Superficial Trappings Research Articles

Silicon dots films deposited by spin-coating as a generated carrier addition layer of third generation photovoltaics

In this work, silicon ink composing of silicon powder and zinc oxide solution was formulated and spin-coated on quartz and n/p-Si substrates followed by drying the films under atmosphere at the temperature of 550 ​°C. The results showed that this top-addition layer could be the highly promising layer for photo-generating carriers in third-generation photovoltaics to enhance blue-light absorption. X-ray diffraction and scanning electron microscopy techniques were used to study the presence of silicon and zinc oxide nano-crystallites. The thin films consisting of different energy bandgap of Si nanocrystals (~100 ​nm) with narrow bandgap and spherical ZnO:Bi nanocrystal (~20 ​nm) with wider bandgap could be obtained from the evidence of bandgap enlargement. The band gaps of the thin films were tunable by adjusting silicon dots density in ZnO:Bi film. Energy upshift of light absorption edge depended on the silicon dots density was observed in the range 1.6–3.3 ​eV related band gap enlargement by Tauc plot. Under illumination, a high photocurrent gain of the thin film comprised of low Si dots density coated on a quartz substrate was about 103 times higher compared with its dark current. This result is agreeably explained in terms of its lower superficial trap states at the interface between silicon and zinc oxide matrix. The composite layer can be applied to a third-generation solar cell with the efficiency 1.50% higher than that with a typical crystalline-Si solar cell.

Milton's Chivalric Tragedy: The Persistence of Romance in Book 9 of Paradise Lost

ABSTRACT Milton's most consequential statement regarding his plans for an Arthurian epic occurs in the proem to book 9 of Paradise Lost, in which he seemingly refuses to debase his current project with the trivialities of chivalric romance. His loftier subject will instead be the tragedy of Adam and Eve. Milton's account of the Fall is obviously a Christian tragedy with classical precedents. However, judging by the frequency with which it follows romance conventions, book 9 of Paradise Lost can also be read as a chivalric tragedy, a mode not only familiar to Milton's contemporaries but also well suited to his political agenda and lifelong fondness for Arthurian literature. In fact, the proem does not reject romance outright, only a particular model associated with royalist propaganda. Its purpose is instead to prepare the reader, in true romance fashion, for the hero's choice between the genre's more superficial trappings and the righteous quests of the truly chivalrous.

Ultrasonic-assisted degradation of phenazopyridine with a combination of Sm-doped ZnO nanoparticles and inorganic oxidants

Pure and samarium doped ZnO nanoparticles were synthesized by a sonochemical method and characterized by TEM, SEM, EDX, XRD, Pl, and DRS techniques. The average crystallite size of pure and Sm-doped ZnO nanoparticles was about 20nm. The sonocatalytic activity of pure and Sm-doped ZnO nanoparticles was considered toward degradation of phenazopyridine as a model organic contaminant. The Sm-doped ZnO nanoparticles with Sm concentration of 0.4mol% indicated a higher sonocatalytic activity (59%) than the pure ZnO (51%) and other Sm-doped ZnO nanoparticles. It was believed that Sm3+ ion with optimal concentration (0.4mol%) can act as superficial trapping for electrons in the conduction band of ZnO and delayed the recombination of charge carriers. The influence of the nature and concentration of various oxidants, including periodate, hydrogen peroxide, peroxymonosulfate, and peroxydisulfate on the sonocatalytic activity of Sm-doped ZnO nanoparticles was studied. The influence of the oxidants concentration (0.2–1.4gL−1) on the degradation rate was established by the 3D response surface and the 2D contour plots. The results demonstrated that the utilizing of oxidants in combination with Sm-doped ZnO resulting in rapid removal of contaminant, which can be referable to a dual role of oxidants; (i) scavenging the generated electrons in the conduction band of ZnO and (ii) creating highly reactive radical species under ultrasonic irradiation. It was found that the Sm-doped ZnO and periodate combination is the most efficient catalytic system under ultrasonic irradiation.

