In gastropods, the interneuronal messenger, nitric oxide (NO), modulates spike frequency and synaptic transmission. We have characterized the effect of NO on ion currents underlying neuronal excitability, using current-clamp and two-electrode voltage-clamp techniques. Identified neurons of the pulmonate snail, Helix pomatia, respond to the NO donor sodium nitroprusside (SNP) by increasing the firing frequency and decreasing the latency. Voltage-clamp experiments revealed that SNP or S-nitro- N-acetylpenicillamine (SNAP) depressed the macroscopic outward current, while the control compound N-acetylpenicillamine (NAP) had no effect. Current voltage curves generated from voltage steps to different membrane potentials ranging from −40 to +180 mV showed an N-shaped outward current. Superfusion of ganglia with Ca 2+ free Helix solution abolished the N-shape, indicating the contribution of a Ca 2+ activated K + current (I K,Ca). Exposure of neurons to SNP or SNAP diminished the N-shape, indicating that NO affects I K,Ca. The depressing effect of SNP on the outward current was slow and reached steady state in about 5 min. In conclusion, our findings indicate that NO enhances excitability in Helix nervous system by decreasing I K,Ca.