stenosis, as well as sinus node dysfunction. To prevent these complications, we have utilized a modified two-patch technique. Between January 2000 and December 2015, 44 patients underwent modified two-patch repair of superior sinus venosus atrial septal defect associated with partial anomalous pulmonary venous connection at our institution. The technique utilizes the right atrial appendage to patch the superior vena cava and avoid superior vena cava obstruction. Patients' data were collected from reviewing hospital charts and clinic records. Mean age was 10.3 years (range, 0.68 to 61 years). There was no hospital mortality. Six patients (13.6%) had sinus node dysfunction after surgery. All of them recovered their normal sinus node function at a mean follow-up period of 45.7 months. No superior vena cava or pulmonary vein stenosis was observed at long-term follow-up. A modified two-patch technique is a valid alternative to other methods of superior sinus venosus atrial septal defect and partial anomalous pulmonary venous connection repair, and prevents late systemic/pulmonary venous pathway obstruction while maintaining sinus rhythm.

Recurrent and life-threatening strokes after pacemaker implantation in a patient affected by concealed superior sinus venosus atrial septal defect

Recurrent and life-threatening strokes after pacemaker implantation in a patient affected by concealed superior sinus venosus atrial septal defect

Superior Ophthalmic Vein Thrombosis with Cerebral Venous Sinus Thrombosis: A Rare Entity in a Child

Cerebral venous sinus thrombosis (CVST) is a rare stroke-like syndrome. Sometimes it may be rarely associated with ophthalmic vein occlusion. We present a 10-year-old girl who had severe headache, diplopia, severe congestion of eye, proptosis and orbital pain. She had no signs of meninigeal irritation, no focal deficit except left sided lateral rectus palsy and altered visual acuity. Investigations regarding vasculitis and thrombophillia were normal except thrombocytosis. MRI of brain showed ‘dense triangle sign’ and thickened superior ophthalmic vein. Magnetic resonance venography (MRV) showed occlusion of superior sagital sinus and transverse sinus. She was treated with paracetamol, acetazolamide, rivaroxaban and antibiotics followed by high dose pulse methyl prednisolone. She made a partial recovery within one week and at 3 months follow-up she was completely normal.
 J Enam Med Col 2019; 9(2): 127-132

Rare case of a superior sinus venosus atrial septal defect presenting with cyanosis.

Cyanosis in a newborn is commonly due to intracardiac shunts or duct-dependent lesions. Systemic venous anomalies are uncommon and sinus venous atrial septal defects do not usually present with cyanosis. We report the case of a 4-month-old female with persistent hypoxemia due to a right superior vena cava overriding a superior sinus venous atrial septal defect resulting in a right to left shunt.

Orbital reconstruction for tumor-associated proptosis: quantitative analysis of postoperative orbital volume and final eye position.

Surgical resection of sphenoid wing tumors and intraorbital pathology carries the dual goal of appropriately treating the target pathology as well as correcting proptosis. Residual proptosis following surgery can lead to cosmetic and functional disability. The authors sought to quantitatively assess the effect of orbital volume before and after reconstruction to determine the optimal strategy to achieve proptosis correction. All surgeries involving orbital wall reconstruction for orbital or intracranial pathology that preoperatively resulted in proptosis between 2007 and 2017 were reviewed. Proptosis was measured by the exophthalmos index (EI): the ratio of the distance of the anterior limit of each globe to a line drawn between the anterior limit of the frontal processes of the zygomas, comparing the pathological eye to the normal eye. Postoperative radiographic measurements were taken at least 60 days after surgery to allow surgical swelling to abate. The orbit contralateral to the pathology was used as an internal control for normal anatomical orbital volume. Cases with preoperative EI < 1.10, orbital exenteration, or enucleation were excluded. Twenty-three patients (16 females and 7 males, with a mean age of 43.6 ± 22.8 years) were treated surgically for tumor-associated proptosis. Nineteen patients harbored meningiomas (11 en-plaque; 8 sphenoid wing), and one patient each harbored an orbital schwannoma, glomangioma, arteriovenous malformation, or cavernous hemangioma. Preoperative EI averaged 1.28 ± 0.10 (range 1.12-1.53). Median time to postoperative imaging was 19 months. Postoperatively, the EI decreased to a mean of 1.07 ± 0.09. Greater increases in size of the reconstructed orbit were positively correlated with greater quantitative reductions in proptosis (p < 0.01). Larger volume of soft tissue pathology was also associated with achieving greater proptosis correction (p < 0.01). Residual exophthalmos (defined as EI > 1.10) was present in 8 patients, while reconstruction in 2 patients resulted in clinically asymptomatic enophthalmos (defined as EI < 0.95). Tumor invasion into the superior orbital fissure sinus was associated with residual proptosis (p = 0.04). Proptosis associated with intracranial and orbital pathology represents a surgical challenge. The EI is a reliable and quantitative assessment of proptosis. For orbital reconstruction in cases of superior orbital fissure involvement, surgeons should consider rebuilding the orbit at slightly larger than anatomical volume.