Ultrasonic-assisted sol–gel synthesis of samarium, cerium co-doped TiO2 nanoparticles with enhanced sonocatalytic efficiency

In this work, pure TiO2 and samarium, cerium mono-doped and co-doped TiO2 catalysts were synthesized by an ultrasonic-assisted sol–gel method and their sonocatalytic efficiency studied toward removal of Methyl Orange as a model organic pollutant from the textile industry. The relationship of structure and sonocatalytic performance of catalysts was established by using various techniques, such as XRD, TEM, SEM, EDX, DRS, and PL. A comparison on the removal efficiency of sonolysis alone and sonocatalytic processes was performed. The results showed that the samarium, cerium co-doped TiO2 catalyst with narrower band gap energy and smaller particle size leads to a rapid removal of pollutant. It was believed that Sm3+ and Ce4+ ions can serve as superficial trapping for electrons at conduction band of TiO2 and prolonged the lifetime of electron–hole pairs. Finally, the effect of synthesis and operational variables on the sonocatalytic activity of co-doped TiO2 catalyst was studied and optimized using response surface methodology as a statistical technique. The results showed that the maximum removal efficiency (96.33%) was achieved at the optimum conditions: samarium content of 0.6wt%, cerium content of 0.82wt%, initial pollutant concentration of 4.31mgL−1, catalyst dosage of 0.84mgL−1, ultrasonic irradiation power of 700W, and irradiation time of 50min.

Chrismukkah as Happy Ending?: The Weihnukka Exhibition at the Jewish Museum Berlin as German-Jewish Integration Fantasy

Chrismukkah as Happy Ending?The Weihnukka Exhibition at the Jewish Museum Berlin as German-Jewish Integration Fantasy Cary Nathenson In the mid-1940s, a little girl on the South Side of Chicago really, really wanted a Christmas tree. This commonplace request was complicated by just one thing: the girl, like most of her neighbors, was Jewish. The temper tantrum must have been ferocious, because the girl somehow got her mother to give in. A tree was procured and smuggled down the alley into the apartment, lest the neighbors get wind of the shande. The girl enjoyed her Christmas tree, alongside her Hanukkah menorah, until one day she developed a fever, and the tree was hastily stuffed into a closet before the pediatrician, Dr. Rosen-bloom, arrived. The stress of this secret Christmas was ultimately too much bother, so this would be my mother’s one and only “Chrismukkah” celebration. Of course, she didn’t know to call it that, nor did she know that craving a Christmas tree placed her on a historical continuum with her German-Jewish ancestors, some of whom might have celebrated the hybrid holiday called “Weihnukka” (from Weihnachten, German for “Christmas.”) Weihnukka was not an actual holiday but referred instead to the practice of some assimilated—but not converted—Jews who adopted Christmas rituals in the private sphere. In some German-Jewish bourgeois homes of the Wilhelmine era, trees, advent calendars, wreaths and other, mostly superficial trappings of the holiday co-existed, if not usurped, the rituals of Judaism’s winter holiday, Hanukkah. To the extent the term was used at all, Weihnukka was probably mostly heard mockingly by Jews who were embarrassed by this behavior.1 The Christmas these Jews celebrated was less about the birth of Jesus Christ than it was about fitting in with neighbors. Christmas was widely seen as belonging to and defining of the German nation rather than a religious festival, and therefore celebrating the holiday was just something that “real” Germans did, regardless of their religion. While some German-Jews no doubt experienced feelings of embarrassment, even shame, at assimilating Christmas into their family traditions, others achieved what was certainly the main objective: a sense of normalcy as Germans while maintaining self-identification as Jewish. [End Page 57] For one assimilated Jewish-German child, Christmas was so fully part of his normal family life that the tree in the gute Stube appeared without question each December. It was only after National Socialist racial laws required him to attend special Jewish-only schools that he learned that Jews actually celebrate Hanukkah, not Christmas. Not coincidentally, these are the recollections of Michael Blumenthal, a Jew from Oranienburg, just north of Berlin, who would escape fascism and later became Treasury Secretary under U.S. President Jimmy Carter and who now heads the Jewish Museum Berlin.2 The cultural-historical oddity of German-Jewish Christmas celebrations was the subject of a temporary exhibit at the museum. The show, titled “Weihnukka: Geschichten von Weihnachten und Chanukka” (Chrismukkah: Stories of Christmas and Hanukkah), was on display from October 2005 to January 2006. Now, even several years later, it is apparent that the Weihnukka show can be read as a significant moment along a line of the continuity and discontinuity of Jewish, German, and “Jewish-German” identity. The exhibit mostly featured artifacts and texts documenting nineteenth-and early-twentieth- century holiday practices, explaining Hanukkah for non-Jewish museum visitors, and casting Christmas as a celebration in the German-nationalist context of the era.3 While the fraught navigation of Jewish-German identity in Gründerzeit Germany is at the core of the exhibit, what captured my attention were the elements of contemporary American popular culture used to conclude the show. The museum administration contends that they were included merely to bring this cultural history up to date for visitors.4 This was no doubt their intention, and yet I will argue that these American aspects of the Weihnukka exhibit have important functions and meanings beyond the superficial level of visitor experience. I look back, then, at this exhibit, in order to interrogate its implications for global identity and even the traditional idea of diaspora in the context...

