Superior Antibacterial Activity Research Articles

Recent advances, challenges and functional applications of protein glycosylation modification in food industry

SummaryProtein glycosylation modification is an effective way to enhance the functional properties of natural proteins. This study aims to explore the preparation of glycosylation products (PPCs) through the Maillard reaction or enzymatic glycosylation using transglutaminase. The study discusses the advantages and disadvantages of preparing PPCs using dry heat, wet heat, and enzymatic glycosylation, as well as factors influencing the glycosylation process. Compared to natural proteins, PPCs demonstrate superior functional properties, including solubility, viscosity, emulsifying ability, gelling ability, thermal stability, antioxidant activity, and antibacterial activity. With improved functional performance, PPCs have broad application prospects as raw materials in food processing. For example, PPCs can be used as antioxidants, emulsifiers, gelling agents, and carriers for various bioactive molecules in the food industry. In the pharmaceutical field, PPCs are expected to serve as contrast agents and dressings. Furthermore, the application of PPCs in food processing should also consider specific processing requirements to achieve the intended enhancement of glycosylated protein functionality.

Cascade encapsulation of antimicrobial peptides, exosomes and antibiotics in fibrin-gel for first-aid hemostasis and infected wound healing

Wounding is one of the most common healthcare problems. Bioactive hydrogels have attracted much attention in first-aid hemostasis and wound healing due to their excellent biocompatibility, antibacterial properties, and pro-healing bioactivity. However, their applications are limited by inadequate mechanical properties. In this study, we first prepared edible rose-derived exosome-like nanoparticles (ELNs) and used them to encapsulate antimicrobial peptides (AMP), abbreviated as ELNs(AMP). ELNs(AMP) showed superior intracellular antibacterial activity, 2.5 times greater than AMP, in in vitro cell infection assays. We then prepared and tested an FDA-approved fibrin-gel of fibrinogen and thrombin encapsulating ELNs(AMP) and novobiocin sodium salt (NB) (ELNs(AMP)/NB-fibrin-gels). The fibrin gel showed a sustained release of ELNs(AMP) and NB over the eight days of testing. After spraying onto the skin, the formulation underwent in situ gelation and developed a stable patch with excellent hemostatic performance in a mouse liver injury model with hemostasis in 31 s, only 35.6 % of the PBS group. The fibrin gel exhibited pro-wound healing properties in the mouse-infected skin defect model. The thickness of granulation tissue and collagen of the ELNs(AMP)/NB-fibrin-gels group was 4.00, 6.32 times greater than that of the PBS group. In addition, the ELNs(AMP)/NB-fibrin-gels reduced inflammation (decreased mRNA levels of TNF-α, IL-1β, IL6, MCP1, and CXCL1) at the wound sites and demonstrated a biocompatible and biosafe profile. Thus, we have developed a hydrogel system with excellent hemostatic, antibacterial, and pro-wound healing properties, which may be a candidate for next-generation tissue regeneration with a wide clinical application for first-aid hemostasis and infected wound healing.

Characterization and Photocatalytic and Antibacterial Properties of Ag- and TiOx-Based (x = 2, 3) Composite Nanomaterials under UV Irradiation

Metal and metal oxide nanostructured materials have been chemically and physically characterized and tested concerning methylene blue (MB) photoremoval and UV antibacterial activity against Escherichia coli and Staphylococcus aureus. In detail, silver nanoparticles and commercial BaTiO3 nanoparticles were modified to obtain nanocomposites through sonicated sol–gel TiO2 synthesis and the photodeposition of Ag nanoparticles, respectively. The characterization results of pristine nanomaterials and synthetized photocatalysts revealed significant differences in specific surface area (SSA), the presence of impurities in commercial Ag nanoparticles, an anatase phase with brookite traces for TiO2-based nanomaterials, and a mixed cubic–tetragonal phase for BaTiO3. Silver nanoparticles exhibited superior antibacterial activity at different dosages; however, they were inactive in the photoremoval of the dye. The silver–TiOx nanocomposite demonstrated an activity in the UV photodegradation of MB and UV inhibition of bacterial growth. Specifically, TiO2/AgNP (30–50 nm) reduced growth by 487.5 and 1.1 × 103 times for Escherichia coli and Staphylococcus aureus, respectively, at a dose of 500 μg/mL under UV irradiation.

