Supercritical CO2 Extraction Research Articles

From Coffee Waste to Active Ingredient for Cosmetic Applications.

Coffee silverskin (CS) is the thin epidermis covering and protecting the coffee bean and it represents the main by-product of the coffee roasting process. CS has recently gained attention due to its high content in bioactive molecules and the growing interest in valuable reutilization of waste products. Drawing inspiration from its biological function, here its potential in cosmetic applications was investigated. CS was recovered from one of the largest coffee roasters located in Switzerland and processed through supercritical CO2 extraction, thereby generating coffee silverskin extract. Chemical profiling of this extract revealed the presence of potent molecules, among which cafestol and kahweol fatty acid esters, as well as acylglycerols, β-sitosterol and caffeine. The CS extract was then dissolved in organic shea butter, yielding the cosmetic active ingredient SLVR'Coffee™. In vitro gene expression studies performed on keratinocytes showed an upregulation of genes involved in oxidative stress responses and skin-barrier functionality upon treatment with the coffee silverskin extract. In vivo, our active protected the skin against Sodium Lauryl Sulfate (SLS)-induced irritation and accelerated its recovery. Furthermore, this active extract improved measured as well as perceived skin hydration in female volunteers, making it an innovative, bioinspired ingredient that comforts the skin and benefits the environment.

Extraction of Apple Pomace from Juice Production Using Supercritical CO2 Extraction

Apple pomace, a by-product of apple juice and cider production, is a sustainable raw material from which valuable products such as nutritional supplements and pectin can be obtained. It contains significant amounts of antioxidant compounds that have been linked to several health benefits. Both traditional and new technologies can be used to extract valuable components from apple pomace, with an emphasis on new and environmentally friendly methods. One such technique is the use of supercritical CO2 extraction. This method is considered environmentally friendly, and it can be used to extract valuable compounds such as antioxidants and pectin from apple pomace. This article examines the extraction parameters of apple pomace and analyses the valuable substances in the extract samples. Apple pomace is a promising source of carbohydrates, proteins, amino acids, fatty acids, phenolic compounds, vitamins, and other compounds with a vast range of food applications.

Effect of ultrasound, microwave, and enzymatically pre-treated Terminalia chebula pulp on extraction of bioactive compounds using supercritical CO2

Terminalia chebula fruit pulp was subjected to three different pre-treatments viz. microwave (360 and 720W), ultrasound (50 and 100% amplitude) and cellulase (200 and 400U) and their combinations then subjecting the best pre-treated pulp to supercritical CO2 (ScCO2) for extraction of bioactive compounds. It was observed that ultrasound at 50% amplitude, microwave at 360 Watts, and enzyme with 400 Unit resulted in maximum yield bioactive compounds for the different pre-treatments. The selected levels of the pre-treatments were now evaluated for combined treatment. In the combined pre-treatment, microwave-assisted ultrasound extraction resulted in maximum extraction of bioactive compounds. The total phenolic compounds (TPC), total flavonoid content (TFC), and antioxidant capacity (DPPH) were found to be 346.05 mg GAE/g, 116.93 mg QE/g and 91.57% respectively. This best pre-treated pulp was then subjected to ScCO2 extraction, which further increased the recovery. The final extract was characterized and analysed using LC-MS.

Investigation of Conversion of Sunflower Oil Production Wastes to High Value Compounds by Supercritical CO2

The evaluation of wastes from edible oil production industry has increasing importance because of resources deficiency and growing population day by day. It was aimed to investigate the recovery potential of oil and valuable components such as total phenolic contents (TPC), total flavonoid content (TFC) and antioxidant activities with conventional and green extraction methods from edible sunflower oil production wastes. Firstly, Soxhlet extraction was applied on the waste samples from filtration of the oil and then supercritical CO2 (SC- CO2) extraction was performed to compare extraction yield. The statistical evaluation of the SC- CO2 extraction experiments was conducted with the Minitab Software program. It was concluded that 37% extraction yield was obtained with the mixture of perlite and waste sample, while the highest recovery was observed as 27% for the perlite-free sample. The interaction of independent variables (temperature and pressure) on the recovery yields were determined as significant (p=0.002). Pressure was detected more effective on the valuable substance contents of the extracts than temperature. The most efficient conditions were 50 oC and 22.1 MPa for oil recovery, while 60 oC and 20 MPa for valuable substance recovery.

