Supercritical Fluid Carbon Dioxide Extraction Research Articles

The in vitro antioxidant activity of lotus germ oil from supercritical fluid carbon dioxide extraction

The in vitro antioxidant activity of lotus germ oil extracted by supercritical fluid extraction (SFE) has been investigated. The distinctly high total phenolic compounds content and tocopherol content in lotus germ oil composition were found to be 9.06 ± 0.11% and 485.1 ± 50 mg/100 g, respectively. The lotus germ oil exhibited a dose-dependent inhibitory effect on the hydroxyl free radical and superoxide anion free radical. However, the scavenging effects on the superoxide anion free radical were deceased when the extract concentration was greater than 70 mg/mL. Lotus germ oil showed substantial antioxidant activity in the mice liver and kidney tissues homogenates in a dose-dependent manner. The auto-haemolysis of mice red blood cells was also blocked by lotus germ oil in a dose-dependent manner. Lotus germ oil showed a higher antioxidant activity in the lard system. The high content of phenolic compounds and tocopherol in the lotus germ oil could partially account for the antioxidant activity. These results suggest the lotus germ oil can be used as healthcare oil to develop.

Chemical constituents and antimicrobial activity of essential oil and extracts of heartwood of Aquilaria crassna obtained from water distillation and supercritical fluid carbon dioxide extraction.

Agarwood (Aquilaria crassna) is a high value economic plant.Agarwood oil is widely used among variouscountries as perfumes and ingredient inmedical recipes. In this study, the extraction of driedAgarwood powderbywater distillation (WD), supercritical fluid carbon dioxide extraction (SFE) and SFEwith ethanol as cosolvent(SFE+co) gave 0.2%oil, 0.06%and 0.014%extracts, respectively. The types of chemical constituents of oil andextracts from these 3 extraction methods were quite similar. The major chemical constituents ofWD oil, SFEand SFE+co extracts were g-selinene (13.66%), selina-4,11-dien-14-al (14.25%) and selina-4,11-dien-14-al(13.39%), respectively. The WD oil, SFE and SFE+co extracts had antimicrobial activities against S. auruesand C. albicans, but were not sensitive to E. coli at maximum concentration of the study, 2mg/mL. KeyWords: Agarwood; Aquilaria crassna; Distillation; Supercritical fluid carbon dioxide

Control of Clavicipitaceous Anamorphic Endophytes with Fungicides, Aerated Steam and Supercritical Fluid CO2-Seed Extraction

The effects of soil drenches with systemic fungicides on viability of clavicipitaceous anamorphic endophytes, non-choke inducing endosymbiotic fungi of the genus Neotyphodium that systemically infect grasses, were tested in endophyte-infected seedlings of Hordeum brevisubulatum subsp. violaceum, Lolium perenne and Festuca arundinacea germplasm. None of the endophytes of these grasses were sensitive to benomyl at 3-5 ppt. The endophyte of H. brevisubulatum was sensitive only to propiconazole. The viability of the F. arundinacea endophyte (N, coenophialum) was reduced, but not completed eliminated by prochloraz, imazalil and propiconazole in the 2-3 ppt range. Aerated-steam seed treatments at 60 C for 5 min were effective in reducing viability of the perennial ryegrass endophyte (N. lolii) by 83%, although some reduction in seed germination and negative growth effects were observed. A novel disease-control method, supercritical fluid carbon dioxide extraction (SFE-Cod, for the elimination of Neotyphodium-endophytes in grass seeds is reported here for the first time. The endophyte N. lolii was completely controlled in seeds of L. perenne cv. Ellett by extracting the seeds at 400 atmospheres for 10 or 20 min. Only minor reductions in seed germination resulted from the SFE-CO, seed-extraction treatment and no appreciable effects on growth of seedlings or mature plants were observed. Several potential applications of these disease-control technologies for seedborne fungal pathogens are discussed.