The antibacterial and hemostatic curdlan hydrogel–loading epigallocatechin gallate for facilitating the infected wound healing

The infected wounds pose one of the major threats to human health today. To address this issue, it is necessary to develop innovative wound dressings with superior antibacterial activity and other properties. Due to its potent antibacterial, antioxidant, and immune-boosting properties, epigallocatechin gallate (EGCG) has been widely utilized. In this study, a multifunctional curdlan hydrogel loading EGCG (Cur-EGCGH3) was designed. Cur-EGCGH3 exhibited excellent physicochemical properties, good biocompatibility, hemostatic, antibacterial, and antioxidant activities. Also, ELISA data showed that Cur-EGCGH3 stimulated macrophages to secrete pro-inflammatory and pro-regenerative cytokines. Cell scratch results indicated that Cur-EGCGH3 promoted the migration of NIH3T3 and HUVECs. In vivo experiments confirmed that Cur-EGCGH3 could inhibit bacterial infection of the infected wounds, accelerate hemostasis, and promote epithelial regeneration and collagen deposition. These results demonstrated that Cur-EGCGH3 holds promise for promoting healing of the infected wounds.

Design, synthesis, and bioactivity evaluation of clindamycin derivatives against multidrug-resistant bacterial strains.

Our research aims to reduce the bacterial resistance of clindamycin against Gram-positive bacteria and expand its range of bacterial susceptibility. First, we optimized the structure of clindamycin based on its structure-activity relationship. Second, we employed the fractional inhibitory concentration method to detect drugs suitable for combination with clindamycin derivatives. We then used a linker to connect the clindamycin derivatives with the identified combined therapy drugs. Finally, we tested antibacterial susceptibility testing and conducted in vitro bacterial inhibition activity assays to determine the compounds. with the highest efficacy. The results of our study show that we synthesized clindamycin propionate derivatives and clindamycin homo/heterodimer derivatives, which exhibited superior antibacterial activity compared to clindamycin and other antibiotics against both bacteria and fungi. In vitro bacteriostatic activity testing against four types of Gram-negative bacteria and one type of fungi revealed that all synthesized compounds had bacteriostatic effects at least 1000 times better than clindamycin and sulfonamides. The minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) values for these compounds ranged from 0.25 to 0.0325 mM. Significantly, compound 5a demonstrated the most potent inhibitory activity against three distinct bacterial strains, displaying MIC values spanning from 0.0625 to 0.0325 mM. Furthermore, our calculations indicate that compound 5a is safe for cellular use. In conclusion, the synthesized compounds hold great promise in addressing bacterial antibiotic resistance.

Antimicrobial Studies of Graphene Derivative Infused Polyaniline Nanocomposites

This study explores the synthesis and antimicrobial properties of graphene-based polyaniline (PANI) nanocomposites including pure PANI, PANI/graphene oxide (GO) and PANI/reduced graphene oxide (rGO). The composites were prepared using in situ and ex situ polymerization techniques. Characterization through X-ray diffraction (XRD) and Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) revealed the crystalline plane and prime characteristic peaks confirming nanocomposite formation. The antimicrobial properties were assessed using the Agar well-diffusion method against Bacillus, Staphylococcus, Pseudomonas and Escherichia coli. Pristine PANI exhibited higher bacterial inhibition zones compared to PANI/GO. Notably, PANI/rGO synthesized ex situ demonstrated superior antibacterial activity compared to in situ PANI/rGO composite.

Elastic and Self-Healing Copolymer Coatings with Antimicrobial Function.