Safety of yellow/orange tomato extract as a novel food pursuant to Regulation (EU) 2015/2283.

Following a request from the European Commission, the EFSA Panel on Nutrition, Novel Foods and Food Allergens (NDA) was asked to deliver an opinion on yellow/orange tomato extract used as a novel food (NF) pursuant to Regulation (EU) 2283/2015. The NF which is the subject of the application is a carotenoid-rich extract from the yellow/orange tomato containing predominantly phytoene and phytofluene, as well as a lesser amount of beta-carotene, zeta-carotene and lycopene. The NF is produced from the tomato pulp using supercritical CO2 extraction. The applicant proposes the use of the NF in cereal bars, functional drinks and as a food supplement in individuals above 15 years of age. For the use of the NF in cereal bars and functional drinks, the Panel considers, the target population is the general population. According to EFSA's latest exposure assessment for lycopene as a food additive (EFSA ANS Panel, 2017), the highest P95 intakes for children (< 10 and 10-17 years) and adults when combined to the use of lycopene as a food colour from natural occurrence would exceed the established acceptable daily intake (ADI) for lycopene (0.5 mg/kg body weight (bw) day). The estimated intakes of the NF would lead to an exceedance of the ADI when considering natural occurrence and exposure to lycopene when used as a food additive. Due to the absence of safety data regarding phytoene and phytofluene intake from the NF, and the contribution of the NF to the estimated high daily intakes of lycopene, the Panel considers that it cannot be established whether or not the consumption of the NF is nutritionally disadvantageous. The Panel concludes that the safety of the NF has not been established under the proposed conditions of use.

Comparative Study of E-Nose, GC-MS, and GC-IMS to Distinguish Star Anise Essential Oil Extracted Using Different Extraction Methods

In this study, star anise (Illicium verum) essential oils (SAEOs) were extracted by hydrodistillation (HD), ethanol solvent extraction (ESE), supercritical CO2 (SCD) and subcritical extraction (SE) via electronic nose (E-nose), gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS), and GC-ion mobility spectrometry (GC-IMS). GC-MS and GC-IMS were used to identify the volatile compounds, and GC-MS was also used to determine their concentrations. Principal component analysis (PCA) and linear discriminant analysis (LDA) were used to visualise volatile compounds and differentiate samples. The results showed that anethole and limonene were the main volatile compounds in SAEOs extracted using the four methods and their components were similar, albeit in different proportions. In addition, the fingerprints of their volatile components were established via E-nose and GC-IMS analyses. In general, GC-MS, GC-IMS, and E-nose combined with PCA and LDA analysis could accurately distinguish SAEOs extracted using different extraction methods, and GC-IMS was identified as the most suitable method because of its accuracy and rapidity.

Essential Oils of Ginkgo biloba Yellow Leaves Obtained by Hydrodistillation and Supercritical Carbon Dioxide Extraction

