Superfluous Elements Research Articles

Lattices arising from fuzzy coverings

A fuzzy covering is a natural generalization of coverings. This paper shows that the families of all definable fuzzy sets induced by a fuzzy covering-based rough set have lattice structures. There may be some superfluous elements in the universal set and the fuzzy covering for the families of all definable sets. We define class reduction, element reduction, and bireduction to remove these elements respectively. For the family of all lower definable fuzzy sets, it is shown that the class reduction coincides with covering reduction, and the element reduction can be transformed into a reduction in information systems. Bireduction considers class reduction and element reduction, and it can be achieved by class and element reductions. Moreover, our results also hold for coverings because a covering is a special fuzzy covering.

Leveraging on 'simplicity' as a principle in the design of interior spaces

This study delves into the intricate relationship between simplicity and complexity in interior design, emphasizing the delicate balance between reducing superfluous elements and enriching the overall user experience. Grounded in the foundational philosophy of 'less is more,' the study explores the multifaceted aspects of simplicity in interior spaces. Through a comprehensive analysis of various theories and real-world exemplars, including the Guerrero House, the study uncovers the essence of simplicity not as a stark removal of elements, but as a harmonious integration of form and function. The research identifies and dissects the essential principles for achieving simplicity in interior design, emphasizing a mindful approach to cultivating clutter-free spaces. Prioritizing quality over quantity, integrating functional minimalism, and harmonizing elements to create balanced proportions are pivotal strategies. The incorporation of eco-friendly materials and personalized designs underscores the environmental consciousness and individuality within the simplicity paradigm. Energy-efficient design principles are explored for their contribution to creating sustainable and serene living spaces. Acknowledging the complexity of achieving simplicity, the study emphasizes the importance of regular editing and maintenance, often overlooked aspects critical to preserving the delicate balance between simplicity and functionality. Simplicity, in this context, is not about uniformity but celebrates the beauty of the essential; transforming living spaces living spaces into functional, adaptable, and serene environments, enhancing the physical and mental well-being of occupants. By expertly orchestrating light, texture, material, and space with precision, interior designers create spaces that are not only aesthetically pleasing but also deeply calming, promoting a lifestyle of tranquillity and balance.

Graph with respect to superfluous elements in a lattice

We consider superfluous elements in a bounded lattice with 0 and 1, and introduce various types of graphs associated with these elements. The notions such as superfluous element graph (S(L)), join intersection graph (JI(L)) in a lattice, and in a distributive lattice, superfluous intersection graph (SI(L)) are defined. Dual atoms play an important role to find connections between the lattice-theoretic properties and those of corresponding graph-theoretic properties. Consequently, we derive some important equivalent conditions of graphs involving the cardinality of dual atoms in a lattice. We provide necessary illustrations and investigate properties such as diameter, girth, and cut vertex of these graphs.

Ecodesign approach for pharmaceutical packaging based on Life Cycle Assessment

Packaging ecodesign can contribute to improve the environmental performance of pharmaceutical products. The main goal of this article is to present an ecodesign approach based on Life Cycle Assessment (LCA) for pharmaceutical packaging, assessing opportunities to improve the packaging environmental performance, and providing ecodesign recommendations to the pharmaceutical sector. The proposed ecodesign approach consists of five phases. I) The most representative packaging of medicines in the market (blister, bottle, and sachet), with different sizes, materials and weights, were investigated. II) Three ecodesign strategies were selected to analyze with LCA: i) weight and/or volume reduction, ii) alternative types of packaging, and iii) transportation with less environmental impact. III–IV) A cradle-to-gate life cycle model has been implemented, including transport to pharmacies. Alternative transportation modes (truck, train, airplane, and ship) and different packaging production locations have been considered. Thirteen environmental categories have been analyzed. V) Ecodesign recommendations for improving the environmental performance of pharmaceutical packaging are presented in two stages: i) specific recommendations based on LCA, illustrated in sheets with examples of ecodesign, quantifying the environmental impact reduction of an ecodesign solution compared to the original; and ii) generic recommendations for different packaging life cycle phases. Ecodesign recommendations highlight the use of smaller-size packaging, avoiding superfluous elements and empty spaces, which reduces material and production costs, and transportation impacts; the selection of modes of transportation with less environmental impact, considering the packaging production location; and the use of electric vehicles for pharmacy distribution. This ecodesign approach based on LCA allows quantifying environmental impacts robustly to support the incorporation of environmental information from the design, material selection, and packaging production to distribution till the final consumer. This article emphasizes the importance of developing specific packaging ecodesign based on LCA to improve environmental performance and provide more informed recommendations to stakeholders.