Septic cerebral thrombosis in neonates: A case report and review of the literature

Introduction: Septic dural-sinus thrombosis is rare; it is one of the most misdiagnosed conditions of our time. It is often associated with a high level of mortality. Especially in neonates who have an underdeveloped immune system and haphazard clinical manifestation. Septic sinus thrombosis frequently involves cavernous sinuses. The superior sagittal sinuses’ involvement is exceptional as it is often associated with a fatal outcome. Studies demonstrate that heparin therapy in sagittal sinus septic thrombosis is unnecessary and that the focus of treatment shall be intravenous antibiotics and early surgical drainage of purulent collections who can be a source of widespread infections. Case Report: We report the case of a three months old boy, without pathological history, admitted in the intensive care unit (ICU) for febrile convulsion resistant to first line therapy. Cerebrospinal fluid analysis results were in favor of pneumococcus pathogens. Cerebral computed tomography (CT) has shown a superior longitudinal sinus thrombophlebitis complicating an encephalitis, with multiple venous infarcts. After which antibiotherapy was changed and anticoagulation added. Six days later, the sedation was stopped to evaluate the neurological state. The patient has shown a persistence of the coma state. After a multidisciplinary discussion, a transcranial Doppler was realized only to confirm the brain death state. The evolution was marked by the death of the patient after three days. Conclusion: In general, cerebral venous thrombosis (CVT) is a disease with complex clinical manifestations, atypical in many patients. If an alteration of consciousness is the main symptom in a CVT patient, the prognosis can be bleak. Most patients with CVT have a good prognosis after early anticoagulant and antibiotherapy. Since cerebral hernia is the most common cause of death in CVT, intensive care should be given special attention to the detection and treatment of focal lesions occupying space.

Successful Surgical Repair of Scimitar Syndrome in a 38-Year-Old Adult

Scimitar syndrome is an infrequent congenital malformation. It is a partial anomalous pulmonary venous drainage of the right lung into the inferior vena cava. Up to 25% of cases are associated with other heart diseases. The incidence in adults is reported to be 0.5-0.7%; classically, the adult form does not have pulmonary arterial hypertension, and may be unnoticed and asymptomatic for many years. It often presents after the second decade of life with nonspecific symptoms. Without surgical repair, clinical worsening, increased pulmonary pressure and sustained pulmonary arterial hypertension ultimately occur, when the syndrome is associated with other congenital heart diseases. We present the case of a 38-year-old woman diagnosed with scimitar syndrome associated with a large superior sinus venosus atrial septal defect, who underwent successful surgical repair using a lateral pericardial tunnel technique to redirect right pulmonary venous flow to the left atrium through a left atriotomy. This repair has shown good medium-term results. Possible complications such as tunnel thrombosis and stenosis will need to be explored in future assessments, and follow up must be lifelong.

Early experience of transcatheter correction of superior sinus venosus atrial septal defect with partial anomalous pulmonary venous drainage

Superior sinus venosus atrial septal defect (SVASD) is commonly associated with partial anomalous pulmonary venous drainage (PAPVD). We aim to describe the first series of percutaneous SVASD and PAPVD correction using a two-step simulation for procedural planning. Patients with SVASD and right PAPVD with a clinical indication for correction were selected. They underwent an ex vivo procedural simulation on a 3D-printed model followed by an in vivo simulation using balloon inflation in the targeted stent landing zone. The percutaneous procedure consisted in deploying a 10 Zig custom-made covered stent in the SVC-RA junction. Nine patients were referred for pre-procedural evaluation and were deemed suitable for percutaneous correction. The procedure was successful in all patients with no residual interatrial shunt and successful redirection of the pulmonary venous drainage to the left atrium. At a median clinical follow-up of 8.1 months (2.6–19.8), no adverse events were noted and all patients showed clinical improvement. During follow-up, transthoracic echocardiography and MDCT in 4 patients or invasive angiography in one patient demonstrated a patent SVC stent, no residual SVASD and unobstructed PV drainage in all patients. In selected patients using a two-staged simulation strategy, percutaneous correction of SVASD with PAPVD is feasible, safe and led to favorable midterm outcomes.

Early experience of transcatheter correction of superior sinus venosus atrial septal defect with partial anomalous pulmonary venous drainage.