Background/Objective: Volatile compounds present in green Ginkgo biloba L. leaves extracts contain compounds that can undertake free radical scavenging. The assumption was that volatile compounds present in yellow Ginkgo biloba leaves extracts have a different composition compared to green Ginkgo biloba leaves extracts. The investigation was conducted in order to determine the compounds in yellow Ginkgo biloba leaves’ extracts that can undertake free radical scavenging. Methods: The volatile compounds present in yellow Ginkgo biloba leaf extracts were obtained by hydrodistillation and supercritical carbon dioxide (CO2) extraction. The obtained essential oils were analyzed by gas chromatography–mass spectrometry. Results: The essential oil obtained by hydrodistillation consisted of monoterpenes (3.1%), oxygenated monoterpenes (15.3%), sesquiterpenes (6.2%), oxygenated sesquiterpenes (51.4%), esters (1.3%), benzopyrans (7.1%), an oxolane (1.5%), and a rose ketone (0.8%). Caryophylene-4(12),8(13)-dien-5α-ol (7.1%) was the most abundant compound, followed by 14-hydroxy-( Z)-caryophyllene (5.8%), caryophyllene oxide (5.8%), and hydroxydihydroedulan (5.6%). The supercritical fluid extraction was done under the pressure of 30 MPa, at the temperature of 40 °C and the CO2 flow rate was 2 kg·h−1. The obtained chromatogram revealed the presence of 12 compounds. The main constituents were squalene (110.5 mg per 100 g of plant material) and α-tocopherol (99.3 mg per 100 g of plant material). Conclusion: The well-known compound that has a free radical scavenging activity α-tocopherol was determined in yellow Ginkgo biloba leaves extract obtained by supercritical CO2 extraction.

The Assessment of an Effect of Natural Origin Products on the Initial Growth and Development of Maize under Drought Stress and the Occurrence of Selected Pathogens

Poland, like other countries in the world, increasingly experiences the ongoing climate change that is a critical yield-limiting factor. The use of biostimulants in agriculture has shown tremendous potential in combating climate change-induced stresses such as drought, temperature stress, etc. They could be a promising tool in the current crop production scenario. Biostimulants are organic compounds, microbes, or amalgamation of both that could regulate plant growth behavior through molecular alteration and physiological, biochemical, and anatomical modulations. They can promote plant growth under various environmental stresses because they have a positive effect, in particular, on plant growth and resistance. There are many products of this type available on the market, including those of natural origin, which are part of the Integrated Pest Management. The ecotoxicity of chemical plant protection products, the negative effects of their use, and the change in regulations make it recommended to use low-risk chemicals and non-chemical methods, that involve the least risk to health and the environment, and at the same time ensure effective and efficient protection of crops. Natural origin biocomponents obtained by the supercritical CO2 extraction of plant material or by fermentation process in bioreactors were tested. Common maize (Zea mays L.) was selected as a test plant for growth tests at climate chambers. Results showed that the only supernatant (fermentation broth) obtained with the Paenibacillus bacteria (S2) had a positive effect on the germination index (GI &gt; 100%) of maize seeds, compared to the obtained plant seed extracts from the crop of the legume family (Fabaceae) (E3) and from the crop of the smartweed family (Polygonaceae) (E9) (GI &lt; 100%). The extracts E3, S1 (supernatant obtained with the use of bacteria from the genus Enterobacter) and S2 used as a single product and in combination with UAN+S, under optimal conditions of the experiment, had a positive effect on the maize root weight compared to the untreated, while under drought stress, a decrease in the root weight was observed. Moreover, on the basis of the conducted research, differences in the mycelial growth of selected fungi were found. The applied biocomponent S2 of microbial origin extract (supernatant 2) showed a mycelial growth-limiting effect on all tested Fusarium fungi isolated from the corn cobs.

Effect of extraction treatments on the functional properties of free and bound phenols in apple seeds