The Buck Stops Here

The title of this article was a sign on President Harry Truman's desk in 1945. Truman knew very well that with authority comes great responsibility. Leaders for ages have known that the ultimate responsibility for their organization stops at their desk. Leaders, managers, or supervisors of an air medical operation can have all the superficial trappings of a safety management system yet still be at risk for catastrophic failures if the organization's leadership culture has tragic flaws. BP and Toyota may be prime examples of organizational failures and misplaced priorities, as evidenced by the high-profile failures of their quality control and safety systems. Theoretically, those corporations had systems in place to prevent either quality control of safety issues but broke down seemingly by failing to listen to those small but critically important voices screaming for attention within the organization.

The analysis of isothermal current in terms of charge injection or extraction at the metal–dielectric contact

The measured isothermal charging and discharging currents are analyzed either in terms of polarization mechanisms or in terms of charge injection/extraction at the metal–dielectric interface and the conduction current through the dielectric material. We propose to measure the open-circuit isothermal charging and discharging currents just to overpass the difficulties related to the analysis of the conduction mechanisms through the dielectric materials. Besides a polarization current, there is a current related with charge injection or extraction at the metal–dielectric contact and a reverse current related to the charge trapped into the superficial trap states of the dielectric and that can jump at the interface in a reverse way. By fitting the experimental data, two important parameters can be determined (i) the highest value of the relaxation time for the polarization mechanisms still involved into the transient current and (ii) the height W 0 of the potential barrier at the metal–dielectric interface immediately after the step voltage is applied. Only the initial part of the measured isothermal charging or discharging current can be used to obtain information about the polarization processes. By transforming the time-domain data into the frequency domain, a maximum for the imaginary part of the dielectric permittivity is obtained, in good agreement with the data obtained from AC dielectric measurements and the finally thermally stimulated discharge current measurements.

The Uses and Abuses of Prayer Book Properties in Hamlet, Richard III, and Arden of Faversham

Protestant polemicists attempted to articulate a clear opposition between word and image, depicting the faithful as godly readers who eschewed idolatrous objects such as rosaries and crucifixes. But even reformed prayer involved the use of textual guides, and because of their materiality these prayer manuals flew in the face of theologians' claims that they had eliminated all of the superficial trappings associated with Catholic worship. This essay addresses scenes of prayer book use in Hamlet, Richard III, and Arden of Faversham, arguing that each of these plays draws attention to existing contradictions surrounding the idealized image of the godly reader by highlighting the slippage between theatrical and religious practice, both of which employed prayer books as “props.” (E.W.)

The determination of the metal-dielectric interface barrier height from the open-circuit isothermal charging current

There is a sustained interest both from theoretical and from practical points of view to understand the isothermal charging and the isothermal discharging currents in dielectrics. The measured currents are analyzed either in terms of polarization mechanisms or in terms of charge injection/extraction at the metal-dielectric interface and the conduction current through the dielectric material. As long as we do not know the nature of the origin of the current, it is not clear what information we can get by analyzing the experimental data. We propose to measure the open-circuit isothermal charging and discharging currents just to overpass the difficulties related to the analysis of the conduction mechanisms in dielectric materials. We demonstrate that besides a polarization current, there is a current related with charge injection or extraction at the metal-dielectric contact and a reverse current related to the charge trapped into the superficial trap states of the dielectric and that can jump at the interface in a reverse way. An analytical expression for the current is proposed. By fitting the experimental data to this analytical equation, two important parameters can be determined: (i) the highest value of the relaxation time for the polarization mechanisms still involved into the transient current and (ii) the height of the potential barrier W0 at the metal-dielectric interface at the initial time when the step voltage is applied. The value obtained for Al-polyethylene terephthalate interface is (0.43±0.02) eV. For a charging voltage of 220 V there are 6×1014 trapped electrons/m2.

