Illegitimate Name Research Articles

First record of Amaranthus crassipes subsp. warnockii (I.M.Johnst.) N.Bayón (Amaranthaceae) outside of the Americas, with nomenclatural notes

Background: The genus Amaranthus is taxonomically complex because of its high morphological variability, which led to nomenclatural confusion, misapplication of names and misidentifications. Unfortunately, floristic and taxonomic studies on this genus are still incomplete. A population of Amaranthus crassipes subsp. warnockii was discovered in Monastir Governorate, Tunisia, representing the first record for both the Tunisian and the African floras, as well as the first one outside of its American native distribution area. Objectives: The main aim of the present study was to record Amaranthus crassipes subsp. warnockii (I.M.Johnst.) N.Bayón in Tunisia and Africa for the first time. Morphological characters and ecological data were provided. Clarification about the typification of the names Amaranthus crassipes, A. warnockii and Scleropus amaranthoides was also presented. Methods: The work was based on field surveys, analysis of relevant literature and examination of specimens preserved in the herbaria GH, HAL, P, RO, NY, US and the Herbarium of the Faculty of Pharmacy of Monastir (Monastir University). Results: Nomenclatural notes were provided for Schlechtendal’s A. crassipes (lectotype at HAL, designated by Henrickson in 1999 but here corrected according to Art. 9.10 of the ICN); Schrader’s Scleropus amaranthoides [a superfluous and illegitimate name (Arts. 52.1 and 52.2 of the ICN) and regarded as a homotypic synonym of A. crassipes s.str.]; and Moquin-Tandon’s Scleropus amaranthoides [an invalid name (Art. 36.1a of the ICN)]. Conclusion: Amaranthus crassipes subsp. warnockii is an alien species in Tunisia, growing in human-made habitat on clayey and sandy substrates within ruderal vegetation where it can be considered a casual. We hope that in the future continuous monitoring of the population will take place, to verify the possible naturalisation and spread of this taxon in Tunisia. If the latter happens, actions for eradication of the plants are needed.

Duganella vulcania sp. nov., Rugamonas fusca sp. nov., Rugamonas brunnea sp. nov. and Rugamonas apoptosis sp. nov., isolated from subtropical streams, and phylogenomic analyses of the genera Janthinobacterium, Duganella, Rugamonas, Pseudoduganella and Massilia.

Six Gram-stain-negative, catalase- and oxidase-positive, rod-shaped and motile strains (FT81WT, FT82W, FT107W, FT3ST, LX20WT and LX47WT) sharing high 16S rRNA gene sequence similarities with species of the genera Janthinobacterium (97.0–98.3 %), Duganella (96.3–98.8 %), Rugamonas (97.8–98.6 %), Pseudoduganella (96.8–97.5 %) and Massilia (94.5–98.6 %) were isolated from subtropical streams in PR China. The phylogenetic trees reconstructed using the 16S rRNA gene sequences indicated that the species of above five genera often mix together, indicating that the taxonomic statuses of some species were questionable. Phylogenomic reconstruction based on 369 single-copy orthologous clusters indicated that the species of the genus Janthinobacterium form a distinct cluster, strains FT81WT, FT82W and FT107W form a tight cluster with the species of the genus Duganella , and strains FT3ST, LX20WT and LX47WT form a tight cluster with the species of genus Rugamonas , and the species of genus Pseudoduganella form a tight cluster with Massilia guangdongensis , Massilia ginsengisoli , Massilia rivuli , Massilia namucuonensis , Massilia aquatica sensu Lu et al., Massilia buxea , Massilia armeniaca , Massilia plicata , Massilia flava , Massilia lurida , Massilia dura , Massilia lutea , Massilia umbonata , Massilia albidiflava and Massilia violacea . It should be noted that Massilia aquatica Lu et al. 2020 non Massilia aquatica Holochová et al. 2020 is a later homonym and an illegitimate name. The GTDB Release 202 also supported the proposal that M. guangdongensis , M. ginsengisoli , M. rivuli , M. namucuonensis , M. aquatica sensu Lu et al., M. buxea , M. armeniaca , M. plicata , M. flava , M. lurida , M. dura , M. lutea , M. umbonata , M. albidiflava and M. violacea should be transferred into the genus Pseudoduganella . The calculated pairwise orthologous average nucleotide identity by usearch (OrthoANIu) values were between 95.0 % and 95.6 % among strains FT81WT, FT82W and FT107W, but were less than 91.5 % among strains FT3ST, LX20WT, LX47WT and other related strains. Combining the results of phylogenomic analyses, phenotypic, biochemical and genotypic characteristics, strains FT81WT, FT82W and FT107W should represent a novel species of the genus Duganella , and strains FT3ST, LX20WT and LX47WT should represent three novel species of the genus Rugamonas , for which the names Duganella vulcania sp. nov. (type strain FT81WT=GDMCC 1.1679T =KACC 21471T), Rugamonas fusca sp. nov. (type strain FT3ST=GDMCC 1.1907T =KACC 21952T), Rugamonas brunnea sp. nov. (type strain LX20WT=GDMCC 1.1911T =KACC 21956T) and Rugamonas apoptosis sp. nov. (type strain LX47WT=GDMCC 1.1914T =KACC 21959T) are proposed.