Apple seeds are one of the main by-products of the food industry. This research aims to characterize free and bound phenols from apple seeds first defatted with three methods: (1) supercritical CO2, (2) ultrasound assisted and (3) Soxhlet extraction. Next, defatted seeds were extracted with hydroalcoholic maceration to give free phenols fraction and a solid residue. The latter was further extracted by alkaline hydrolysis to give bound phenols fraction. The time, temperature, concentration of NaOH and solid-to-liquid ratio were optimized for maximum extraction of bound phenols. Results showed that, regardless to the defatting method used, the highest phenol content was found mainly in the bound fraction (up to 31 mg g−1 GAE), which was eight times higher than the free fraction. Also, the antioxidant capacity (DPPH and ORAC) of the bound fraction was twice that of the free fraction. Such differences were next linked to the polyphenol profile (HPLC-DAD), and to the electron transfer properties (HPLC-coulometric detector). Results showed that the highest electron transfer properties of bound phenols were explained with higher content and lower half-wave potential of redox species like protocatechuic acid, salvianic acid A, and caffeic acid (identified by HPLC HR-MS/MS). Instead, the redox properties of free phenol extracts were attributed mainly to phlorizin. Overall, bound phenols in defatted apple seeds are a rich source of antioxidants that can be easily extracted by alkaline hydrolysis.

Optimization of supercritical fluid CO2 extraction of Opoponax essential oil (C. erythraea)

Essential oil of Opoponax (Commiphora erythraea) was extracted by means of steam distillation and supercritical CO2 (SFE-CO2) extraction. Experiments were performed using a Clevenger-type apparatus. On the other hand, SFE-CO2 runs were carried out using OCOLABS extraction unit at the operating conditions of 150, 200, and 250 bars and within temperature range from 50 to 65 °C. Other extraction parameters such as particle size and extraction period were also investigated in order to validate their effect on the processes and the oil yield. The extraction yields were almost similar (2.46%) for the optimized SFE-CO2 at 250 bar, 65 oC, and 2 hr, and 2.45% for the steam distillation. Our findings confirmed that the grinding of the material (particle size), pressure, and temperature had an important effect on the SFE-CO2 extraction process. GC/MS analyses revealed that major compounds, namely α-santalene, α and β-bisabolone, and trans-alpha-bergamotene were of similar quantities except for ocimene. α-Santalene concentration was 7.15% for steam distillation and 15.32% for SFE-CO2 at the abovementioned conditions.

Supercritical CO2 Extraction of oil from Chan (Hyptis suaveolens (L.) Poit) Seeds and its Physicochemical Characterization, Spectroscopy and Nutritional Analysis

Supercritical CO2 Extraction of oil from Chan (Hyptis suaveolens (L.) Poit) Seeds and its Physicochemical Characterization, Spectroscopy and Nutritional Analysis

Evaluation of different blackcurrant seed ingredients in meatballs by using conventional quality assessment and untargeted metabolomics

Blackcurrants are sources of phenolic compounds, such as anthocyanins, possessing strong antioxidant, antimicrobial and antifungal activity. Therefore, the addition of different blackcurrant pomace ingredients may affect the overall meat quality. The actual chemical profile and bioactivities of blackcurrant pomace ingredients may strongly depend on its preparation; for instance, in our study the highest values of the in vitro antioxidant capacity were determined for blackcurrant seeds after supercritical CO2 extraction. Starting from these background conditions, in this work, we evaluated the ability of three different concentrations (namely 1, 3, and 5% w/w) of blackcurrant (BC) seeds following EtOH/water extraction (BC-AE), before supercritical fluid CO2 extraction (BC-RS), and after supercritical fluid CO2 extraction (BC-ASC) to affect different quality parameters of pork meatballs. These latter were stored considering three different time-points, namely 1, 3 and 6 days at 4 °C packed under modified atmosphere (i.e., 70% N2 and 30% CO2). Untargeted metabolomics allowed to identify several lipid and protein-related oxidation products involved in redox reactions, such as 13-L-hydroperoxylinoleic acid, (12S,13S)-epoxylinolenic acid, 9,10-epoxyoctadecenoic acid, glutathione, glutathione disulfide, L-carnosine, l-ascorbic acid, and tocotrienols. Besides, multivariate statistics applied on the metabolomics dataset confirmed that the chemical profile of meatballs was an exclusive combination of both BC inclusion levels and type of BC-ingredients considered. Our findings showed that the higher the concentration of BC seed ingredients in meatballs, the lower the cooking loss and the higher the fibre content. Also, all the ingredients significantly affected the colour parameters.