Oil-in-water analysis using supercritical fluid extraction interfaced with fixed wavelength infrared detection

The combination of a direct aqueous supercritical fluid extraction system interfaced to a fixed wavelength infrared detector; measuring CH2 (νasymmetric) absorbance at 2930 cm−1, has been successfully developed for the analysis of oil-in-water. Using an optional, in-line silica gel treatment procedure, method accuracy for determining Brent Delta crude oil in spiked 500 mL water samples was 92.0% to 94.5% with RSD 4.7% to 6.5%. The supercritical fluid extraction-infrared method enables a second analysis of the same water sample without silica gel treatment. For second sets of analyses without silica gel treatment, method accuracy for determining Brent Delta crude oil in spiked 500 mL water samples was 87% to 96.0% with RSD 7.5% to 9.5%. Results of this study indicate that the silica gel treatment procedure reduces the calculated level of Brent Delta crude oil-in-water by 6.6–12.4% relative to samples analysed without silica gel treatment. The results of a study involving Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy indicate a limit of detection for n-decane of approximately 0.5 mg L−1 by measuring CH2 (νasymmetric) absorbance using the supercritical fluid extraction-infrared method. Sample preparation using direct aqueous supercritical fluid carbon dioxide extraction provides an indefinite means for the use of infrared techniques to measure oil-in-water.

Supercritical carbon dioxide fluid extraction of Hibiscus cannabinus L. seed oil: A potential solvent-free and high antioxidative edible oil

The supercritical fluid extraction (SFE) trends and antioxidant activities of Hibiscus cannabinus seed oils were studied. SFE results indicate that extraction pressure is the major factor determining the oil yield. In comparison, classic Soxhlet extraction (SOX/L) yielded higher oil content than SFE ( P < 0.05). However, no significant differences in oil content were observed in SFE at 600 bars/80 °C, rapid Soxhlet extraction (SOX/S) and conventional ultra-sonic assisted solvent extraction (SONIC) ( P > 0.05). Antioxidant activities of H. c annabinus seed oils were compared with 7 types of commercial edible oils. DPPH scavenging activity test indicated that H. cannabinus seed oil extracted by SFE at 200 bars/80 °C possessed the highest antiradical activity whereas beta-carotene bleaching (BCB) assay revealed that all H. cannabinus seed oils (except for SFE at 400 bars/80 °C and 600 bars/80 °C) exhibited higher antioxidant activity than all commercial edible oils ( P < 0.05). Thus, SFE – H. cannabinus seed oil may serve as an excellent source of solvent-free edible oil with high antioxidant properties.

Chitosan-Based Aerogels with High Adsorption Performance

New natural polymer-based aerogels, cross-linked chitosan aerogels, were prepared by the sol-gel route with glutaradehyde, glyoxal, and formaldehyde as cross-linkers. The alcogels were dried by supercritical carbon dioxide (CO2) fluid extraction. The resulting materials were characterized using scanning electron microscopy (SEM), nitrogen adsorption/desorption analysis, and Fourier transform infrared (FT-IR) spectroscopy. Furthermore, the adsorption of the anionic surfactant sodium dodecylbenzene-sulfonate (SDBS) from aqueous solution by the materials was investigated. The aerogels exhibit high adsorption capability, can remove SDBS from acidic aqueous solutions, and have potential applications in controlling SDBS pollution.