The revolutionary self-healing function for long-term and safe service processes has inspired researchers to implement them in various fields, including in the application of antimicrobial protective coatings. Despite the great advances that have been made in the field of fabricating self-healing and antimicrobial polymers, their poor transparency and the trade-off between the mechanical and self-healing properties limit the utility of the materials as transparent antimicrobial protective coatings for wearable optical and display devices. Considering the compatibility in the blending process, our group proposed a self-healing, self-cross-linkable poly{(n-butyl acrylate)-co-[N-(hydroxymethyl)acrylamide]} copolymer (AP)-based protective coating combined with two types of commercial cationic antimicrobial agents (i.e., dimethyl octadecyl (3-trimethoxysilylpropyl) ammonium chloride (DTSACL) and chlorhexidine gluconate (CHG)), leading to the fabrication of a multifunctional modified compound film of (AP/b%CHG)-grafted-a%DTSACL. The first highlight of this research is that the reactivity of the hydroxyl group in the N-(hydroxymethyl)acrylamide of the copolymer side chains under thermal conditions facilitates the "grafting to" process with the trimethoxysilane groups of DTSACL to form AP-grafted-DTSACL, yielding favorable thermal stability, improvement in hydrophobicity, and enhancement of mechanical strength. Second, we highlight that the addition of CHG can generate covalent and noncovalent interactions in a complex manner between the two biguanide groups of CHG with the AP and DTSACL via a thermal-triggered cross-linking reaction. The noncovalent interactions synergistically serve as diverse dynamic hydrogen bonds, leading to complete healing upon scratches and even showing over 80% self-healing efficiency on full-cut, while covalent bonding can effectively improve elasticity and mechanical strength. The soft nature of CHG also takes part in improving the self-healing of the copolymer. Moreover, it was discovered that the addition of CHG can enhance antimicrobial effectiveness, as demonstrated by the long-term superior antibacterial activity (100%) against Gram-negative (Escherichia coli) and Gram-positive (Staphylococcus aureus) bacteria and the antifouling function on a glass substrate and/or a silica wafer coated by the modified polymer.

Ozenoxacin: A Review of Clinical Efficacy on Impetigo Treatment

Impetigo, a common bacterial skin infection primarily affecting children, presents a global prevalence of 11.2%, with higher rates among children aged 2-5 years. Caused mainly by Staphylococcus aureus and Streptococcus pyogenes, impetigo lesions typically appear on the face, neck, and hands, spreading easily through scratching and close contact. Effective disease control is essential to alleviate symptoms, prevent complications such as rheumatic heart disease, and reduce transmission rates. Treatment with antimicrobial agents, especially topical antibiotics, is recommended for localized impetigo. Oral antibiotics are reserved for extensive or systemic infections and outbreaks. However, the emergence of antibiotic-resistant strains, including methicillin-resistant S. aureus (MRSA), poses a significant challenge. There is a pressing need for alternative antimicrobial agents effective against resistant strains. Ozenoxacin, a new topical quinolone, inhibits DNA gyrase and topoisomerase IV, essential enzymes for bacterial DNA replication. Unlike other quinolones, ozenoxacin effectively inhibits both enzymes at low concentrations, penetrating bacterial cells rapidly and achieving high intrabacterial concentrations. In tests against S. aureus and S. pyogenes, ozenoxacin exhibited superior bactericidal activity compared to mupirocin and fusidic acid, achieving a 3-log reduction in colony-forming units within 4 hours. Clinical studies have demonstrated the efficacy and safety of ozenoxacin 1% cream in treating impetigo, with placebo-controlled trials confirming its therapeutic effectiveness. Ozenoxacin holds promise as a valuable addition to the armamentarium against impetigo, particularly in the face of rising antibiotic resistance.impetigo, therapy, ozenoxacin

Pyridine-2,6-Dicarboxamide Proligands and their Cu(II)/Zn(II) Complexes Targeting Staphylococcus Aureus for the Attenuation of InVivo Dental Biofilm.