Liquid-liquid chromatography separation of hemp terpenes with repellent properties against Hyalomma marginatum: A multi-methodological approach

Tick-borne diseases raise serious health concerns for both humans and animals. Tick control and disease prevention largely depend on synthetic acaricides and repellents, often incriminated for high toxicity. To find alternative, safe, and efficient agents against ticks, research on plant-based volatile terpenes constitutes a promising direction. This study aimed to separate and identify hemp flower compounds with repellent properties against Hyalomma marginatum (Acari: Ixodidae). Produced by supercritical CO2 extraction under different pressure (100–110 bar) and temperature (40–60 °C) conditions, the hemp extracts were tested in a moving object bioassay. The extract with the highest repellent power was further subjected to batch liquid-liquid chromatography (LLC). The biphasic solvent system (n-heptane/methanol/acetonitrile 10/5/10, v/v/v) for separating the major hemp terpenes was selected by combining the COSMO-RS-based distribution coefficient screening with experimental validation. Bisabolol (>99%), caryophyllene oxide (>98%), and caryophyllene/humulene (3.5/1, w/w, >95% purity) were thus isolated and assessed in the H. marginatum bioassay. The activity of bisabolol (20% w/w in hexane) was comparable to the synthetic repellent DEET at the same concentration. For the large-scale purification of bisabolol, trapping multiple dual mode, a semi-continuous flow-reversal LLC operating mode, was proposed and evaluated. Bisabolol was obtained with a solvent consumption 2.6-times lower and productivity 2.7-times higher than the batch process. In conclusion, using a multi-methodological computer-aided approach, bisabolol was efficiently identified and isolated as a good tick repellent agent from hemp flowers.

Bioactives from Crude Rice Bran Oils Extracted Using Green Technology.

Crude rice bran oils from different rice cultivars and extraction methods bear different contents of nutraceuticals. The health benefits of lowering cholesterol activity of rice bran oil being confirmed by many reports are partly attributed to non-nutrient nutraceuticals, especially γ-oryzanol, phytosterols, and policosanols. As the world has been facing the global warming crisis, green extraction technology is gaining attention from many sectors. The current study aims to compare the nutraceutical composition with respect to γ-oryzanol, phytosterol, and policosanol content as well as the antioxidant properties of crude rice bran oils extracted from white and red rice bran using three green technologies, comparing with conventional hexane extraction. The data show that the traditional solvent extraction gave the highest oil yield percentage (26%), but it was not significantly different from subcritical liquefied dimethyl ether extraction (24.6%). Subcritical liquefied dimethyl ether extraction gave higher oil yield than supercritical CO2 extraction (15.5-16.2%). The crude rice bran oil extracted using subcritical liquefied dimethyl ether extraction produced the highest total phenolic contents and antioxidant activities. The highest γ-oryzanol content of the crude rice bran oil was found in oil extracted by conventional cold press (1370.43 mg/100 g). The γ-oryzanol content of the oil obtained via subcritical liquefied dimethyl ether extraction was high (1213.64 mg/100 g) compared with supercritical CO2 extraction. The red rice bran yielded the crude rice bran oil with the highest total phytosterol content compared with the white bran, and the oil from red rice bran extracted with subcritical liquefied dimethyl ether generated the highest total phytosterol content (1784.17 mg/100 g). The highest policosanol content (274.40 mg/100 g) was also found in oil obtained via subcritical liquefied dimethyl ether extraction.