Separation and determination of diversiform phytosterols in food materials using supercritical carbon dioxide extraction and ultraperformance liquid chromatography-atmospheric pressure chemical ionization-mass spectrometry

This paper presents at first time that the ultra-performance™ liquid chromatographic atmospheric pressure chemical ionization mass spectrometer (UPLC-APCI–MS) was used as an efficient method for the identification and quantification of diversiform phytosterols in food materials. The sample preparation consisted of extraction by supercritical carbon dioxide fluid extraction (SCE) and saponification by refluxing with ethanolic KOH, and then the non-saponificable fraction was extracted with petroleum ether. This fraction was subjected to solid phase extraction (SPE) on silica gel cartridge and then the sterols were eluted with hexane-ethyl acetate. Sterols were separated on an Acquity UPLC™ BEH C18 column (100 mm × 1.0 mm, 1.7 μm particle size) with a gradient of methanol/water (1% acetonitrile) at a flow of 0.1 mL min −1. The determination was performed in selective ion monitoring mode. The quality parameter of the developed method was established using 6-ketocholestanol as internal standard. Limits of quantification (LOQ) were 0.1754, 0.0341, 0.0500, 0.0205, 0.0225, 0.3674, 0.0241, 0.0272, 0.0076 μg L −1 and 0.1525 μg mL −1 for 6-ketocholestanol, desmosterol, ergosterol, cholesterol, lanosterol, cholestanol, campesterol, stigmasterol, β-sitosterol, and stigmastanol, respectively. The intra- and inter-day determination precision for the 10 phytosterols were less than 5 and 6% in relative standard deviations, and their recoveries were located in the range of 94–107%. The developed approach has been applied successfully for efficient determination of diversiform phytosterols in food materials, including corn, sesame, oat and peanut.

Microwave-assisted extraction used for the isolation of total triterpenoid saponins from Ganoderma atrum

In this paper, a method of microwave-assisted extraction (MAE) was for the first time used to extract total triterpenoid saponins from Ganoderma atrum, which have been reported to have several medicinal properties and uses. The extracts were directly determined by colorimetric method without any further treatment. Compared with shaking extraction method, heat reflux extraction, supercritical fluid carbon dioxide extraction (SFE) and normal ultrasound-assisted extraction (UAE), MAE only need 5 min to give the highest yield of triterpenoid saponins at 0.968%, while the other extraction methods need several hours or even more than 10 h and give lower yield. Several factors affecting the MAE extraction rate were also discussed, such as extraction time, temperature, ratio of solvent to material and the kind of solvents. Optimal conditions of MAE can be concluded as follows: 5 min at 90 °C, the ratio of solvent to material is 25 by using 95% ethanol as the solvent.

Effect of supercritical fluid extraction parameters and clay properties on the efficiency of phenanthrene extraction

Clay soils have specific properties that cause difficulty in the assessment and remediation of contaminated sites. Furthermore, polyaromatic hydrocarbons, when present in soil, are difficult to extract due to their nonpolar, high molecular weight characterization. In this study, the supercritical fluid (carbon dioxide) extraction (SFE) technique, with and without methanol modifier, was used for removal of PAHs (phenanthrene) from kaolinite, illite, and montmorillonite soils. The impact of SFE parameters (fluid pressure, fluid temperature, and time), and of clay properties (such as clay minerals content, initial moisture content, soil porosity or equivalent pores size, clay surface area, cation-exchange capacity, and clay-swelling index) on the removal efficiency of PAHs from clayey soils were investigated. The results of this investigation were used to develop a semi-empirical correlation between the recovery (i.e. the extraction efficiency) at any time and above mentioned parameters and properties.

Extraction of Uranium from Simulated Ore by the Supercritical Carbon Dioxide Fluid Extraction Method with Nitric Acid-TBP Complex

The supercritical fluid extraction (SFE) method using CO(2) as a medium with an extractant of HNO(3)-tri-n-butyl phosphate (TBP) complex was applied to extract uranium from several uranyl phosphate compounds and simulated uranium ores. An extraction method consisting of a static extraction process and a dynamic one was established, and the effects of the experimental conditions, such as pressure, temperature, and extraction time, on the extraction of uranium were ascertained. It was found that uranium could be efficiently extracted from both the uranyl phosphates and simulated ores by the SFE method using CO(2). It was thus demonstrated that the SFE method using CO(2) is useful as a pretreatment method for the analysis of uranium in ores.