Superior sinus venosus atrial septal defect (SVASD) is commonly associated with partial anomalous pulmonary venous drainage (PAPVD). We aimed to describe the first series of percutaneous SVASD and PAPVD correction using a two-step simulation for procedural planning. Patients with SVASD and right PAPVD with a clinical indication for correction were selected. They underwent an ex vivo procedural simulation on a 3D-printed model followed by an in vivo simulation using balloon inflation in the targeted stent landing zone. The percutaneous procedure consisted in deploying a 10-zig custom-made covered stent in the SVC-RA junction. Five patients were referred for preprocedural evaluation and were deemed suitable for percutaneous correction. The procedure was successful in all patients with no residual interatrial shunt and successful redirection of the pulmonary venous drainage to the left atrium. At a median clinical follow-up of 8.1 months (2.6-19.8), no adverse events were noted, and all patients showed clinical improvement. During follow-up, transthoracic echocardiography and multidetector cardiac tomography in four patients or invasive angiography in one patient demonstrated a patent SVC stent, and no residual SVASD and unobstructed PV drainage in all patients. In selected patients using a two-stage simulation strategy, percutaneous correction of SVASD with PAPVD is feasible and safe, and led to favourable short-term outcomes.

3D Brain Imaging in Vascular Segmentation of Cerebral Venous Sinuses.

The three-dimensional (3D) visualization of dural venous sinuses (DVS) networks is desired by surgical trainers to create a clear mental picture of the neuroanatomical orientation of the complex cerebral anatomy. Our purpose is to document those identified during routine 3D venography created through 3D models using two-dimensional axial images for teaching and learning neuroanatomy. Anatomical data were segmented and extracted from imaging of the DVS of healthy people. The digital data of the extracted anatomical surfaces was then edited and smoothed, resulting in a set of digital 3D models of the superior sagittal, inferior sagittal, transverse, and sigmoid, rectus sinuses, and internal jugular veins. A combination of 3D printing technology and casting processes led to the creation of realistic neuroanatomical models that include high-fidelity reproductions of the neuroanatomical features of DVS. The life-size DVS training models were provided good detail and representation of the spatial distances. Geometrical details between the neighboring of DVS could be easily manipulated and explored from different angles. A graspable, patient-specific, 3D-printed model of DVS geometry could provide an improved understanding of the complex brain anatomy. These models have various benefits such as the ability to adjust properties, to convert two-dimension images of the patient into three-dimension images, to have different color options, and to be economical. Neuroanatomy experts can model such as the reliability and validity of the designed models, enhance patient satisfaction with improved clinical examination, and demonstrate clinical interventions by simulation; thus, they teach neuroanatomy training with effective teaching styles.

Magnetic resonance imaging features of persistent perineal sinus

Objective To summarize the magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) features of the persistent perineal sinus (PPS). Methods The retrospective and descriptive study was conducted. The clinical data of 7 patients with PPS who were admitted to the Nanjing University of Traditional Chinese Medicine between July 2010 and January 2017 were collected. Patients received horizontal, anteroposterior axes and coronal scanning of MRI after abdominoperineal resection (APR) of rectal cancer. Two physicians read collectively films and then achieved consistent results if there was a disputed result. Observation indicators: (1) MRI features; (2) treatment and follow-up situations. Patients underwent resection of PPS according to results of MRI examination, and then regular pathological examination. Follow-up using telephone interview was performed to detect sinus recurrence and reoperation up to April 2017. Results (1) MRI features: ① Lesion location: lesions of PPS in 7 patients were located at the presacral areas, top side was up to the third sacral plane, and lower side extended down to the pubic area. ② Morphology and signal: sinus tract of 7 patients showed irregular flaky and tubular abnormal signals; fibrotic sinus tract wall showed low signals in T1 weighted imaging (T1WI) and T2WI; contents of sinus tract in 7 patients showed low signal in T1WI and high signals in T2WI and T2WI-fat suppression (T2WI-FS). Of 7 patients, uniform signal and mixed signal were respectively detected in 2 and 5 patients. ③ Branches and cystic spaces: 1 patient had a branch at the tip of the coccyx, extending to the rear of the sacral vertebra. The top of sinus tract in 4 patients enlarged to form a cavity. ④ Signs of infection: signs of infection in 3 patients included blurred and exuded fat gaps around the sinus tract, unclear and partially adhesion with pelvic organ; the pelvic floor muscles in 1 patient were thickened and swollen, with a high signal in T2WI-FS; flaky fluid shadows in 2 patients were seen in the posterior sinus, with a high signal in T2WI-FS, showing a tissue edema of anterior sacrum. ⑤ Enhancement features: result of MRI examination of 1 patient showed mild and heterogeneous enhancement of sinus. (2) Treatment and follow-up situations: among 7 patients undergoing sinus resection, 2 received curettage of superior sinus due to high location, and 5 received successfully operation. All patients underwent postoperatively regular antibiotic therapy. The healing time was 14-78 days, with an average time of 42 days. The postoperative pathological examination showed different degrees of inflammatory cell infiltration. Seven patients were followed up for 2-74 months, with an average time of 40 months. Of 7 patients, sinus in 6 patients was healed, 1 had recurrence of sinus and didn′t receive therapy. Seven patients didn′t undergo debridement or transposition of skin flap again. Conclusion The MRI imaging features of PPS includes flaky and tubular abnormal signal in the the anterior sacrum, low signal in T1WI, high signals in T2WI and T2WI-FS, and the enhanced scanning of sinus duct shows mild and heterogeneous enhancement. Key words: Persistent perineal sinus; Magnetic resonance imaging; Imaging examination; Sinus resection