Extract of Bletilla formosana callus elevates cellular antioxidative activity via Nrf2/HO-1 signaling pathway and inhibits melanogenesis in zebrafish

BackgroundBletilla species are endangered terrestrial orchids used in natural skin care formulas in Asia for a long history. In order to explore the bioactivity potential of Bletilla species as a cosmetic ingredient in a sustainable resource manner, the callus of Bletilla formosana (Hayata) Schltr. was established and extracted by an eco-friendly supercritical fluid CO2 extraction (SFE-CO2) method. The intracellular reactive oxygen species (ROS) scavenging activity and antioxidation-related gene expression of the callus extract were evaluated in both Hs68 fibroblast cells and HaCaT keratinocytes. The melanogenesis-inhibitory effect was investigated in B16F10 melanoma cells and in an in vivo zebrafish model. ResultsThe calli of B. formosana were propagated for 10–15 generations with a consistent yellow friable appearance and then subjected to SFE-CO2 extraction to obtain a yellow pasty extract. Obvious intracellular ROS scavenging activity of the extract was detected in both Hs68 and HaCaT cells with 64.30 ± 8.27% and 32.50 ± 4.05% reduction at the concentration of 250 μg/mL. Moreover, marked expression levels of heme oxygenase-1 (HO-1) and (NAD(P)H) quinone oxidoreductase-1 (NQO1) genes were detected after 6-h and 24-h treatments. These results indicate the cellular antioxidative activity of B. formosana callus extract was probably activated via the nuclear factor erythroid 2-related factor 2 (Nrf2)/HO-1 signaling pathway. Melanogenesis-inhibitory effect of the extract was observed in α-MSH stimuli-inducing B16F10 cells with 28.46% inhibition of intracellular melanin content at the concentration of 50 μg/ml. The effect was confirmed with in vivo zebrafish embryos that showed a relative pigmentation density of 80.27 ± 7.98% at the concentration of 100 μg/mL without toxicity. ConclusionOur results shed light on a sustainable utilization of Bletilla species as a potential ingredient for skin.

Phytochemical characterization of oil and protein fractions isolated from Japanese quince (Chaenomeles japonica) wine by-product

The wine industry generates large quantities of by-products each year. Therefore, this work aimed to isolate and evaluate the oil and protein fractions of Japanese quince (Chaenomeles japonica, JQ) press residue, offering a partial utilization of valuable bioactive compounds of wine industry by-products. To study the JQ oil extract yield, composition and oxidation stability, we modified the co-solvent composition during the supercritical CO2 (SC–CO2) extraction of oil by adding different ethanol content. The remaining defatted material was used for the isolation of proteins. The SC-CO2 extraction yielded oil rich in polyunsaturated fatty acids, tocopherols, and phytosterols. The use of ethanol as a co-solvent increased the oil yield but did not enhance its oxidative stability or content of antioxidants. We recovered protein isolate after removing tannins with 70% ethanol extraction in the next step. The JQ protein isolate contained all essential amino acids. In addition to its balanced amino acid composition, the protein isolate exhibited excellent emulsifying properties highlighting its potential as a food additive. In conclusion, JQ wine by-products can be utilized for the extraction of oil and protein fractions which can be used in food or cosmetic product formulation.

Maackia amurensis Rupr. et Maxim.: Supercritical CO2 Extraction and Mass Spectrometric Characterization of Chemical Constituents

Three types of extraction were used to obtain biologically active substances from the heartwood of M. amurensis: supercritical CO2 extraction, maceration with EtOH, and maceration with MeOH. The supercritical extraction method proved to be the most effective type of extraction, giving the highest yield of biologically active substances. Several experimental conditions were investigated in the pressure range of 50-400 bar, with 2% of ethanol as co-solvent in the liquid phase at a temperature in the range of 31-70 °C. The most effective extraction conditions are: pressure of 100 bar and a temperature of 55 °C for M. amurensis heartwood. The heartwood of M. amurensis contains various polyphenolic compounds and compounds of other chemical groups with valuable biological activity. Tandem mass spectrometry (HPLC-ESI-ion trap) was applied to detect target analytes. High-accuracy mass spectrometric data were recorded on an ion trap equipped with an ESI source in the modes of negative and positive ions. The four-stage ion separation mode was implemented. Sixty-six different biologically active components have been identified in M. amurensis extracts. Twenty-two polyphenols were identified for the first time in the genus Maackia.