Memory-Enhancing Effect of a Supercritical Carbon Dioxide Fluid Extract of the Needles ofAbies koreanaon Scopolamine-Induced Amnesia in Mice

Abies koreana Wilson (A. koreana) is a shrub or broadly pyramidal evergreen tree endemic in the mountainous regions of South Korea. We obtained the essential oil (EO) from alpine needle leaves of A. koreana by the supercritical fluid extraction (SFE) method. EO was analyzed by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS), and 68 compounds were identified constituting 95.66% of the oil. The major components were elemol (11.17%), terpinen-4-ol (9.77%), sabinene (8.86%), 10(15)-cadien-4-ol (7.16%), alpha-terpineol (6.13%), alpha-pinene (6.07%) and gamma-terpinene (4.71%). To investigate the memory-enhancing effects, we conducted a passive avoidance test using a scopolamine (1 mg/kg, ip)-induced amnesia mouse model. A peritoneal injection of EO from A. koreana (100 mg/kg) showed a memory enhancing effect of 72.7% compared with the control. These results suggest that EO of A. koreana may be a useful therapeutic agent against such amnesia-inducing diseases as Alzheimer and vascular dementia.

HPLC comparison of supercritical fluid extraction and solvent extraction of coumarins from the peel of Citrus maxima fruit

The efficiency of carbon dioxide supercritical fluid extraction (SFE) of the biologically active compounds imperatorin, meranzin and meranzin hydrate from the fruit peel of Citrus maxima Merr. has been compared with that of solvent extraction with acetone. Under the best SFE conditions tested for the three coumarins, which involved extraction at 50 degrees C and 27.6 MPa, the extractive efficiencies were 84, 76 and 18% for imperatorin, meranzin and meranzin hydrate, respectively. The presence of modifiers significantly affected the extraction efficiency: the highest extraction efficiency of the three coumarins was obtained with ethanol as modifier.

Comparison of volatile and semivolatile compounds from commercial cigarette by supercritical fluid extraction and simultaneous distillation extraction

Supercritical carbon dioxide fluid extraction (SFE) was studied as a rapid method for extraction of volatile and semivolatile compounds of Chinese commercial cigarettes. The method was compared with simultaneous distillation and extraction (SDE). Temperature and pressure for the SFE were optimized. The extracts obtained by the two methods showed different characters in composition and represented differently the flavor characteristics of tobacco; compared to SDE, SFE can extract compounds within a shorter time and avoid the thermal degradation and solvent contamination of samples. The extracts by the two extraction methods are complementary for investigating the flavor characteristic of tobacco products.

Comparison of different extraction techniques for isolation of antioxidants from sweet grass ( Hierochloë odorata)

Strong antioxidants, 5,8-dihydroxycoumarin and 5-hydroxy-8- O-β- d-glucopyranosyl-benzopyranone were extracted from sweet grass ( Hierochloë odorata L.) by using Soxhlet (SE), microwave-assisted (MAE) and supercritical fluid carbon dioxide (SFE) extractions at different extraction schemes and parameters. One-step MAE gave the most concentrated extract with 8.15% of 5,8-dihydroxycoumarin (extract yield 0.42%). Comparable results were obtained by one-step SFE and Soxhlet extraction. A two-step extraction was applied in order to increase the concentration of active compounds. Taking into account antioxidant recovery and concentration as well the extraction time and environmental aspects, two-step SFE was considered as a preferable method. The obtained crude extract contained 20.31% of 5,8-dihydroxycoumarin and 2.18% of 5-hydroxy-8- O-β- d-glucopyranosyl-benzopyranone. The extraction yields were 0.46 and 0.06%, respectively. First-step of SFE extraction was performed from dried herb at 35 MPa and 40 °C with 20% of ethanol as a modifier; the second extraction step was performed from the crude extract at 25 MPa and 40 °C.