SEMINAL GOTHIC DISSEMINATION IN HARDY’S WRITINGS

I think I am one born out of due time, who has no calling here.* * *If way to the Better there be, it exacts a full look at the Worst.— Hardy, “In Tenebris II,” Poems of the Past and the PresentCRITICS HAVE TOO OFTEN dismissed the Gothic elements in Thomas Hardy’s writings as superficial trappings to be found mostly in his minor fiction.1 The aim of this article is to show that the diffusion of Gothic motifs in the whole of Hardy’s literary production is something both intentional and fruitful. The Gothic is indeed a vital part of Hardy’s artistic vision, and it adds to the aesthetic value of his works. His major novels and his poetry are as rife with Gothic lore as his early “minor” fiction.2 This propagation of Gothic elements is central to the dialectic between impregnation and dispersal contained in the etymology of the word “dissemination” (meaning both “sowing” and “scattering”).3

Policing the Modern Woman in Republican China

During the 1920s and 1930s, China's reformist intellectuals in the burgeoning modernizing cities engaged in a protracted discussion about the condition of the nation's women. The apparent focus of their concern was the modem woman (xiandai funii) or new woman (xin niixing). The arguments raged, What are the characteristics of a real moder woman? and How does one identify a pseudo-modem woman? External manifestations of modernity-clothing, hairstyles, and shoe styles-were dismissed as superficial trappings. Truly mod- ern women, it was argued, had inner qualities that centered on an abid- ing concern for China's national welfare. However, focusing on the detailed behavior of China's women obscures the deeper significance of the debate. The moder woman discourse disclosed the reformist intellectual class's concerns about power and goverance in moder China during a period when they were increasingly repressed and politically marginalized. Fredric Wakeman (1972) argued that Chi- na's reformist intellectuals revolutionized the relationship between the people and the rulers during the late Qing by creating a republic and, in the process, inadvertently lost their traditional access to power. They automatically ceased to function as interpreters-brokers-of a transcendental source of legitimacy (Wakeman, 1972: 67). This preoccupation with the moral attributes of the moder woman was an attempt by some reformist intellectuals to reclaim their role as enlight- ened moral guardians and therefore leading advisers for the nation. Discussions about the policing of the modem Chinese woman, then, were synecdochical discussions about governing a modernizing Chi- nese population. During the 1920s and 1930s, China's reformist intellectuals in the burgeoning modernizing cities engaged in a protracted discussion about the condition of the nation's women. The apparent focus of their concern was the modem woman (xiandai funii) or new woman (xin niixing). The arguments raged, What are the characteristics of a real moder woman? and How does one identify a pseudo-modem woman? External manifestations of modernity-clothing, hairstyles, and shoe styles-were dismissed as superficial trappings. Truly mod- ern women, it was argued, had inner qualities that centered on an abid- ing concern for China's national welfare. However, focusing on the detailed behavior of China's women obscures the deeper significance of the debate. The moder woman discourse disclosed the reformist intellectual class's concerns about power and goverance in moder China during a period when they were increasingly repressed and politically marginalized. Fredric Wakeman (1972) argued that Chi- na's reformist intellectuals revolutionized the relationship between the people and the rulers during the late Qing by creating a republic and, in the process, inadvertently lost their traditional access to power. They automatically ceased to function as interpreters-brokers-of a transcendental source of legitimacy (Wakeman, 1972: 67). This preoccupation with the moral attributes of the moder woman was an attempt by some reformist intellectuals to reclaim their role as enlight- ened moral guardians and therefore leading advisers for the nation. Discussions about the policing of the modem Chinese woman, then, were synecdochical discussions about governing a modernizing Chi- nese population. During the 1920s and 1930s, China's reformist intellectuals in the burgeoning modernizing cities engaged in a protracted discussion about the condition of the nation's women. The apparent focus of their concern was the modem woman (xiandai funii) or new woman (xin niixing). The arguments raged, What are the characteristics of a real moder woman? and How does one identify a pseudo-modem woman? External manifestations of modernity-clothing, hairstyles, and shoe styles-were dismissed as superficial trappings. Truly mod- ern women, it was argued, had inner qualities that centered on an abid- ing concern for China's national welfare. However, focusing on the detailed behavior of China's women obscures the deeper significance of the debate. The moder woman discourse disclosed the reformist intellectual class's concerns about power and goverance in moder China during a period when they were increasingly repressed and politically marginalized. Fredric Wakeman (1972) argued that Chi- na's reformist intellectuals revolutionized the relationship between the people and the rulers during the late Qing by creating a republic and, in the process, inadvertently lost their traditional access to power. They automatically ceased to function as interpreters-brokers-of a transcendental source of legitimacy (Wakeman, 1972: 67). This preoccupation with the moral attributes of the moder woman was an attempt by some reformist intellectuals to reclaim their role as enlight- ened moral guardians and therefore leading advisers for the nation. Discussions about the policing of the modem Chinese woman, then, were synecdochical discussions about governing a modernizing Chi- nese population.