In the pursuit to combat stubborn bacterial infections, particularly those stemming from gram-positive bacteria, this study is an attempt to craft a precision-driven platform characterized by unparalleled selectivity, specificity, and synergistic antimicrobial mechanisms. Leveraging remarkable potential of metalloantibiotics in antimicrobial applications, herein, this work rationally designs, synthesizes, and characterizes a new library of Pyridine-2,6-dicarboxamide ligands and their corresponding transition metal Cu(II)/Zn(II) complexes. The lead compoundL11 demonstrates robust antibacterial properties against Staphylococcus aureus (Minimum Inhibitory Concentration (MIC) = 2-16 µgmL-1), methicillin and vancomycin-resistant S. aureus (MIC = 2-4 µgmL-1) and exhibit superior antibacterial activity when compared to FDA-approved vancomycin, the drug of last resort. Additionally, the compound exhibits notable antimicrobial efficacy against resistant enterococcus strains (MIC = 2-8 µgmL-1). To unravel mechanistic profile, advanced imaging techniques including SEM and AFM are harnessed, collectively suggesting a mechanistic pathway involving cell wall disruption. Live/dead fluorescence studies further confirm efficacy of L11 and its complexes against S. aureus membranes. This translational exploration extends to a rat model, indicating promising in vivo therapeutic potential. Thus, this comprehensive research initiative has capabilities to transcends the confines of this laboratory, heralding a pivotal step toward combatting antibiotic-resistant pathogens and advancing the frontiers of metalloantibiotics-based therapy with a profound clinical implication.

Preservative effects of Osmanthus fragrans flower flavonoids on fresh-cut Yuluxiang pear

Osmanthus fragrans flower flavonoids (OFFF) possess superior antioxidant and antibacterial activities. However, scant information exists on the efficacy of these secondary metabolites as preservatives for fresh-cut fruits and vegetables. Here, OFFF were tested as a natural preservative for the first time in fresh-cut Yuluxiang pear (Pyrus bretschneideri Rehd.) to assess effects on fruit quality. OFFF-treated samples showed significant retention of firmness, titratable acid, soluble solid content, and weight. Moreover, OFFF maintained the original fruit color, inhibited the decline of total phenol, reducing power and 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl radical scavenging power, and diminished polyphenol oxidase and peroxidase oxidase activities. Furthermore, OFFF treatment effectively inhibited microbial growth. OFFF-treated samples also displayed better sensory quality. Considering cost and effectiveness, the most suitable concentrations of OFFF extract for fresh-cut Yuluxiang pear preservation were 0.7 and 0.9 mg/mL. The results indicate that OFFF treatment may be a potent strategy to inhibit browning and enhance nutritional properties of fresh-cut pear fruit.

Enhanced solubility and biological activities of Flufenamic acid through β-Cyclodextrin derivatives inclusion complexes: A comprehensive study

This study explores the formation of inclusion complexes between the solubility enhancement of Flufenamic acid (FNA) and various β-Cyclodextrins (β-CD, Hβ-CD, Mβ-CD, and Sβ-CD) using ultrasonic probe sonication method. The investigation encompasses a multi-faceted analysis, employing UV–Visible, FTIR, XRD, FE-SEM, TGA-DSC techniques and molecular docking studies. The UV–Visible spectra reveal absorption peak shifts and binding constants (Ka) indicate interaction strength, and thermodynamic parameters suggest spontaneous and favorable inclusion processes of β-CDs:FNA. Solid inclusion complexes of β-CDs:FNA were further characterized using FTIR, revealing alterations in functional groups indicative of complex formation. XRD analysis elucidates changes in crystallinity, while FE-SEM provides insights into morphological variations. Thermal stability is assessed through TGA-DSC, demonstrate the impact of inclusion on the complexes stability. Phase solubility diagrams illustrate the improved solubility of FNA in the presence of β-CDs. Mβ-CD:FNA exhibits the highest stability constant (1204 M−1), emphasizing its potential as an effective carrier. The binding energy of Mβ-CD:FNA (−46.72 kcal/mol) was lower than that of β-CD:FNA (−39.03 kcal/mol), Hβ-CD:FNA (−46.40 kcal/mol), and Sβ-CD:FNA (−46.29 kcal/mol), indicating that the hydroxypropyl group substitution enhanced the inclusion ability of β-CDs. Antibacterial activity studies against S. aureus and E. coli highlight enhanced efficacy of inclusion complexes with Mβ-CD:FNA (92.3 ± 0.18 % and 94.2 ± 0.17 %) demonstrating superior antibacterial activity. Cytotoxicity evaluations on HCT-116 cells reveal the safety profile of the β-CDs:FNA inclusion complexes, with Mβ-CD:FNA showing lower toxicity and high cell internalization compared to other formulations. The findings hold promise for applications in drug delivery, antimicrobial packaging, and the broader pharmaceutical and biotechnological fields.