Extraction of Carotenoids from Thraustochytrium CHN-1 by Means of Supercritical Carbon Dioxide Fluid Extraction

Extraction of Carotenoids from Thraustochytrium CHN-1 by Means of Supercritical Carbon Dioxide Fluid Extraction

The Effect of Supercritical Carbon Dioxide Extraction on Color Retention and Pesticide Reduction of Wooden Artifacts

The effects of supercritical fluid carbon dioxide extraction on the luminosity of various pigments used to decorate wooden artifacts was assessed as a prelude to using this treatment technology for removing pesticides—specifically DDT—from wooden artifacts. The extraction darkened 6 of the 31 coatings evaluated and lightened 9 others. The color changes were slight and often difficult to detect visually. The remainder of coatings experienced no significant changes. DDT was extracted from all blocks regardless of coating combinations. DDT reductions of 50% or more were observed with 26 of 31 coating combinations, suggesting that this treatment may be used for pesticide extraction without adversely affecting wooden artifacts.

The Effect of Supercritical Carbon Dioxide Extraction on Color Retention and Pesticide Reduction of Wooden Artifacts

The effects of supercritical fluid carbon dioxide extraction on the luminosity of various pigments used to decorate wooden artifacts was assessed as a prelude to using this treatment technology for removing pesticides—specifically DDT—from wooden artifacts. The extraction darkened 6 of the 31 coatings evaluated and lightened 9 others. The color changes were slight and often difficult to detect visually. The remainder of coatings experienced no significant changes. DDT was extracted from all blocks regardless of coating combinations. DDT reductions of 50% or more were observed with 26 of 31 coating combinations, suggesting that this treatment may be used for pesticide extraction without adversely affecting wooden artifacts.

Supercritical Fluid Extraction of Pesticides from a Table-Ready Food Composite of Plant Origin (Gazpacho)

Supercritical fluid carbon dioxide extraction (SFE) has been evaluated for the extraction of 17 organohalogen and organophosphate pesticides in gazpacho (a table-ready food composite containing crude vegetables, white bread, vegetable oil, water, and other minor components) using anhydrous magnesium sulfate as drying agent. The effects of different parameters, such as fat content in gazpacho composites, magnesium sulfate/gazpacho ratio, supercritical fluid volume, pressure, temperature, and static modifier additions, on SFE recoveries from spiked gazpacho samples have been studied. Analyses were performed by gas chromatography (GC) with flame photometric (FPD), electron capture (ECD), and mass spectrometry (MSD) detectors. In most experiments, recoveries obtained for the nonpolar organohalogen pesticides were lower than those obtained for the most polar organophosphate pesticides, but overall pesticide recoveries determined by using the optimal SFE conditions indicate that SFE could be used to determine pesticide residue levels in gazpacho.

Simultaneous supercritical-fluid extraction of nine individual aliphatic hydrocarbons, aroclor 1260, aroclor 5460 and four PCB congeners from chicken liver

Supercritical carbon dioxide fluid extraction (SFE) has been used for selective extraction of nine aliphatic hydrocarbons, Aroclor 1260, Aroclor 5460, and four PCB congeners from chicken liver. Alumina was used as adsorbent and methanol as modifier. Recoveries were between 53 and 100% for aliphatic hydrocarbons, 83 and 95% for Aroclor 1260 and Aroclor 5460, and 81 and 98% for PCB congeners.

Supercritical extraction of thyme (Thymus vulgaris L.)

Chromatographic methods for the qualitative and quantitative analysis of thyme (Thymus vulgaris L.) extracts (essential oil obtained by steam distillation and extracts obtained by carbon dioxide supercritical fluid extraction and methylene chloride) are described. The composition of extracts obtained at different pressures (from 80 bar to 400 bar) and constant temperature (40°C) is discussed. The extraction system thyme— supercritical carbon dioxide was modelled by empirical equations defining the dependence of the total extract (TE) solubility and thymol solubility in CO2 on the density of carbon dioxide.