Anatomy of the atrial septum and interatrial communications.

Deficiencies in the septum separating the two atrial chambers are among the most common of congenital heart malformations. This article reviews the developmental aspects of the partitioning of the primitive atrium into right and left atrial chambers, the anatomical components of the atrial septum, and deficiencies that produce the various types of interatrial communications. Knowledge of the components of the true atrial septum in the developed heart clarifies the morphology of various types of interatrial communications. The oval fossa defect (also termed secundum ASD) is located within the true septum. The patent foramen ovale (PFO) is a tunnel-like passageway between the free edge of the overlapping ovale fossa valve and its muscular rim. Other defects such as superior and inferior sinus venosus defects, coronary sinus defects, and ostium primum defects lie outside the area of the true septum.

Cerebral venous thrombosis secondary to hyperthyroidism: A case report

Cerebral Venous Thrombosis (CVT) is a rare form of Stroke characterized by thrombus formation in the cerebral veins. CVT is a result of various reasons among which the hyperthyroidism is not so frequently encountered. This is probably the first case report published from Nepal. The aim of this case report is to give the message that persistent severe headache in patient with hyperthyroidism can be the red flag and needs to be investigated further. We present a case of a 35 years old female who presented with complaints of severe headache and persistent in nature associated with vomiting since 5 days. She was a diagnosed subacute thryroiditis and under medicine from 1 month before presenting to us. Her Magnetic Resonance Venography (MRV) brain showed venous thrombosis within superior saggital sinus, left transverse sinus and sigmoid sinus. Her thyroid function test showed pretreatment T3 of 2.98 ng/ml T4 of 1.02 mg/ ml and TSH of 0.12 μIU/L. She was kept on anticoagulants and other supportive measures. The patient showed improving status with the conservative management.Nepal Journal of Neuroscience 15:29-31, 2018

Clinical Spectrum and Outcome of Cerebral Venous Sinus Thrombosis in Children.

To determine clinical spectrum, neuroimaging finding and outcome of cerebral venous sinus thrombosis (CVST) in children. Descriptive and cross-sectional study. Department of Paediatric Neurology, Children's Hospital and Institute of Child Health, Lahore, from 2015 to 2016. Data was collected in a predesigned proforma by non-probability purposive sampling technique from all enrolled 32 patients fulfilling the inclusion criteria. We analysed descriptively the clinical presentation, neuroimaging findings, associated risk factors and outcome. Chi-square test was used to check the association between demographic variables and findings at five percent level of significance. Out of 32 patients enrolled, 75% (24) patients were male; median age was 2.5 years. Fever was found the most common presentation followed by headache and lethargy. Neuroimaging showed superior sagital sinus thrombosis in all (100%), while 25% (8) have additional thrombosis of internal cerebral veins. Ischemic infarction was found in 11 (35%), while hemorrhagic infarction was found in 9 (29%) patients. Death occurred in 6.25% of children. Infections were the common cause of CVST in children followed by anemia and dehydration. Mortality trend was low with earlier diagnosis and aggressive treatment. Anticoagulant treatment along with adequate hydration, antibiotics and correction of anemia can lead to a better outcome. A large local and regional prospective multicenter studies for pediatric cerebral venous sinus thrombosis is suggested to evaluate the risk factors and plan guidelines for managing this condition in children.