Wilhelm II. Prince and Emperor, 1859-1900

II (1859-1941), King of Prussia and German Emperor from 1888 to 1918, reigned during a period of unprecedented economic, cultural, and intellectual achievement in Germany. Unlike most European sovereigns of his generation, was no mere figurehead, and his imprint on imperial Germany was profound. In this book and a second volume, historian Lamar Cecil provides the first comprehensive biography of one of modern history's most powerful--and most misunderstood--rulers. Wilhelm II: Prince and Emperor, 1859-1900 concentrates on Wilhelm's youth. As Cecil shows, the future ruler's Anglo-German genealogy, his education, and his subsequent service as an officer in the Prussian army proved to be unfortunate legacies in shaping Wilhelm's behavior and ideas. Throughout his thirty-year reign, Wilhelm's connection with his subjects was tenuous. He surrounded himself with a small coterie of persons drawn from the government, the military, and elite society, most of whom were valued not for their ability but for their loyalty to the crown. They, in turn, contrived to keep isolated from outside influences, learned to be accomplished in catering to his prejudices, and strengthened his conviction that the government should be composed only of those who agreed with him. The day-to-day conduct of Germany's affairs was left in the hands of these loyal followers, for the Kaiser himself did not at all enjoy work. Rejoicing instead in pageantry and the superficial trappings of authority, he was particular about what he did and what he read, eliminating anything that was unpleasant, difficult, or tedious. He never learned to listen, to reason, or to make decisions in a sound, informed manner; he was customarily inclined to act solely on the basis of his personal feelings.Many people believed him to be mad. Even courtiers who admired recognized that he was responsible for the diplomatic embarrassment in which Germany found itself by 1914 and that the Kaiser's maladroit behavior endangered the prestige of the Hohenzollern crown. His is the story of a bizarre and incapable sovereign who never doubted that he possessed both genius and divine inspiration.Originally published in 1989.A UNC Press Enduring Edition -- UNC Press Enduring Editions use the latest in digital technology to make available again books from our distinguished backlist that were previously out of print. These editions are published unaltered from the original, and are presented in affordable paperback formats, bringing readers both historical and cultural value.

Plastic Surgery Wars-Reply

In Reply .—Both of your letters are composed of an interesting blend of idealism and irony, a touch of sermonizing and satire, and a dash of humor designed to illustrate and to emphasize your point of view. We enjoyed the second version of your letter a great deal more than the first, which we have not published and which you felt I had misinterpreted as an attack by one specialty on another. We appreciate the effort you have put into this communication and agree with some of the points you make. Many of us can remember when advertising and marketing seemed foreign to the practice of a surgeon. The norm of the contemporary medical market place would have been grounds for censure by one's peers less than two decades ago. There is too much emphasis (in some regions) on the superficial trappings of a successful practice and too little effort given to

Evolution de la caracteristique courant-tension des varistances a base d'oxyde de zinc avec la pression partielle d'oxygene de l'atmosphere de frittage

In order to decrease the resistivity of zinc oxide grains which is responsible for the intensity limitation observed at high current densities, the dependence of current-voltage characteristics of zinc oxide based varistors on oxygen partial pressure has been investigated. From these studies it appears that the conductivity increases with decreasing oxygen partial pressure, this phenomenon being more significant at low voltages than at higher ones. These results can be related to a slight increase of the donor density, while the superficial trap density decreases strongly, involving a collapse of the barrier height and of the non-linearity exponent.

Superficial trapping levels in anthracene crystals

The emptying kinetics of superficial trapping levels in anthracene crystals has been studied by pulsed-photocurrent transients. The temperature and the initial filling of the levels have displayed great influence. A theoretical model in agreement with the experimental results has been developed.