Vincetoxicum arabicum (Apocynaceae–Asclepiadoideae), a new combination for a species in Arabia and Africa, and notes on Rhinolobium

The new combination Vincetoxicum arabicum is made for a species in Saudi Arabia and northeastern and eastern Africa that has previously mostly been called Blyttia fruticulosa or Vincetoxicum fruticulosum. The basionym, Blyttia arabica, previously regarded as a superfluous name, is resurrected. A synonymy of V. arabicum is provided, and the species is illustrated by photographs. Rhinolobium, with R. tenue as type, published simultaneously with Blyttia and B. arabica, is an older name for Aspidoglossum.

New infrageneric taxa in Leucospermum (Proteaceae) and Tetragonia L. (Aizoaceae) in southern Africa

New infrageneric taxa are described in Leucospermum R.Br. (Proteaceae) and Tetragonia L. (Aizoaceae) to accommodate species that are currently unplaced in the respective generic classifications. Leucospermum section Hamata J.C.Manning is described to accommodate the relatively recently described L. hamatum Rourke and L. harpagonatum Rouke, and L. section Secundifolia J.C.Manning for L. secundifolium Rourke, which was unplaced following the transfer of the type of L. section Xericola Rourke to the genus Vexatorella Rourke. In Tetragonia L., T.series Echinatae J.C.Manning & Klak is described for three species that were leftunplaced following their exclusion from subgenus Tetragonoides DC.. In addition, the three series T. series Chenopodinae, series Pedunculares and series Macranthae are incorrectly attributed to Fenzl and are shown to be combinations by Adamson of unranked taxa published by Fenzl. In Aizoon L., we replace the illegitimate name, A. procumbens (L.f.) Klak, with the new name A. flavescens Klak.

Ruellia scarlatina, a new name for the sixty-year-old but misunderstood Ruellia capitata Rizzini (Acanthaceae)

The name Ruellia capitata (Acanthaceae) given by Rizzini to the Brazilian species of the genus Ruellia, is an illegitimate name, as it is a later homonym of R. capitata described by D. Don based on specimens from Nepal in Asia. Therefore a new name, Ruellia scarlatina is proposed here for R. capitata. The detail description along with illustration, distribution map, conservation status, and morphological relationships, are provided. A key for the species of Ruellia with red flowers occurring in Goiás State, as well as coloured photographs of some of them, are also provided.

Aster danyangensis, a replacement name for Aster altaicus var. uchiyamae (Asteraceae)

Aster altaicus var. uchiyamae, a Korean endemic plant, should be treated as a species rank because it is clearly distinguished from A. altaicus var. altaicus by the morphological characteristics of the plant habit, leaf width, and head size. Nevertheless, when A. altaicus var. uchiyamae was treated as a species rank, the epithet uchiyamae was unavailable in Aster owing to the earlier name A. uchiyamae, which was a replacement name for the illegitimate name A. depauperatus. Therefore, we propose A. danyangensis as a new replacement name for A. altaicus var. uchiyamae. The specific epithet danyangensis refers to the geographic location of Danyang-gun, where the species was discovered. We also designate the lectotype and isolectotype of A. danyangensis.