Shining insights: Deciphering the biogenic synthesis of Ajuga bracteosa-mediated gold nanoparticles with advanced microscopy techniques.

In this study, gold nanoparticles (AuNPs) were bioreduced from Ajuga bracteosa, a medicinal herb known for its therapeutic properties against various diseases. Different fractions of the plant extract were used, including the methanolic fraction (ABMF), the n-hexane fraction (ABHF), the chloroform fraction (ABCF), and the aqueous extract for AuNPs synthesis. The characterization of AuNPs was performed using UV-Vis spectrophotometry, FT-IR, XRD, EDX, and TEM. UV-Vis spectroscopy confirmed the formation of AuNPs, with peaks observed at 555 nm. FT-IR analysis indicated strong capping of phytochemicals on the surface of AuNPs, which was supported by higher total phenolic contents (TPC) and total flavonoid contents (TFC) in AuNPs. XRD results showed high crystallinity and a smaller size distribution of AuNPs. TEM analysis revealed the spherical shape of AuNPs, with an average size of 29 ± 10 nm. The biologically synthesized AuNPs exhibited superior antibacterial, antioxidant, and cytotoxic activities compared to the plant extract fractions. The presence of active biomolecules in A. bracteosa, such as neoclerodan flavonol glycosides, diterpenoids, phytoecdysone, and iridoid glycosides, contributed to the enhanced biological activities of AuNPs. Overall, this research highlights the potential of A. bracteosa-derived AuNPs for various biomedical applications due to their remarkable therapeutic properties and effective capping by phytochemicals. RESEARCH HIGHLIGHTS: This research underscores the growing significance of herbal medicine in contemporary healthcare by exploring the therapeutic potential of Ajuga bracteosa and gold nanoparticles (AuNPs). The study highlights the notable efficacy of A. bracteosa leaf extracts and AuNPs in treating bacterial infections, demonstrating their bactericidal effects on a range of strains. The anti-inflammatory properties of plant extracts and nanoparticles are evidenced through paw edema method suggesting their applicability in managing inflammatory conditions. These findings position A. bracteosa and AuNPs as potential candidates for alternative and effective approaches to modern medication.

Isolation and Identification of Chicken-Derived Lactic Acid Bacteria: In Vitro Probiotic Properties and Antagonistic Effects against Salmonella pullorum, Staphylococcus aureus, and Escherichia coli.

The development of probiotics capable of quickly colonizing the intestines of animals is important in promoting the healthy growth of livestock. The aim of this study was to screen lactic acid bacteria (LAB) from the intestinal microbiota of chickens with potential applications, and to evaluate their probiotic properties and antagonistic abilities against Salmonella pullorum, Staphylococcus aureus, and Escherichia coli. The results showed that a total of 79 strains with the characteristics of LAB were isolated from the chicken cecum microbiota, of which 7 strains exhibited strong inhibitory activity against S. pullorum, S. aureus, and E. coli. Performing 16s rDNA sequencing revealed that these seven strains were Lactiplantibacillus pentosus (n = 1), Lactiplantibacillus plantarum (n = 3), Lactiplantibacillus paraplantarum (n = 1), Lactiplantibacillus argentoratensis (n = 1), and Lactiplantibacillus fabifermentans (n = 1). Among them, L. pentosus R26 and L. plantarum R32 exhibited superior antibacterial activity. These two strains demonstrated high lactic acid production ability, with survival rates of 86.29% and 87.99% after 3 h of treatment at pH 1.5, 86.66% and 85.52% after 3 h of treatment with 0.5% bile salts, 90.03% and 88.16% after 2 h of treatment with simulated gastric fluid, and 98.92% and 98.22% after 2 h of treatment with simulated intestinal fluid, respectively. Co-cultivation with L. pentosus R26 for 24 h resulted in 50% of the pathogens being antagonized, while almost complete inhibition was observed following 72 h of co-cultivation. In conclusion, L. pentosus R26 and L. plantarum R32 exhibited high antibacterial activity and acid production capability, while also demonstrating satisfactory tolerance to low pH values and high concentrations of bile salts and digestive fluid. The probiotic characteristics and stress resistance of L. pentosus R26 were slightly superior to those of L. plantarum R32, indicating its potential for development as a probiotic.