Cerebral Venous Thrombosis Secondary to Hyperthyroidism: A Case Report

Cerebral Venous Thrombosis (CVT) is a rare form of Stroke characterized by thrombus formation in the cerebral veins. CVT is a result of various reasons among which the hyperthyroidism is not so frequently encountered. This is probably the first case report published from Nepal. The aim of this case report is to give the message that persistent severe headache in patient with hyperthyroidism can be the red flag and needs to be investigated further. We present a case of a 35 years old female who presented with complaints of severe headache and persistent in nature associated with vomiting since 5 days. She was a diagnosed subacute thryroiditis and under medicine from 1 month before presenting to us. Her Magnetic Resonance Venography (MRV) brain showed venous thrombosis within superior saggital sinus, left transverse sinus and sigmoid sinus.Her thyroid function test showed pretreatment T3 of 2.98ng/ml T4 of 1.02mg/ml and TSH of 0.12μIU/L. She was kept on anticoagulants and other supportive measures. The patient showed improving status with the conservative management.

Extended Endoscopic Endonasal Approach for Craniopharyngioma Removal.

Objective Endoscopic transsphenoidal extended endoscopic approach (EEA) represents a valid alternative to microsurgery for craniopharyngiomas removal, especially for retrochiasmatic lesions without large parasellar extension. The present video illustrates the salient surgical steps of the EEA for craniopahryngioma removal. Patient A 52-year-old man presented with a bitemporal hemianopia and a bilateral decreased visual acuity. MRI showed a Kassam type III cystic craniopharyngioma with a solid component ( Fig. 1 , panels A and B). Surgical Procedure The head is rotated 10 degrees toward the surgeons. The nasal step is started through the left nostril with a middle turbinectomy. A nasoseptal flap is harvested and positioned in the left choana. The binostril approach allows a large sphenoidotomy to expose the key anatomic landmarks. The craniotomy boundaries are the planum sphenoidale superiorly, the median opticocarotid recesses, the internal carotid artery laterally and the clival recess inferiorly. After dural opening and superior intercavernous sinus coagulation, the tumor is entirely removed ( Fig. 2 , panels A and B). Skull base reconstruction is ensured by fascia lata grafting and nasoseptal flap positioning. Results Postoperative MRI showed the complete tumor resection ( Fig. 1 , panels C and D). At 3 months postoperatively, the bitemporal hemianopia regressed and the visual acuity improved. A novel left homonymous hemianopia developed secondary to optic tract manipulation. Conclusions The extended EEA is a valid surgical approach for craniopharyngioma resection. A comprehensive knowledge of the sellar and parasellar anatomy is mandatory for safe tumor removal with decreased morbidity and satisfactory oncologic results. The link to the video can be found at: https://youtu.be/NrCPPnVK2qA .

Endoscopic Endonasal Resection of Retrochiasmatic Craniopharyngioma with Fascia Lata Button and Nasoseptal Flap Reconstruction.

Surgery for craniopharyngiomas can be challenging due to the involvement of multiple critical neurovascular structures. The expanded endoscopic endonasal approach can provide superior access to suprasellar craniopharyngiomas, particularly with retrochiasmatic extension and significant hypothalamic involvement. We describe the surgical technique used to treat a 30-year-old patient who presented with 4 weeks of worsening vision, fatigue, and memory loss. His vision was counting fingers at 1 feet on the right and 20/800 on the left with a temporal hemianopsia. Laboratory evaluation demonstrated central hypoadrenalism, hypothyroidism, and hypogonadism. Imaging showed a large solid and cystic suprasellar mass. The transtubercular approach with removal of the lateral tubercular strut can provide wide bilateral access to the opticocarotid region. The superior intercavernous sinus must be coagulated and ligated. Initial arachnoid dissection is centered at the midline, mobilizing the superior hypophyseal branches to the optic apparatus laterally. The cyst capsule is opened and care is taken to minimize spillage of cyst fluid into the subarachnoid space. Central debulking and then extracapsular dissection is performed under direct visualization using sharp dissection. Reconstruction of the dura is performed with an inlay/onlay fascia lata button that is held together with four sutures that hold the graft edges against the native dural edges. This is followed by vascularized nasoseptal flap reconstruction. No lumbar drain or nonabsorbable packing is required. The patient's vision had dramatic improvement and by 1 week postoperatively was 20/20 with full visual fields. Postoperative diabetes insipidus was managed with nasal desmopressin. Postoperative MRI demonstrated complete removal. The link to the video can be found at: https://youtu.be/QQxCNUcq1qg .

Bilateral Tolosa-Hunt syndrome mimicking pituitary adenoma

The authors report a rare case of bilateral Tolosa-Hunt syndrome, which occurred in a 80-year-old female and remitted spontaneously. Inflammatory lesions were found not only in typical locations, i.e. superior orbital fissures and cavernous sinuses, but also in the pituitary; these imitated gland’s macroadenoma in imaging studies.