Nomenclatural notes and typification of three synonyms of Camellia (Theaceae).

All the known generic synonyms of Camellia are summarized with their types clarified. Camelliastrum and Desmitus are lectotypified and Salceda is neotypified. “Kailosocarpus” and “Parapiquetia” were not validly published, Theaphylla and Tsia are illegitimate replacement names for Thea, and Kemelia and Tsubaki are illegitimate replacement names for Camellia. Nomenclatural notes on Theopsis and its type are also provided.

Global diversity and systematics of Hymenochaetaceae with poroid hymenophore

Taxonomy and phylogeny of poroid Hymenochaetaceae based on the most comprehensive phylogenetic analyses are presented. A phylogeny based on a combined dataset of ITS and nLSU sequences for accepted genera of Hymenochaetaceae was analyzed and two or multigene phylogenies for most species of ten large genera including Coltricia, Fomitiporella, Fomitiporia, Fulvifomes, Fuscoporia, Inonotus, Phylloporia, Porodaedalea, Sanghuangporus and Tropicoporus, were carried out. Based on samples from 37 countries of five continents, seven new genera, Meganotus, Neophellinus, Nothonotus, Pachynotus, Perenninotus, Pseudophylloporia and Rigidonotus, are introduced, 37 new species, Coltricia tibetica, Fomitiporella crassa, F. queenslandica, Fomitiporia eucalypti, F. gatesii, F. ovoidospora, Fulvifomes azonatus, F. caligoporus, F. costaricense, F. floridanus, F. jouzaii, F. nakasoneae, F. subindicus, Fuscoporia sinuosa, F. submurina, Inonotus subradiatus, I. vietnamensis, Neomensularia castanopsidis, Pachynotus punctatus, Phellinus cuspidatus, P. subellipsoideus, Phylloporia minutissima, P. tabernaemontanae, Porodaedalea occidentiamericana, P. orientoamericana, P. qilianensis, P. schrenkianae, Pseudophylloporia australiana, Sanghuangporus australianus, S. lagerstroemiae, Tropicoporus angustisulcatus, T. hainanicus, T. lineatus, T. minus, T. ravidus, T. substratificans and T. tenuis, are described, and 108 new combinations are proposed. In addition, one illegitimate name and two invalid names are renamed, and Coltricia and Coltriciella were synonymized. The taxonomic relevance and limits of the new taxa are discussed. Photos and illustrations for 37 new species are presented, and a full description for each new species is given. Eventually, this study recognizes 672 species in 34 genera and provides a modern treatment of the poroid Hymenochaetaceae in the world. A key to the accepted poroid genera of Hymenochaetaceae is provided, and identification keys to the accepted species of 32 poroid genera worldwide are given. A synopsis description of each species is included in these keys.

Taxonomic revision of the southern hemisphere pygmy forget-me-not group (Myosotis; Boraginaceae) based on morphological, population genetic and climate-edaphic niche modelling data

A taxonomic revision of the southern hemisphere pygmy forget-me-not group (Myosotis L.; Boraginaceae) is presented here. Climate-edaphic niches are modelled and compared for five species in the pygmy group, namely, M. antarctica Hook.f., M. brevis de Lange & Barkla, M. drucei (L.B.Moore) de Lange & Barkla, M. pygmaea Colenso and M. glauca (G.Simpson & J.S.Thomson) de Lange & Barkla, and one unnamed putative taxon, M. “Volcanic Plateau”. In this case, niche-modelling data mostly do not aid species delimitation, but morphological and genetic data provide evidence for recognising the following three species within the group: M. brevis and M. glauca (both endemic to New Zealand), and an enlarged M. antarctica (native to New Zealand, Campbell Island and Chile). Myosotis antarctica is here circumscribed to include M. antarctica sens. strict., M. drucei and M. pygmaea. The following two allopatric subspecies of M. antarctica are recognised on the basis of minor morphological differences: subsp. antarctica (formerly M. antarctica from Campbell Island and Chile, M. drucei and M. “Volcanic Plateau”) and subsp. traillii Kirk (formerly known by New Zealand botanists as M. pygmaea Colenso, an illegitimate name). For all three species, which are considered Threatened or At Risk, most of their genetic variation is partitioned between rather than within populations, meaning that conserving as many populations as possible should be the priority to minimise risk of extinction.

