Supercritical Oil Research Articles

Supercritical Technology as an Efficient Alternative to Cold Pressing for Avocado Oil: A Comparative Approach.

Avocado oil is rich in nutrients beneficial to human health, such as monounsaturated fatty acids, phenolic compounds, tocopherol, and carotenoids, with numerous possibilities for application in industry. This review explores, through a comparative approach, the effectiveness of the supercritical oil extraction process as an alternative to the conventional cold-pressing method, evaluating the differences in the extraction process steps through the effect of temperature and operating pressure on bioactive quality and oil yield. The results reveal that supercritical avocado oil has a yield like that of mechanical cold pressing and superior functional and bioactive quality, especially in relation to α-tocopherol and carotenoids. For better use and efficiency of the supercritical technology, the maturation stage, moisture content, fruit variety, and collection period stand out as essential factors to be observed during pre-treatment, as they directly impact oil yield and nutrient concentration. In addition, the use of supercritical technology enables the full use of the fruit, significantly reducing waste, and adds value to the agro-industrial residues of the process. It produces an edible oil free of impurities, microorganisms, and organic solvents. It is a green, environmentally friendly technology with long-term environmental and economic advantages and an interesting alternative in the avocado market.

Behavioral and electrocardiographic evaluation of Colossoma macropomum (Cuvier, 1818) indicates a safe concentration window for the use of Spilanthol in immersion baths

The use of natural products for the sedation and anesthesia of fish is already well established, with characteristics similar to or potentially superior to synthetic anesthetics. There is a significant advantage in terms of commercial accessibility compared to synthetic drugs, without compromising effectiveness and safety. Var. Oleracea, commonly known as jambu, is considered a medicinal plant. It contains spilanthol, an olefinic N-alkyl-amide with an isobutyl side chain. The supercritical oil of Spilanthes acmella (SOSA) exhibits anesthetic and sedative activity in fish. Our study aimed to evaluate the behavior and cardiac activity (ECG) of SOSA in seven groups: control, control vehicle, 20, 30, 40, 50 and 60 μL.L−1 in tambaqui (Colossoma macropomum). The animals were divided into two experiments: Experiment 1 (Behavioral), in which the latency for the loss and recovery of the animals' posture reflex in contact with the concentrations was evaluated. Experiment 2 (ECG), in which morphographic changes in the ECG were identified during treatment with various concentrations of SOSA. We conclude that concentrations of 20 μL.L−1 to 40 μL.L−1of SOSA were the most suitable for anesthesia due to the rapid reversibility of effects and minimal changes in the hemodynamics of C. macropomum in short-duration anesthesia.

Displacing water from a low spot in a pipeline by a turbulent oil flow: Experiments and simulations

Water may accumulate at low sections of oil transportation pipelines. Continuous removal of the water by the oil is essential to avoid possible damages to the pipeline and ensure proper oil flow. Lab-scale experiments were performed to determine the critical oil velocity that enables the removal of accumulated water by turbulent oil flow and to measure the water propagation velocity at supercritical oil velocities. Effects of the riser inclination, initial water volume, and oil flow rate on the oil–water flow phenomena were documented. The data obtained were compared with results of 2D and 3D numerical simulations. The oil viscosity and pipe diameter effects were tested via numerical simulations. More viscous oils have been found to reduce the critical oil velocity and increase water propagation velocities, however with a rather weak effect. The critical oil velocity increases with the pipe diameter and the water propagation velocity is reduced.

Mathematical Modeling of the Extraction Process Essential Oils Schinus terebinthifolius Raddi Using Supercritical Fluids

Schinus terebinthifolius Raddi is a plant rich in nutrients and is used medicinally and industrially. Supercritical oil extraction from S. terebinthifolius can result in higher value-added products. Mathematical models (Sovová and Esquível) are used to describe the behavior of supercritical extractions. This study aims to compare both models in terms of yields in conditions of 223 bar and 50°C. We observed that the model proposed by Sovová provided good reproducibility and representativeness.

Supercritical extraction and fractionation of Jatropha curcas L. oil for biodiesel production

The objective of this study was to evaluate the feasibility of supercritical oil extraction from Jatropha curcas L (JCL). The influence of the operating conditions on oil yield, free fatty acid content of JCL oil, and oil quality was examined, which included pressure, temperature, particle size, and percentage of hull. The conditions for the fractionation of fatty acid were selected to obtain good-quality oil for biodiesel production. Finally, an experiment was conducted under different conditions in which the greatest amount of free fatty acids (FFA) (26.3wt.%) was extracted during the first fractions and then the pressure was increased to achieve good oil removal (91wt.% oil yield) performance with low content of free fatty acids (1wt.%). This study has a promising role to fill as a more cost-effective processing technology, and it is not necessary to carry out a degumming, esterification and dehydration in the oil of the last fractions. Furthermore, all the phorbol ester was removed from the oil by conducting a supercritical extraction using CO2.