The Ethos of Mean Streets

34.David P. Johnson, '". . Just a Mile From the End of the Line,'" Northwest Magazine, 2 February 1 969, pp. 10-11. In his article Johnson mentions The Columbia. His research and assistance led me to the source ofboth films. The sequence ofevents leading to the preservation of Hydro and The Columbia involved the full cooperation ofmany friends of film and history. Hydro and Division a are now available R cords the vice General THE ETHOS OF MEAN STREETS BY LEONARD QUART AND PAUL RABINOW Leonard Quart: Assistant Professor of Film & American Studies - Richmond College. Paul Rabinow: Associate Professor, Anthropology Richmond College. In the past decade, historians have been uncovering and discovering whole new areas of inquiry: the family, immigrants, women, working class, popular culture. So, too, the film has begun to deal with aspect' of the American past and present that Hollywood has either ignored or twisted out of recognizable shape. In the main, the films that have dealt with Italian immigrant and second generation life—Marty, Brothers Rico, Pay or Die, House of Strangers—have been bound to melodramatic or comic stereotypes so broadly drawn that little of the complex concreteness of the culture could seep through. Italians were seen as moral or venal racketeers; loving, hysterical Mommas; earthy authoritarian patriarchs; and dialect comedians named Luigi. They were exotics whose distinctive patterns and customs were portrayed merely externally as superficial trappings or colorful flaws, but never as people with a distinctive consciousness 'and tradition which could not be discarded easily and which provided much of the substance of their everyday life. In its shallow treatment of the Italian-American ethos, Hollywood was just sticking to its own commercial principles: don't tamper with successful formulas, and don't risk alienating the mass and ethnic audience by creating a complex and possibly controversial social universe For to deal with the community honestly would mean that real empathy and criticism would have to be extended; that the limits, mores, oppressions, as well as authentic strengths, ofthe culture would have to be painfully drawn. It would also implicitly challenge the powerful strain in American mass culture and mythology that holds that we are all really the same—that acculteration and assimilation has been so thorough that only a few dialect jokes and foods have been left as a pop residue. Marty Scorsese's Mean Streets dispenses with the largely apocryphal community of street vendors and earth mothers, aglow with warmth and humanity, and explores one aspect ofthe real community in a manner that has not been encountered in American film before. Mean Streets is Marty Scorsese's third film, and though somewhat uneven and inchoate artistically, it profoundly subverts most ofHollywood's Italian American fantasies. 33 The film's aims are as limited in scope as the neighborhood (Little Italy) itself, but that turns out to be its very strength. It focuses almost exclusively on "the boys," that male universe hovering uneasily between adolescence and the ultimate integration into marriage and family life. The film is devoid ofparental figures except for the august personage ofGiovanni, the neighborhood's Godfather. But the treatment here differs markedly from that in other films in that the Mafia figure is viewed from a dual perspective: Charlie's adulation and Scorsese's light mockery. First, he is seen through the eyes of the boys, primarily Charlie, the film's protagonist and anti-hero who romanticizes his uncle and relates to him in the most formal and submerged manner. For Charlie, Giovanni is like the church, a source of transcendental authority, held distant to better keep his aura unblemished. The film's texture is less involved with the internal processes of the boys than with the cultural symbols that binds the community together. There is a code and Uncle Giovanni is an enforcer ofone part of it, just as the church serves this function for higher realms. However, parallel to this exalted vision of Giovanni, Scorsese almost imperceptively demonstrates his fallibility. The limits of Giovanni's code are laid bare by his analysis of the epileptic girl, Teresa, as "touched in the head," or his cliched self-perception as a man ofhonor especially in relation to the...

Bombardment induced re-emission of ionically pumped inert gas from a glass surface

Studies have been made of the release of an inert gas, argon or krypton, ionically pumped into glass surfaces, by subsequent bombardment with the other gas, krypton or argon. It is found that ion bombardment, up to energies of 1 kev, cannot completely recover sorbed gas. This, and other evidence, leads to the conclusion that gas is released, during ion bombardment, by transfer of sufficient energy to a trapped gas atom, for its desorption, rather than simultaneous release during glass sputtering. Approximate values for gas sputtering coefficients are deduced. It is also concluded that gas is held in superficial trapping sites rather than in a depth distribution into the solid.

DENSITY OR GEOLOGICAL CORRECTIONS TO GRAVITY ANOMALIES FOR THE DECCAN TRAP AREA IN INDIA

An estimate of the extent and thickness of the Deccan Trap in India has been made and charts have been drawn showing the geological effect on gravity due to the excess density of the Trap. These results have been used to examine the situation near Bombay. It is found that the superficial trap flows do not explain the high gravity at Bombay, nor the gravity gradient of about 4 mgals./mile to the east, nor the seaward deflection of the plumb-line. The effects of a hypothetical fissure, extending for more than 100 kilometres northward from a point about 25 miles south of Bombay, have been computed for two assumed density distributions within the fissure. These computations show that the fissure, 30 kilometres deep, cannot be less than 5 kilometres wide.