Https://www.fungiofpakistan.com: a continuously updated online database of fungi in Pakistan.

The website fungiofpakistan.com is a collection of all the available data about macro- as well as micro-fungi collected from Pakistan. This website comprises reported fungal species with isolation source or host record, locality and updated classification. The data on this website is based on old literature (library data, personal data of specific authors or books that were not easily accessible to public) and recent publications. This website is an important potential platform for researchers, government officials, industries and other users. Users can provide their inputs related to missing taxa, new genera, the new record and new data. They also have the opportunity to express their opinions on valid names, invalid names and illegitimate names, with notes published in the ‘Notes’ section of webpage provided following review and editing by curators and fungal taxonomists. This website plays a significant contribution to our knowledge of the rich fungal diversity of Pakistan. However, much more sustained and detailed research is needed to fully evaluate fungal diversity in Pakistan. Undoubtedly, that many more fungi will be discovered and added in the future.Database URL https://fungiofpakistan.com/

Nomenclatural notes on Amomyrtus, Campomanesia, and Psidium (Myrtaceae)

In this paper a neotype is chosen for Myrtus luma, a name first proposed by J.I. Molina in 1782 and the basionym of the currently used name, Amomyrtus luma; the illegitimate name Campomanesia sessiliflora var. lanuginosa is formalized with a new description and type; a new variety is described, Psidium striatulum var. rondoniense; and lectotypes are chosen for Psidium cattleyanum var. coriaceum and Psidium thea.

(118) Proposal to amend Article 41.5 and add an Example clarifying requirements for referring to a basionym or replaced synonym

“41.5. On or after 1 January 1953, a new combination, name at new rank, or replacement name is not validly published unless its basionym or replaced synonym is clearly indicated and a full and direct reference given to its author and place of valid publication, with page or plate reference and date (but see Art. 41.6 and 41.8). Valid publication is not achieved by reference to a new combination based on the actual basionym or replaced synonym (but see Art. 41.8), unless that new combination is the illegitimate name being replaced by a replacement name. On or after 1 January 2007, a new combination, name at new rank, or replacement name is not validly published unless its basionym or replaced synonym is cited.” “Ex. 16bis. The intended replacement name “Hemionitis atreyu” was not validly published by Christenhusz (in Christenhusz & al., Global Fl. 4: 10. 2018) because that author made no reference to the replaced synonym, Pteris acrostica Balb. (Elenco: 98. 1801), instead citing “Cheilanthes acrostica Tod., Giorn. Sci. Nat. Econ. Palermo 1: 215. 1866”, which is in fact a new combination, C. acrostica (Balb.) Tod., based on P. acrostica, which Todaro explicitly cited as the basionym.” The proposed amendments to Art. 41 of the Code (Turland & al. in Regnum Veg. 159. 2018) were initiated due to the nomenclatural case of “Hemionitis atreyu” Christenh. proposed as a replacement name (Christenhusz, l.c.). Mosyakin (in Phytotaxa 373: 164–168. 2018) initially considered it not to be a validly published name because Christenhusz did not cite the earliest replaced synonym, Pteris acrostica, and its author and place of valid publication, but cited instead a new combination, Cheilanthes acrostica, based on P. acrostica. Mosyakin (l.c.) also noted that in fact a new combination, H. acrostica (Balb.) Mosyakin (l.c. 2018: 165), not a replacement name, was required. However, in IPNI (https://www.ipni.org; accessed 30 Oct 2018 and 2 Mar 2021) the name Hemionitis atreyu was treated as an illegitimate name: “nom. illeg. nom. superfl., the epithet acrostica was available for use and should have been taken up as H. acrosticha Noronha is a nom. inval. nom. nud.” The following remark was also provided: “Although Christenh. cited a combination and not the earliest homotypic synonym, since it is a replaced synonym (not a basionym) the replacement name is nevertheless validly published” (updated nomenclatural notes made on 2018-10-26 16:25:24.0, by H.L. Lindon, as indicated in IPNI). Indeed, there seems to be no rule in the current Shenzhen Code to preclude a replaced synonym being a new combination. Accordingly, the IPNI interpretation of the situation seems to be correct and therefore Hemionitis atreyu is a validly published but illegitimate name (see a correction by Mosyakin in Phytotaxa 405: 276–277. 2019). If we accept that interpretation, a full and direct reference to any new combination based on the actual replaced synonym (i.e. without a basionym) would be sufficient for valid publication of a replacement name on or after 1 January 1953. Hemionitis atreyu could have been validated by a full and direct reference to any of the new combinations based on Pteris acrostica: Cheilanthes acrostica, Allosorus acrosticus (Balb.) Christenh., Oeosporangium acrosticum (Balb.) L. Sáez & P. Aymerich, etc. (see full synonymy in Mosyakin, l.c. 2018: 165). This interpretation, however, is against what one could presume to be the intent or meaning of Art. 41.5 requiring, for valid publication of a replacement name on or after 1 January 1953, the clear indication of the actual replaced synonym, i.e. either the earliest replaced synonym – but not new combinations based on it (but see Art. 41.8) – or the actual illegitimate name in need of replacement, and a full and direct reference to its author(s) and place of valid publication, by analogy with corresponding requirements for valid publication of a new combination or name at new rank, which requires clear indication of and reference to its basionym, which does not itself have a basionym (see Art. 6.9). It would be only logical to apply the same requirements to new combinations, names at new rank and replacement names. I am grateful to John McNeill (Royal Botanic Garden, Edinburgh, Scotland, U.K. & Royal Ontario Museum, Toronto, Ontario, Canada) and Kanchi N. Gandhi (Harvard University Herbaria and Library, Cambridge, MA, U.S.A.) for their advice on nomenclatural issues and to Nicholas J. Turland (Botanischer Garten und Botanisches Museum Berlin, Freie Universität Berlin, Berlin, Germany) and John H. Wiersema (Smithsonian Institution, Washington, D.C., U.S.A.) for their useful comments on the manuscript and many editorial improvements.