Representation-supporting model elements

It is assumed that scientific models contain no superfluous model elements in scientific representation. A representational model is constructed with all the model elements serving the representational purpose. The received view has it that there are no redundant model elements which are non-representational. Contrary to this received view, I argue that there exist some non-representational model elements which are essential in scientific representation. I call them representation-supporting model elements in virtue of the fact that they play the role to support the representational role of representational model elements. Representation-supporting model elements, which have a characteristic of dependability, are not to be eliminated in the process of modeling although they are playing second fiddle to representational model elements in scientific representation.

Problematyka przestępstwa uporczywego nękania

<p>Niniejszy artykuł przedstawia istotę przestępstwa uporczywego nękania stypizowanego w art. 190a k.k. Regulacje te poddane zostają szczegółowej analizie, której celem jest wskazanie rozumienia poszczególnych pojęć użytych przez ustawodawcę w omawianych przepisach, a także wskazanie kwestii problematycznych, w tym popełnienie przez ustawodawcę błędów przy konstruowaniu regulacji dotyczących przestępstwa uporczywego nękania, co powoduje, że przepis zawiera pewne zbędne elementy. Nie mniej jednak omawiane regulacje pomimo pewnych błędów należy uznać za niezbędne.</p>

An Active Learning Approach for Improving the Accuracy of Automated Domain Model Extraction

Domain models are a useful vehicle for making the interpretation and elaboration of natural-language requirements more precise. Advances in natural-language processing (NLP) have made it possible to automatically extract from requirements most of the information that is relevant to domain model construction. However, alongside the relevant information, NLP extracts from requirements a significant amount of information that is superfluous (not relevant to the domain model). Our objective in this article is to develop automated assistance for filtering the superfluous information extracted by NLP during domain model extraction. To this end, we devise an active-learning-based approach that iteratively learns from analysts’ feedback over the relevance and superfluousness of the extracted domain model elements and uses this feedback to provide recommendations for filtering superfluous elements. We empirically evaluate our approach over three industrial case studies. Our results indicate that, once trained, our approach automatically detects an average of ≈ 45% of the superfluous elements with a precision of ≈ 96%. Since precision is very high, the automatic recommendations made by our approach are trustworthy. Consequently, analysts can dispose of a considerable fraction – nearly half – of the superfluous elements with minimal manual work. The results are particularly promising, as they should be considered in light of the non-negligible subjectivity that is inherently tied to the notion of relevance.

Size, shape, and topology optimization of planar and space trusses using mutation-based improved metaheuristics

Abstract In this study, simultaneous size, shape, and topology optimization of planar and space trusses are investigated. Moreover, the trusses are subjected to constraints for element stresses, nodal displacements, and kinematic stability conditions. Truss Topology Optimization (TTO) removes the superfluous elements and nodes from the ground structure. In this method, the difficulties arise due to unacceptable and singular topologies; therefore, the Grubler's criterion and the positive definiteness are used to handle such issue. Moreover, the TTO is challenging due to its search space, which is implicit, non-convex, non-linear, and often leading to divergence. Therefore, mutation-based metaheuristics are proposed to investigate them. This study compares the performance of four improved metaheuristics (viz. Improved Teaching–Learning-Based Optimization (ITLBO), Improved Heat Transfer Search (IHTS), Improved Water Wave Optimization (IWWO), and Improved Passing Vehicle Search (IPVS)) and four basic metaheuristics (viz. TLBO, HTS, WWO, and PVS) in order to solve structural optimization problems. Highlights Improvements in four recently designed metaheuristics. Use of random mutation-based search technique. Applications on challenging/benchmark problems of simultaneous size, shape, and topology optimization of truss structures. Improvements effective over basic metaheuristics.