Optimization of an Aqueous Enzymatic Method and Supercritical Carbon Dioxide Extraction for Paeonia suffruticosa Andr. Seed Oil Production Using Response Surface Methodology (RSM)

Peony seed oil, a type of tree nut oil, has attracted the attention of nutritionists for its rich nutritional content. The aim of this study was to extract oil from the peony seed utilizing green and efficient methods. Specifically, aqueous enzymatic extraction was optimized using the Plackett–Burman design combined with the mixture design to extract the optimal enzyme ratio of peony seed oil. When the dosage of enzymes was 10 mg protein/g peony seed, the optimal ratios of the dosages of papain, cellulase, and pectinase were 16.15%, 31.33%, and 52.53%, respectively. Subsequently, central composite design was adopted to optimize supercritical CO2 extraction to identify the process parameters of extracting residual oil from the residue of the aqueous enzymatic extraction. Almost 6.30% of peony seed oil could be obtained from the residue using continuous extraction for 1.58 h at 49.41 °C and 59.75 Mpa. After mixing the peony seed oil extracted by the two processes, its physicochemical indices were measured. Compared with commercial peony seed oil extracted based on the organic solvent leaching method, the elative density and iodine value were higher based on our approach, whereas the other indices showed no significant differences. Thus, the two-step strategy combining the aqueous enzymatic method and supercritical CO2 extraction can be effectively applied to peony seed oil production.

Supercritical carbon dioxide extraction of Cosmos sulphureus seed oil with ultrasound assistance

A hybrid procedure using ultrasound-assisted supercritical CO2 extraction (UASCE) was developed to recover Cosmos sulphureus seed oil (CSSO). Optimization of CSSO extraction was executed by the Taguchi approach. The maximum oil yield (193.1 ± 4.4 mg/g, dry mass) was obtained at 75 dynamic extraction time, 25 MPa pressure, 55 ℃ temperature, 0.5 g/min CO2 flow rate, and 0.2 W/mL ultrasound energy density (UED). Scanning electron micrograph (SEM) revealed that a remarkable porous and loose microstructure was observed in UASCE-treated sample, this may have positive effects on oil release. CSSO acquired by UASCE had higher global yield and higher contents of unsaturated fatty acids, tocopherols, sterols, phenols, and exhibited better physicochemical characteristics, antioxidant activity and oxidation and thermal stability compared to CSSO acquired by traditional techniques. Furthermore, the kinetics study highlighted that the employed Sovová models fitted well with the extraction kinetics behaviors. The extraction transport primarily contributed from convective mechanisms during the UASCE process and ultrasound clearly increased mass transfer coefficients and abridged the characteristic extraction periods. Consequently, UASCE can be considered a high-performance and sustainable technique for plant oil extraction in food and dietary supplement industries. Cosmos sulphureus is a potential good source of edible oil due to its excellent nutritional properties.

Phenomenological modeling of supercritical fluid extraction of oil from Elaeagnus angustifolia seeds

This research addressed the supercritical CO2 (sc-CO2) extraction of Elaeagnus angustifolia oil and its mathematical modeling. After experimental sc-CO2 extraction, the process was modeled based on mass transfer equations. Design of experiments and optimization were accomplished by Box-Behnken design to analyze the effects of the main operational parameters including pressure (20–30 MPa), temperature (313–333 K), and particle size (0.30–1.20 mm). Then, correlation of experimental extraction data with mathematical models was performed. The tunable parameters of the models were obtained by Genetic algorithm (GA) optimization. The model results were compared with experimental findings based on the average absolute relative deviation. The highest extraction yield (84.9% w/w) was achieved at the optimum conditions involving the pressure, temperature, and particle size of 30 MPa, 323 K, and 0.30 mm, respectively.The results obtained from the analysis of variance (ANOVA) indicated high and acceptable accuracy of mathematical models for the supercritical extraction process.