(123–125) Proposals on the retroactivity of conservation

(123–125) Proposals on the retroactivity of conservation

Nomenclature of Italian Syntaxa of the Classes Festuco hystricis-Ononidetea striatae and Rumici-Astragaletea siculi

This paper aims at revising the nomenclature of the Italian syntaxa belonging to the Festuco hystricis-Ononidetea striatae and Rumici-Astragaletea siculi classes according to the 'EuroVegChecklist' at the ranks of class, order and alliance. The correct syntaxon names, authors’ citations, nomenclatural types and eventual causes of invalidity and illegitimacy are identified and reported. Two classes (Cerastio-Carlinetea nebrodensis, Festuco hystricis-Ononidetea striatae), two orders (Erysimo-Jurineetalia bocconei, Euphorbietalia myrsinitae) and three alliances (Cerastio-Astragalion nebrodensis, Armerio denticulatae-Stipion etruscae, Sideritidion italicae), treated as valid syntaxa in the EuroVegChecklist, turned out to be invalidly published. The new class Helianthemo cani-Seslerietea nitidae is here described to replace the Festuco hystricis-Ononidetea striatae. The Erysimo bonanniani-Jurineetalia bocconei is validated to contain the new alliance Alysso nebrodensis-Koelerion splendentis and the validated Cerastio tomentosi-Astragalion nebrodensis. Since the Koelerio brutiae-Astragalion calabrici turned out to be a superfluous name, to represent the silicicolous pulvinate scrub of the Sila Mountains the Plantaginenion serpentinae is raised to the rank of alliance. The order Festuco-Seslerietalia nitidae, previously deemed as invalid, is proven to be validly published, and it is the earliest available name for the supra- and oromediterranean xeric calcicolous grasslands of the Italian Peninsula. Three mutations of names are provided, and the Astragaletum calabrici is lectotypified.