Modified meta-heuristics using random mutation for truss topology optimization with static and dynamic constraints

AbstractIn this paper, simultaneous size and topology optimization of planar and space trusses subjected to static and dynamic constraints are investigated. All the benchmark trusses consider discrete cross-sectional areas to consider the practical aspect of manufacturing. Moreover, Trusses are considered with multiple loading conditions and subjected to constraints for natural frequencies, element stresses, nodal displacements, Euler buckling criteria, and kinematic stability conditions. Truss topology optimization (TTO) can be accomplished by the removal of superfluous elements and nodes from the highly hyper static truss also known as the ground structure and results in the saving of the mass of the truss. In this method, the difficulties arise due to the singular solution and unnecessary analysis; therefore, FEA model is reformed to resolve these difficulties.The static and dynamic responses to the TTO problems are challenging due to its search space, which is implicit, non-convex, non-linear, and often leading to divergence. Modified meta-heuristics are effective optimization methods to handle such problems in actual fact. In this paper, modified versions of Teaching–Learning-Based Optimization (TLBO), Heat Transfer Search (HTS), Water Wave Optimization (WWO), and Passing Vehicle Search (PVS) are proposed by integrating the random mutation-based search technique with them. This paper compares the performance of four modified and four basic meta-heuristics to solve discrete TTO problems.Highlights Modifications in four different recently developed meta-heuristics. Use of random mutation based strategy. Implementation on challenging/benchmark truss topology optimization problems. Modifications effective over basic algorithms.

Truss topology optimization with static and dynamic constraints using modified subpopulation teaching–learning-based optimization

In this study, an improved version of the teaching–learning-based optimization (TLBO) algorithm is proposed for truss topology optimization (TTO), with static and dynamic constraints on planar and space trusses. The basic TLBO algorithm is improved to enhance its exploration and exploitation abilities by considering various factors such as the number of teachers, adaptive teaching, tutorial learning and self-motivated learning. The TTO problems are considered with multiple load conditions and subjected to constraints for natural frequencies, element stresses, nodal displacements, Euler buckling criteria and kinematic stability conditions. TTO is achieved with the removal of superfluous elements and nodes from the ground structure, and results in a mass saving. In this method, difficulties arise owing to singular solution and unnecessary analysis; therefore, the finite element model is reformed to resolve these issues. A single-stage optimization approach is used, in which size and topology optimization are considered simultaneously. The results obtained are compared with the best solutions obtained by the algorithm. The results reveal that the modified subpopulation teaching–learning-based optimization (MS-TLBO) algorithm is more effective than other state-of-the-art algorithms.

Compliance boundary conditions for simulating deformations in a limited target region.

Patient-specific models in medical procedures are often limited to a relatively small region of interest due either to computational concerns or to the fact that only a part of anatomy could be observed in the input medical images. Thus, for deformable planning or training simulations, boundary conditions at the borders of such models are necessitated. Zero-displacement or -force constraints at outer boundaries are commonly used, with the assumption that the selected region is large enough to minimize effects on the deformable behavior inside the region of interest. This may, however, still result in errors and does require superfluous elements to extend models. In this work, a mixed boundary condition type, called compliance boundary condition, is proposed to constrain model boundaries. Different techniques to define and estimate these boundary constraints are studied with simulation experiments. Results are presented for palpation on 2D and 3D phantoms and needle insertion to a male pelvic anatomical model.

VLSI Architectures for Image Interpolation: A Survey

Image interpolation is a method of estimating the values at unknown points using the known data points. This procedure is used in expanding and contrasting digital images. In this survey, different types of interpolation algorithm and their hardware architecture have been analyzed and compared. They are bilinear, winscale, bi-cubic, linear convolution, extended linear, piecewise linear, adaptive bilinear, first order polynomial, and edge enhanced interpolation architectures. The algorithms are implemented for different types of field programmable gate array (FPGA) and/or by different types of complementary metal oxide semiconductor (CMOS) technologies like TSMC 0.18 and TSMC 0.13. These interpolation algorithms are compared based on different types of optimization such as gate count, frequency, power, and memory buffer. The goal of this work is to analyze the different very large scale integration (VLSI) parameters like area, speed, and power of various implementations for image interpolation. From the survey followed by analysis, it is observed that the performance of hardware architecture of image interpolation can be improved by minimising number of line buffer memory and removing superfluous arithmetic elements on generating weighting coefficient.