Trainable cascade-forward back-propagation network modeling of spearmint oil extraction in a packed bed using SC-CO2

Supercritical extraction (SE) is a separation technique utilizes near or above critical properties of the solvents. In this technique, modeling of yield and solubility of materials are crucial points in supercritical fluid extraction processes. Generally, mathematical modeling of the supercritical oil extraction is a very difficult task since a highly nonlinear relation exists between process variables and solubility. Considering these facts, in the present study, a trainable cascade-forward back-propagation network (CFBPN) was proposed to correlate the yield of spearmint oil extracted by supercritical carbon dioxide. The results revealed the applicability of the proposed model to correlate the yield of spearmint oil extraction with an acceptable level of accuracy. Finally, the obtained results were compared to mathematical models namely Goodarznia & Eikani and Kim & Hong. The comparison between the results of proposed network and mathematical models demonstrated a better predictive capability of the proposed network.

Experimental and modelling of supercritical oil extraction from rapeseeds and sunflower seeds

The supercritical oil extraction from oleaginous seeds (sunflower and rapeseeds) is presented here through experimental and modelling results. The experimental setup allows an accurate following of the mass of the oil extracted and to derive the experimental influences of pressure, temperature and supercritical CO 2 flowrate on the extraction curves. These parameters are very sensitive and highlight the necessity of precise optimisation of experimental conditions. In order to complete the behaviour of supercritical fluids extraction, an improved modelling is proposed. The modelling basic equations are based on others modelling published previously. In this work, the determination of several parameters comes from correlations and the other constants are fitted with all the experimental results. Thus the modelling is more representative and predictive as other ones. The modelling results present a good agreement with the experimental results, and hence it can be used for the dimensioning of some extraction autoclaves.

Supercritical extraction process and phase equilibrium of Candeia ( Eremanthus erythropappus) oil using supercritical carbon dioxide

In this work a kinetic experimental study of supercritical oil extraction of Candeia ( Eremanthus erythropappus) oil was carried out. In addition, the phase equilibrium study of the essential oil in CO 2 was measured and modeled. The extraction was performed at temperatures of 308, 313 and 333 K, from 100 to 200 bar, while the phase equilibrium experiments were obtained in the CO 2 overall composition range of 10–90 wt.%, from 313 to 333 K and pressures up to 250 bar. The experimental data of the phase equilibrium for the Candeia Oil + CO 2 system were described satisfactorily by the Peng–Robinson equation of state with VdW2 mixing rule. To represent the kinetics of oil extraction in a fixed bed column, it was employed a 2nd order kinetic model. It was showed, based on the comparison between experimental and theoretical results, that the model satisfactorily describes the extraction kinetics in all the studied cases using just one parameter. The chemical characterization of the extracts (CO 2 and hydrodistillation) was done using gas chromatography coupled to mass spectrometry.

Comparison of pennyroyal oils obtained by supercritical CO2 extraction and hydrodistillation

Flowers and leaves of pennyroyal (Mentha pulegium L.) were extracted using supercritical CO2 followed by a two-stage fractional separation technique. Using a flow apparatus with an extraction vessel (1 l) and two separators (0.27 l), the best conditions of extraction (P=100 bar and T=50°C) and of separation (P=80 bar, T=−16°C for the first separator and P=18 bar, T=0°C for the second) were found and used to investigate the effect of different mean particle diameters. The pennyroyal oil obtained under these conditions was compared with that obtained by hydrodistillation. Twenty-one components were identified by GC–MS and quantified by GC. Both the hydrodistillation and supercritical oils of Mentha pulegium L. contain the oxygenated monoterpenes pulegone (∽80%) and menthone (∽9%) as the main components. The aroma of the pennyroyal oil obtained with supercritical CO2 was closer to that of the starting vegetable material than the aroma of the essential oil produced by hydrodistillation. Copyright © 1999 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.

Phytochemical Examination of Oils Obtained from the Fruit of Mille Thistle (Silybum marianum L. Gaertner) by Supercritical Fluid Extraction

Supercritical fluid extraction (solvent: CO2 and propane) was used for mild recovery of fatty oil of mille thistle fruit (Silybum marianum L. Gaertner). Fatty acid compounds (palmic acid, oleic acid, linolic acid, linolenic acid, behenic acid), coloring content (expressed in pheophytin and carotene), tocopherol content and concentrations of some metals (Al, As, B, Ba, Ca, Cd,Co, Cr, Cu, Fe, Hg, K, Li, Mg, Mn, Mo, Na, Ni, Pb, S, Ti, V, Zn), boron and sulfur were determined from oils and compared with oil obtained by Soxhlet extraction. There is significant difference between supercritical oil and traditional oil in the quantity of bioactive compounds and elements. The ratio of bioactive components and elements of oils changed during the extraction. Supercritical oils have higher concentration of C18:1 oleic acid, C18:3 linolenic acid, C20:0 and C22:0 behenic acid than the oil gained by Soxhlet extraction. The oil obtained by supercritical fluid extraction at 80 bar and 25 °C with propane has the highest coloring content. Our paper is the first report to be published on element concentrations of mille thistle oils. Accumulation of some heavy metals can be observed in almost each oil sample.