Easier than it looks: Notes on the taxonomy of Typha L. (Typhaceae) in East Europe

High morphological variation of Typha L. species (Typhaceae) inspires some authors to describe new taxa. We aim to test genetic distinctiveness of some taxa reported in East Europe on morphological basis to verify their taxonomical status. We use sequences of intergenic spacer rpl32-trnL of cpDNA that was shown to be a reliable molecular marker in non-hybrid Typha species. We found that T. caspica Pobed., T. elata Boreau, T. incana Kapit. et Dyukina, T. krasnovae Doweld, T. rossica Krasnova are genetically identical to T. latifolia L., as well as T. foveolata Pobed., T. austro-orientalis Mavrodiev, T. elatior Boenn., T. angustata Bory et Chaub., T. linnaei Mavrodiev et Kapit. to T. angustifolia L. Thus, until some additional evidence of their distinctiveness is not found, we suggest to treat T. caspica, T. elata, T. krasnovae, T. rossica as synonyms of T. latifolia, while T. foveolata, T. austro-orientalis, T. elatior, T. angustata should be synonymized with T. angustifolia. Consequently, T. linnaei is a superfluous name (coined in attempts of neotypification T. angustifolia) and should be also considered synonymous to the latter. The hypothesis of hybrid origin of T. incana should be tested further with microsatellite DNA repeats – if correct, this would indicate T. latifolia as plastid donor.

Catalogue and typification of the Moroccan taxa published by Carlos Pau

Carlos Pau was one of the first Spanish botanists interested in the flora of northern Morocco. He proposed 421 taxa for this area, including some illegitimate names and nomina nuda. A complete and annotated catalogue of names by Pau for Moroccan taxa is presented here. For all of them, the typification and synonymy have been evaluated. For 63 taxa the holotype is indicated, and 206 taxa are typified here. The main collection of Pau and most types are preserved in Herb. MA, but many types have also been found in Herb. BC and other European herbaria.

Novelties in Dyckia (Pitcairnioideae ‐ Bromeliaceae) from the South America dry diagonal: Two new species, a new combination and a new name

AbstractDyckia is a South American genus mostly distributed in the Brazilian Cerrado and Caatinga domains, which are part of the South American dry diagonal where it represents an important floristic and ecological component. Following phylogenetic studies, the genus was recently expanded to include species previously placed in Encholirium and Deuterocohnia. With this new delimitation, Dyckia comprises ca. 220 species, of which some are micro‐endemic. We present novelties in the genus for the South American dry diagonal based on fieldwork, herbarium specimens and the literature. Two new micro‐endemic species are described: Dyckia avacanoeira, endemic to Chapada dos Veadeiros; and Dyckia oreadica, endemic to the Jalapão region. We provide complete descriptions, illustrations, distribution maps, photographs, preliminary conservation assessments and comments on the taxonomy and ecology of the two species. Additionally, in view of the new circumscription of Dyckia, we provide a new name, Dyckia viridiflora, to replace an illegitimate name, and a new combination, Dyckia josinoi‐narcisae, for a species previously placed in Encholirium.

(2818) Proposal to conserve the name Ficus trigona (Moraceae) with a conserved type

(2818) Proposal to conserve the name <i>Ficus trigona</i> (<i>Moraceae</i>) with a conserved type

Matoniaceous ferns from the Lower Jurassic strata of the Holy Cross Mountains (SE Poland). Revision of historical specimens and description of some new materials

Ferns from the family Matoniaceae are characteristic but not very numerous elements of Early Jurassic floras of the Holy Cross Mountains. Based on historical specimens from the Geological Institute of the Polish Academy of Sciences, only partly published by Raciborski and Makarewiczówna, and a new collection gathered recently from the Gromadzice outcrop, two taxa are here recognised: Matonia braunii and Phlebopteris angustiloba, of which only P. angustiloba is rather frequent. Both species are represented by sterile and fertile specimens well comparable with historical and recently published material of these species from Greenland, Germany and Sweden. Specimens referred by Raciborski to Laccopteris elegans (illegitimate name) do not belong to Matoniaceae.

(2817) Proposal to conserve the name Erysimum violascens (Cruciferae)

(2817) Proposal to conserve the name <i>Erysimum violascens</i> (<i>Cruciferae</i>)