Turning Polysaccharides into Injectable and Rapid Self-Healing Antibacterial Hydrogels for Antibacterial Treatment and Bacterial-Infected Wound Healing.

Great efforts have been devoted to the development of novel and multifunctional wound dressing materials to meet the different needs of wound healing. Herein, we covalently grafted quaternary ammonium groups (QAGs) containing 12-carbon straight-chain alkanes to the dextran polymer skeleton. We then oxidized the resulting product into oxidized quaternized dextran (OQD). The obtained OQD polymer is rich in antibacterial QAGs and aldehyde groups. It can react with glycol chitosan (GC) via the Schiff-base reaction to form a multifunctional GC@OQD hydrogel with good self-healing behavior, hemostasis, injectability, inherent superior antibacterial activity, biocompatibility, and excellent promotion of healing of methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA)-infected wounds. The biosafe and nontoxic GC@OQD hydrogel with a three-dimensional porous network structure possesses an excellent swelling rate and water retention capacity. It can be used for hemostasis and treating irregular wounds. The designed GC@OQD hydrogel with inherent antibacterial activity possesses good antibacterial efficacy on both S. aureus (Gram-positive bacteria) and Escherichia coli (Gram-negative bacteria), as well as MRSA bacteria, with antibacterial activity greater than 99%. It can be used for the treatment of wounds infected by MRSA and significantly promotes the healing of wounds. Thus, the multifunctional antibacterial GC@OQD hydrogel has the potential to be applied in clinical practice as a wound dressing.

Biosynthesis and antibacterial activity of ZnO nanoparticles using Buchanania obovata fruit extract and the eutectic-based ionic liquid

The fruit extract of Buchanania obovata and the eutectic-based ionic liquid were utilized, in an eco-friendly, inexpensive, simple method, for synthesizing zinc oxide nanoparticles (ZnO NPs). The influence of the reducing, capping and stabilizing agents, in both mediums, on the structure, optical, and morphological properties of ZnO NPs was extensively investigated. The surface plasmon resonance peaks were observed at 340 nm and 320 nm for the fruit-based and the eutectic-based ionic liquid mediums, respectively, indicating the formation of ZnO NPs. XRD results confirmed the wurtzite structure of the ZnO NPs, exhibiting hexagonal phases in the diffraction patterns. The SEM and TEM images display that the biosynthesized ZnO NPs exhibit crystalline and hexagonal shape, with an average size of 40 nm for the fruit-based and 25 nm for the eutectic-based ionic liquid. The Brunauer–Emmett–Teller (BET) surface area analysis, revealed a value ∼13 m2 g−1 for ZnO NPs synthesized using the fruit extract and ∼29 m2 g−1 for those synthesized using the eutectic-based ionic liquid. The antibacterial activity of the biosynthesized ZnO NPs was assessed against clinically isolated Gram-negative (E. coli) and Gram-positive (S. aureus) bacterial strains using the inhibition zone method. The ZnO NPs produced from the eutectic-based ionic liquids confirmed superior antibacterial activity against both S. aureus and E. coli compared to those mediated by the utilized fruit extract. At a concentration of 1000, the eutectic-based ionic liquid mediated ZnO NPs displayed a maximum inhibition zone of 16 mm against S. aureus, while against E. coli, a maximum inhibition zone of 15 mm was observed using the fruit extract mediated ZnO NPs. The results of this study showed that the biosynthesized ZnO NPs can be utilized as an efficient substitute to the frequently used chemical drugs and covering drug resistance matters resulted from continual usage of chemical drugs by users.