An automated stabilisation method for spatial to structural design transformations

A spatial–structural design process can be investigated via a so-called research engine, in which a spatial design is transformed into a structural design and vice versa. During the transformation from a spatial into a structural design, it is necessary to obtain a stable structural model, so that a structural analysis can be carried out. This article presents four methods to automate the (normally carried out intuitively) stabilisation process, using data related to a structural design’s geometry and its instability modes. The methods all use the null space and associated null vectors of the structural stiffness matrix. Then each null vector is resolved by either (a) rod addition, (b) plane addition, (c) hinge fixation by single rod substitution, or (d) hinge fixation by coupled rod substitution. The methods have been implemented in C++ and several test cases have been carried out. The test cases explain why (a) rod addition provides the most realistic solutions, (b) if several methods are used subsequently for one problem, superfluous elements are inevitable, (c) there is a serious influence on the performance for various systems of key point numbering, (d) the efficiency of the methods is not optimal and may be improved by some suggested strategies.

Grafika artystyczna w twórczości polskich artystów awangardy lat 30. XX wieku

The article refers to the phenomenon unique for Polish art of the interwar period, namely graphic art performed in the 1930s by the artists from Krakow (Andrzej Jurkiewicz, Leopold Lewicki, Stanisław Osostowicz, Eugeniusz Waniek, Jonasz Stern, Aleksander Winnicki – Radziewicz) and Łódź (Karol Hiller, Władysław Strzemiński, Aniela Menkesowa, Bolesław Hochlinger) milieus. The radicalization of the modes of expression, formal and technique endeavors of the artists who practiced graphic arts together to painting, or for whom graphic works constituted only peripheral form of artistic expression, led to the solutions the scale of which was unprecedented in other artistic circles. Expressive lines, simplification of form, fragmentalization of shapes and the elimination of superfluous elements, omitting or deformation of space, frequently concurred with the current socially engaged matters. A considerable amount of graphic works from the documentary current of Krakow milieu, referred to everyday life of the city and the poor, satirized portrayals of working-class suburbs; some accents of critique and original comments began visible. The type of narration and the crudeness of certain works created certain parallels with German graphic art of the Weimar Republic. Lithographs and linocuts by Karol Hiller, usually following the discipline of geometry were thematically connected with the graphic works by the members of Krakow Group [Grupa Krakowska]. Hiller employed the technique of heliography, invented in 1932, to create organic and geometric abstracts that at times were enriched with the reminiscences of the motifs of machinery, instruments or human figure. Bolesław Hochlinger and Aniela Menkesowa in turn in their lithographs referred to analytic Cubism. The avant-garde milieus of Krakow and Łódź within the realm of graphic arts introduced new values that were on the one hand the reflection of the artists’ reaction to the changes in European art, and on the other hand constituted the reaction to the political and social situation in the country. Graphic works of the abovementioned artists constitute a unique phenomenon in the context of the tendencies dominant in Polish graphic arts of the interwar period, in particular when compared with the outputs by “proper” graphic artists.

Evaluation of HACCP Plans of Food Industries: Case Study Conducted by the Servizio di Igiene degli Alimenti e della Nutrizione (Food and Nutrition Health Service) of the Local Health Authority of Foggia, Italy

With respect to food safety, many works have studied the effectiveness of self-monitoring plans of food companies, designed using the Hazard Analysis and Critical Control Point (HACCP) method. On the other hand, indepth research has not been made concerning the adherence of the plans to HACCP standards. During our research, we evaluated 116 self-monitoring plans adopted by food companies located in the territory of the Local Health Authority (LHA) of Foggia, Italy. The general errors (terminology, philosophy and redundancy) and the specific errors (transversal plan, critical limits, hazard specificity, and lack of procedures) were standardized. Concerning the general errors, terminological errors pertain to half the plans examined, 47% include superfluous elements and 60% have repetitive subjects. With regards to the specific errors, 77% of the plans examined contained specific errors. The evaluation has pointed out the lack of comprehension of the HACCP system by the food companies and has allowed the Servizio di Igiene degli Alimenti e della Nutrizione (Food and Nutrition Health Service), in its capacity as a control body, to intervene with the companies in order to improve designing HACCP plans.