Facile fabrication, photothermal efficiency, ophthalmic biosafety assessment and antibacterial activity of 2D MXene Ti2CTx nanosheets

In recent years, MXenes have drawn extensive interest in many fields due to their unique features. Herein, 2D MXene Ti2CTx nanosheets (NSs) are successfully fabricated which not only display highly photothermal efficiency, but exhibit excellent biocompatibility and impressive biosafety in the ophthalmic environment. Moreover, the as-fabricated Ti2CTx NSs present superior antibacterial activity against two common pathogenic bacteria (Escherichia coli and Streptococcus mutans), which can be further enhanced under NIR light due to excellent photothermal conversion of Ti2CTx NSs. Moreover, the excellent stability for the Ti2CTx NSs holds great promises in the practical ophthalmic applications.

Antibacterial Activity of the Vancomycin and Cefotaxime-Incorporated Total Etch Adhesive System – An In Vitro Study

ABSTRACT Background: Marginal failure at the resin dentin interface promotes biofilm formation, which further leads to secondary caries and hypersensitivity. This likelihood also increases if residual bacteria are present following cavity preparation. In order to achieve a proper biological seal without jeopardizing bonding, efforts were made to functionalize the adhesive system with antibacterial activity. Aim and objectives: To appraise the antibacterial activity of a total-etch adhesive system against S. mutans with and without incorporation of antibiotics Vancomycin and Cefotaxime. Materials and Method: A commercially available 5th-generation total-etch bonding agent (Te-Econorm) was used. S. mutans broth had been standardized and streaked over Muller-Hinton agar culture medium and round wells about 6 mm in diameter were made in the centre of the agar plates. Each experimental group comprised 10 samples, which include: Group 1 - 30µg Cefotaxime, Group 2- 30µg Cefotaxime + Bonding agent, Group 3- 30µg Vancomycin, Group 4- 30µg Vancomycin + Bonding agent, Group 5- Bonding agent, and Group 6- No material. Inoculated culture plates were examined for the zone of inhibition after incubation at 37° C for 24 hours. Results: There was a significant difference in the mean diameter of zone of inhibition (p=0.000), with the maximum exhibited by Group 4, followed by Group 3 and Group 2. The least zone of inhibition was exhibited by Groups 1 and 5. The negative control showed no zone of inhibition. Conclusion: The combination of Vancomycin and bonding agent had superior antibacterial activity against S. mutans in comparison to cefotaxime and bonding agent.

Development of Zeolite‐Loaded Air‐Brushed Nanofibers for Oral Use and Its Characterization

AbstractZeolites are commercially available and naturally occurring minerals and synthetic materials, they are crystalline aluminosilicates with distinctive chemical and structural properties. Zeolites have a wide range of uses, including catalysis, gas separation, agronomy, animal feed additives, ecology, medicine, and cosmetics. The antibacterial activity of zeolite‐based nanofibers is fabricated and investigated in the current work utilizing a novel airbrushing method. Airbrushing is used to create zeolite‐loaded nanofibers with two groups of 5% and 10% zeolite, respectively. Scanning electron microscopy (SEM), Attenuation of Reflectance Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy (ATR‐FT‐IR), contact angle measurement and an antibacterial test against Streptococcus mutans are used to characterize the fabricated zeolite‐loaded nanofibers. The SEM pictures demonstrate that the innovative strategy used in the study—air brushing—to effectively produce zeolite‐loaded nanofibers is a success. The morphology and diameter in nanometers is verified by SEM images for both groups. The ATR‐FT‐IR peaks confirm the blended compound and its chemical structure. The water contact angle measurement of the nanofibers of both groups show the hydrophobic qualities based on wettability. The findings of the zeolite nanofiber antibacterial test show a zone of inhibition (ZOI) of 19 mm compared to a positive control groups ZOI of 28 mm, indicating superior antibacterial activity against gram‐positive S. mutans. Based on the findings, it can be stated that zeolite nanofiber can be created by airbrushing and has antibacterial properties that can be utilized to stop dental caries, where S. mutans is the primary pathogenic organism.

Limonia acidissima fruit juice mediated eco-friendly synthesis of pervoskite ZnSnO3 nanoparticles: Applications to photocatalytic, electrochemical, antioxidant and antibacterial activities

In anticipation toa growing desire for start-ups to be both green and sustainable, there has been an increase in research focus on the effective removal and degradation of toxic wastewater effluents. A viable and sustainable wastewater treatment method is the use of light to degrade organic contaminants. Photocatalysis holds great potential for addressing environmental, energy, and health challenges, offering sustainable solutions for a wide range of applications with significant societal and economic benefits. In this paper, a multicomponent heterostructure photocatalyst ZnSnO3 was designed and prepared via a simple environmentally responsible path, which included the use of limonia acidissima natural fruit juice as a capping and reducing agent. The ZnSnO3 nanoparticles that were generated were examined using XRD, FT-IR, UV-DRS, SEM-EDAX, TEM, PL and BET investigations. The structure and crystallographic parameters were examined using XRD analysis, and found that the crystallite had orthorhombic geometry. The functional groups were investigated using FTIR spectroscopy. The band gaps (3.59 & 3.69 eV) were estimated using a Tauc plot employing the data of UV-DRS. According to SEM and TEM studies, the morphologies are irregular in shape and have particles that are about 14 nm in size. EDAX analysis was used to determine the elemental composition of the examined ZnSnO3 nanostructures, which demonstrated their purity. Using PL spectroscopy, superficial defects were investigated. The synthesized NPs were used as photocatalysts to degradethe methylene blue dye. Electrochemical measurement of K3[Fe(CN)6] revealed a good sensory activity with a detection limit of 38 μL. K3[Fe(CN)6] is used to detect ferrous ions in biological specimens. Furthermore, it also shows the superior anti-bacterial activity against gram-positive bacteria such as Staphylococcus aureus, and gram-negative bacteria Pseudomonas fluorescens. To the best of our literature survey, it’s the first report for the synthesis of ZnSnO3 nanostructures using the natural reducing agent limonia acidissima natural fruit juice for dye degradation, electrochemical, anti-oxidant, and anti-bacterial applications.

Phage cocktail superimposed disinfection: A ecological strategy for preventing pathogenic bacterial infections in dairy farms

Bovine mastitis (BM) is mainly caused by bacterial infection that has a highly impact on dairy production, affecting both economic viability and animal well-being. A cross-sectional study was conducted in dairy farms to investigate the prevalence and antimicrobial resistance patterns of bacterial pathogens associated with BM. The analysis revealed that Staphylococcus (49%), Escherichia (16%), Pseudomonas (11%), and Klebsiella (6%) were the primary bacterial pathogens associated with mastitis. A significant proportion of Staphylococcus strains displayed multiple drug resistance. The use of disinfectants is an important conventional measure to control the pathogenic bacteria in the environment. Bacteriophages (Phages), possessing antibacterial properties, are natural green and effective disinfectants. Moreover, they mitigate the risk of generating harmful disinfection byproducts, which are commonly associated with traditional disinfection methods. Based on the primary bacterial pathogens associated with mastitis in the investigation area, a phage cocktail, named SPBC-SJ, containing seven phages capable of lysing S. aureus, E. coli, and P. aeruginosa was formulated. SPBC-SJ exhibited superior bactericidal activity and catharsis effect on pollutants (glass surface) compared to chemical disinfectants. Clinical trials confirmed that the SPBC-SJ-based superimposed disinfection group (phage combined with chemical disinfectants) not only cut down the dosage of disinfectants used, but significantly reduced total bacterial counts on the ground and in the feeding trough of dairy farms. Furthermore, SPBC-SJ significantly reduced the abundance of Staphylococcus and Pseudomonas in the environment of the dairy farm. These findings suggest that phage-based superimposed disinfection is a promising alternative method to combat mastitis pathogens in dairy farms due to its highly efficient and environmentally-friendly properties.