Elements belonging to triangles in 3-connected matroids

An element e of a 3-connected matroid M is said to be superfluous provided M / e is 3-connected. In this paper, we show that a 3-connected matroid M with exactly k superfluous elements has at least max 5 | E ( M ) | + 30 - 15 k 9 , 5 r * ( M ) + 30 - 10 k 7 elements covered by triangles. For each k, an infinite family of matroids that attain this bound is constructed.

TOO MUCH OF A GOOD THING: ON STOICHIOMETRICALLY BALANCED DIETS AND MAXIMAL GROWTH

Nutritional imbalances are of great interest in the ecological stoichiometry literature, in which researchers have focused almost exclusively on cases where nutrients are available in low amounts relative to energy (carbon), and animal growth is impaired due to insufficient nutrient intake. Little attention has been given to situations where food elemental content is higher than the level that satisfies animal requirements. However, most animals are strongly homeostatic with respect to the elemental composition of their body; hence they must excrete the excess of elements that are not in short supply. To date, stoichiometric theory has assumed that excretion of superfluous elements does not come with a cost and, thus, that consumption of food with surplus nutrients does not impair performance. Here we challenge this assumption, based on a compilation of several examples involving food phosphorus content that show that the performance of a wide variety of animals decreases when supplied with food containing high concentrations of (potentially) limiting nutrients. We discuss possible mechanisms for this phenomenon, and suggest that animals most vulnerable to effects of high food nutrient content are those that normally feed on low- quality (low-nutrient: C) food, and have a relatively low body nutrient content themselves, such as herbivores and detritivores.

Arion and the Dolphin

No reader of Herodotus would wish away the story of Arion's rescue by the dolphin (1. 23–4), or could imagine the story better told. The development of the story reflects epic models. At the outset we have the mention of a marvel, that of a man who rode on a dolphin's back; then the rapid narrative leading to the marvel itself, with much vivid detail lavished on the three central scenes (Arion's singing in his ceremonial robes, his leap into the sea, and the rescue itself); next the hurrying to the denouement, the confrontation between Arion and the sailors; and the ancecdote ends as it began, with an allusion to the man on a dolphin's back – this time in the shape of a bronze statue, still to be seen at Taenarum. The narrative contains everything needed to make it immediately comprehensible, but all superfluous elements have been suppressed. Even the initial reference to Arion as the leading lyre-player of his time is by no means an irrelevant detail: the fact is crucial to the way in which the anecdote is shaped, for this would have turned out quite differently, had Arion not been so famous for his skill.

Semigroups of high rank II doubly noble semigroups

This paper is a sequel to [2]. By asemigroup of high rankwe mean a semigroup such that for s1≠s2, 〈S\{s1,s2}〉⊂S(properly). Semigroups of high rank such that 〈S\{s}〉⊂S(royal semigroups) were classified in [2], where it was also shown that for anoble semigroup(i.e. a semigroup of high rank such that there exists a superfluous elementzinSfor which 〈S\{z}〉S) there exists eithere exactly one superfluous element or exactly two superfluous elements [2, Theorem 3.7].

Motor Unit Myoelectric Control

The voluntary contractions of unassociated muscles are under the control of the pyramidal system and may be subjected to control and training. The nature and exercise of this control and its relation to fixed "path" habits in animals has been discussed by Lorens (1965). In essence, Lorenz hypothesizes a set of innate genetically transmitted 'basic movement elements. These elements are linked together to achieve arbitrary complex motions in a manner analogous to the association of subroutines in a large program. The linkage, initially exploratory and tentative, is transformed into a smooth and coordinated overall movement by an adaptive process which rejects redundant and superfluous elements of motion and substitutes compatible elements. A strikingly similar behavior is exhibited by animals in learning a path through a maze; here again hesitant and awkward behavior becomes confident and continuous as superfluous movements are eliminated with increased experience. It is shown that myoelectric control systems can be based on the path habit hypothesis.